Weird Three Kingdoms

Chapter 2492

When Jiangdong encountered various problems, in Guanzhong, the Qinglong Temple Great Theory that was unfolding also encountered some problems. Of course, these problems basically belonged to the collision of literature and thought.

This is also the original intention of Feiqian to hold the Qinglong Temple Great Discussion.

Only the collision of ideas can produce sparks of civilization.

But no one thought that it was not the Six Classics but the "Book of Filial Piety" that had a huge ideological collision first.

The style of a big man seems to be changing quietly.

The "Book of Filial Piety" is said to be Confucius' "last words of the seventy disciples".

Of course, Old Master Confucius has been away from the world for many years. What did the old man say back then? Well, only his disciples and grandchildren can feel the conscience and say that Old Master Confucius really said that.

The "Book of Filial Piety" handed down by the Great Han Dynasty was originally collected by Yan Zhi from Hejian, and presented by his son Yan Zhen.Just by looking at this surname, one knows that it is the descendant of that descendant.

Later, this "Book of Filial Piety" was jointly certified by Changsun, Dr. Jiang Weng, Shaofu Houcang, Admonisher Yifeng, Anchang Hou Zhangyu, etc., and stamped it with a name stamp, indicating that this scripture was handed down, and it was the same as the "Book of Filial Piety" in their family. The scriptures of the "Book of Filial Piety" are all the same, which is considered to be the conclusion of this "Book of Filial Piety", that is, the certificate is almost written like the acquaintance of the later generations of Jianbao bricks.

This is "Jinwen Xiaojing", which has eighteen chapters in total.

But what's interesting is that after a few years, King Lu Gong, the most famous demolition household in the Han Dynasty, tore down Confucius' old house... Well, this shows that "forced demolition" actually has a Chinese tradition, and then found the present in the broken wall. Kong Anguo learned of dozens of books such as "Shangshu", "Book of Rites", "The Analects of Confucius", and "Book of Filial Piety".And in the "Book of Filial Piety" that was pulled out, there are actually 22 chapters...

Alas? !

Didn’t the author seal and sign it before, and the certification is valid, saying that everyone is the original version, and everyone “same” is the [-]th chapter of the "Book of Filial Piety"?

Could it be that this brick house...

Then a brick family came out with a red and swollen face, declaring: "This... that... are all the same, all the same... hahaha, hehehe, farewell, farewell..."

Anyway, believe it or not, that's how it is.

Fortunately, "Jin Wen Xiao Jing" and "Forcibly Demolition of Xiao Jing", er, are only one chapter away from "Ancient Wen Xiao Jing", "Inside the boudoir, there are rituals!"Brother Yan.The wives are ministers and concubines, and the common people are also slaves. 』

Other chapters have been slightly merged and changed in font.

This kind of difference is actually not a big problem, because during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, some characters would have some evolution and changes in the Qin and Han Dynasties, such as "death" and "no", "disease" and "disease", and "female" and "Ru" and so on, the difference in language habits and factors of changing times is a very normal thing, and it does not mean which word in "Jin Wen Xiao Jing" and "Gu Wen Xiao Jing" is the original product. , Those are back-sealed, only three sizes, um, four sizes in one, no warranty, so forget it.

Only one chapter is missing!
boudoir chapter.

Of course, those who include the disciples of Confucius have missed the details. When the Zhuan family was summing up at that time, they felt that the old man Kong would not stare at the "boudoir" of others, which was not in line with the identity of the old master Confucius, so he deliberately "avoided it". I don't know.

But on this matter, Confucian researchers of later generations also argued that it was probably because "the father is not as good as Yao, but Dan Zhufang; the son is not as good as Shun, but Gusou is stubborn; the brother is not as good as Shun, but Xiang is proud; the brother is not as good as Shun." The Duke of Zhou is in charge of Shuju; the ministers and virtuous officials are no more than Tang Wu, and Jie and Zhou attack. 』So the boudoir chapter was deleted.

Otherwise, this face is not good-looking...

The current debate in Qinglong Temple is not the difference between the ancient and modern filial piety, but the extension, annotation and interpretation of the filial piety.

Among these extensions, annotations and interpretations, the most prominent contradiction is about "funeral".

Some people think that funerals, especially the custom of thick burials, are in the mainstream of China because of Confucianism's emphasis on "filial piety". filial piety", but actually...

Regarding the emergence of the concept of "filial piety", if we talk about the exact time of its birth, the more common view is that it was in the Zhou Dynasty, but the basic meaning of filial piety was clearly changed to "be kind to parents" in the Warring States period and later. Only then did "be kind to parents" become the core and even the only content of "filial piety".

Then it changed from "benevolent parents" to, or equivalent to "the wind of burial", this is interesting.

The trend of thick burials has already begun to emerge as early as in the primitive society. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, before the old Master Confucius babbled to his disciples, there were already a large number of people carrying out thick burials.The reason is not necessarily that these people had a sense of the "good parents" mentioned in the Book of Filial Piety, but because people at that time believed in the immortality of the soul.

Seeking longevity, seeking resurrection, death is immortal, and the soul lasts forever.

This is the main reason for thick burials.

Before the Middle Paleolithic Age, it was believed that the souls of ancestors were immortal after death, and could still harm or protect descendants and interfere in human affairs.Under the influence of this concept, thick burials naturally appeared in funeral customs.

Since it is believed that the soul has knowledge after death, the living will pay a lot of money to bury the dead in exchange for their own spiritual safety, believing that they can also be rich and peaceful after death.The living are not ashamed, and the dead are happy.Under the influence of this kind of concept and psychology, thick burial became a social custom at that time, and it lasted for a long time.

At the beginning, thick burial was just "buried with people".

That is to say, "death is like life" and "death is like life", burying the favorite and most precious items with the deceased, expressing grief, and believing in the heart that the dead can still continue to have them underground Its precious artifacts, or people and animals, this custom has little connection with "parents" at first.

Because in the early tombs, there were young children who were buried with a large number of artifacts.Could it be that this child was buried generously because there are children for "good parents"?
"This is putting the cart before the horse!" Guan Ning talked eloquently, looking around at the crowd, with an indisputable certainty in his expression, "Filial piety and unfilial piety are by no means determined by whether or not parents are buried generously!" 』

"If the Son of Man does not practice filial piety on a daily basis, but after the death of his parents, there will be a sacrifice and howling, a ten-mile ceremony, and a heavy funeral, can he be called filial piety?" 』

"If you are born and cannot be raised, you will be treasured after death. Can you be called a gentleman?" 』

"Filial piety is more important than the name!Your skin and hair is from your parents!The ritual of keeping filial piety is to express sorrow, but there are people who are famous, who use tragic acts, acts of invasion, and destroy themselves to show filial piety. This kind of extreme filial piety is a bit too much! 』

"What's more, at the time of Xiaowen in the past, when I was in Handan, I was sad and sad. Gu said that the officials said, "Wow! Take the stones from the northern mountains as the outer coffin, use rice wool to sieve the Chen, and paint it in between, how can you move it!" Left and right! Everyone said, "Good." Only Shi Qianjin said, "If there is something desirable in it, even if it is imprisoned in Nanshan, there will still be Qie; if there is no desire in it, even if there is no stone coffin, why do you care?" Xiaowen then said Goodness will eventually be buried in Ba. 』

"Look now, there are robbers in all the tombs of Chang'an! 』

"100,000 people including Chimei and others entered the pass and burned Chang'an's palace and city. The people starved and ate each other. Hundreds of thousands of people died. Chang'an was empty and there was no one in the city.All the tombs of the ancestral temple and garden were excavated, but the Ba Tomb and Du Tomb were all excavated! 』

"Isn't it filial piety to have a thick burial? Is it just fishing for fame?"It also attracts thieves and thieves to intrude, and it is difficult for the ancestors to sleep peacefully in Jiuquan!Can this be called filial piety?It's so strange! 』

"Since governing the classics of filial piety, we should seek the correct solution!" 』

"From now on, according to the original intention of Confucian sages, filial piety should be respected and supported in ordinary times!" 』

"It's definitely not filial piety until you die! 』

Guan Ning talked eloquently, quoted extensively, and the fate of the tombs in Chang'an is actually in front of him. Citing examples as examples is indeed very convincing.

Guan Ning lost his father when he was 16 years old. His cousins ​​all sympathized with his loneliness and poverty, and expressed their willingness to donate to him the expenses for his father’s funeral. Send to the end.In the midst of the great burial of the great man, it must be said that he was very courageous.

You must know that Guan Ning was only 16 years old at that time!
Guan Ning bluntly stated that the essence of filial piety has nothing to do with thick burials. At the same time, he also said that in Confucius' expression of filial piety, he did not say that there should be thick burials, but only said that it must conform to "rituals."

As for what constitutes the "rituals" in line with filial piety, Guan Ning said that the most important things are "respect" and "nurture". "Nurture" is the external expression of filial piety, while "respect" is the premise in the heart and the fundamental guarantee for the realization of filial piety.Nurturing can only be called filial piety if it is shown outside on the premise of respect in the heart. Filial piety is the combination of respect and nurturing.

"Nurture" but not "respect" also cannot be called "filial piety". First of all, there should be respect, and then consider whether filial piety can be truly implemented.

Guan Ning criticizes the current secular trend, "Life is not very nourishing, death is mourning", which is not "filial piety" at all, but a person who seeks fame, uses the death of his parents to paint himself, seeks fame, and coerces others to do the same. Together, this has led to the deformity of the entire social customs, and I am extremely indignant about such a phenomenon.

A stone stirred up a thousand waves.

Because what Guan Ning claimed was indeed the pain of the moment!
In fact, at present, there are also many Han people who have returned to poverty due to illness and poverty due to mourning. These are not only children from poor families, but also many ordinary people.

If you don't have a generous burial, you are not filial!
This is almost the way of thinking of keyboard warriors in the Han Dynasty. If there is no one as determined as Guan Ning, it will be easy to be forced to burial amidst the gossip and gossip of the neighbors, and you have to pay for selling your house, land, and yourself. What are the "gratitude and filial piety fees" and "Cotai Strip money", if you don't add some fragrance to bathe in the SPA, and don't spend a fortune, you are simply not a son of man!

But in fact, such a custom actually benefits a small number of people.

And the most important thing is to profit from the middle and lower officials.

The emperor promoted Confucianism and emphasized filial piety for the sake of ruling, while the local officials promoted filial piety for the sake of political achievements, and then the middle and lower officials were almost pulling chicken feathers as arrows, and the filial piety they advocated was not really for the sake of The so-called "filial piety" is for "profit"!
These officials colluded with the country tyrants, taking advantage of the strong sense of face of the Han Dynasty people, just like banquets in eating and drinking and weddings in marriage, to amass money wantonly.

To put it simply, a deep burial is not important to the dead, but it is important to the living...

In fact, the style of rich burials in the Han Dynasty arose from the extravagant behavior of the ruling class, especially princes, relatives and eunuchs.These people are often both political beneficiaries and economically rich, capable of transcending rituals and practicing extravagance.The reason why the practice of thick burials has been repeatedly banned is closely related to the political and economic status and extravagant behavior of these people.

In fact, there are many genuine Confucian scholars, most of whom strongly oppose the practice of thick burials.

People like Guan Ning basically advocate the ritual of burial, and pay more attention to "cautious and chasing after the end". critical attitude.

Opposing heavy burials and advocating frugality were actually mentioned more than once in the courts of the Han Dynasty, and there were even special edicts issued to localities, requiring all localities to resist heavy burials and promote thin burials.

Just like the Emperor Wen of the Han mentioned by Guan Ning, he was a typical emperor who advocated frugality and promoted thin burials. Before Emperor Wen died, he specially issued a decree on thin burials, making it clear that funerals should be kept simple.

The thin burial in the tomb of Emperor Wen has been passed down as a good story in the ancient Chinese funeral history, and it has also become a famous example of emperor's thrift.

Well, actually it was just a misunderstanding.

Because later generations also dug up a lot of treasures in the Baling Mausoleum.It's just that the Red Eyebrow Army, Dong Zhuo, Li Guo and others thought that there was really nothing in the Baling Mausoleum, or that the income from digging the Baling Mausoleum was obviously not as good as digging other things...

In the Jin Dynasty, the legend of the thin burial in Baling was broken.Perhaps it was because the fat experience packs had already been opened at that time, so the "thin" ones were also opened. In the last years of the Western Jin Dynasty, thousands of hungry households such as Yinhuan and Jiewu in Chang'an "stealed Han Ba, Du Erling, and won more money." treasure".

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the edict of Emperor Guangwu also advocated light burial.It is worth noting that in the thin burial edict, Emperor Guangwu not only did not feel the conflict between the filial son and the thin burial, but also believed that the thin burial was an act that the filial son should implement.

Later, in the 12th year of Yongping (11 years) of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, the [-]nd year of Jianchu ([-]nd year of Emperor Zhang), the [-]th year of Yongyuan (Hedi Yongyuan), and the first year and fifth year of Emperor An (Yongchu) all issued edicts to prohibit thick burials.

However, just like the "thin" burial of Emperor Wen, there are still "multiple treasures" in the Baling, and the traditional arts of officials of the Han Dynasty are still vividly displayed.

Of course, there may be ruling considerations, such as Shang Yang's "Five People's Strategies"...

Guan Ning's remarks, of course, also received a lot of counterattacks.

After all, there are still many people who are unwilling, especially those with vested interests.

After all, the people are only poor and poor, and they are busy with their livelihoods every day, so they don't think about it, otherwise they will erect a street light pole or something, how terrible!

Among those who opposed Guan Ning, some naturally found corresponding weapons to fight against.

Just like a castle is always the easiest to attack from the inside, only magic can be used to defeat magic, and only Confucian scriptures can be used to refute Confucian scriptures...

After Guan Ning proclaimed his own ideas, and discussed from Confucius to Emperor Wen and Emperor Guangwu, after explaining the thin burial, some people loudly opposed it...

"How unreasonable!A thick burial is a family relationship!The so-called everyone kisses their own relatives, grow their own and the world will be peaceful!How can you give up eating because of choking? 』

"As the saying goes, father and son have relatives, monarchs and ministers have righteousness, husband and wife are different, seniors and children are orderly, and friends have trust.Thick and precious, it is a matter of sincerity, how can it be salty? 』

"It's the root of things to be a relative.The utmost importance of filial piety is nothing more than respecting relatives, and nothing greater than respecting relatives is nothing less than being supported by the world.To be the daughter of the world is to be the most respected; to be raised by the world is to be raised to the utmost.This is the essence of scriptures and righteousness, the first of ethics, and the principles of heaven and earth. 』

For a while, the voice of rebuttal was also torrential.

Among these remarks, most people adopted another sage's words.

That is Mencius.

Don't Confucius and Mencius separate families...

Mencius not only expressed the need for benevolent government, but also the emphasis on filial piety, and he himself did so.When Mencius's mother passed away, Mencius sent his disciple Chong Yu to ask craftsmen to make the coffin, and ordered the coffin to be good for his mother's burial.

Chong Yu thought that Mencius had too high and extravagant requirements for the coffin, and asked Mencius whether it was necessary to raise the standard so high and make it so exquisite?

Mencius said, "The ancients had no limits.The seven-inch coffin in the middle ages is called the outer coffin.Since the son of heaven reached the common people, he did not directly observe the beauty, but then he made it into the hearts of the people.You have to be happy; if you have no money, you are not happy.People in ancient times all used it to get wealth, why am I not the only one? 』

According to Mencius, the ancients could use thick coffins and heavy outer coffins, so they can use them themselves, and only in this way can their descendants do their best, and they also have money, so why can’t they give their mothers a generous burial?
Simply put, rich and willful!
So speaking of it, was Mencius wrong?
Actually there is nothing wrong.

But the problem is that later disciples and grandchildren expanded and one-sided what Mencius said.

Mencius is rich, but not everyone is rich.

Just like those who eat minced meat in later generations, they will sigh, "Why don't young people go to factories", er, wrong, "Why can young people not have a rich funeral"?
And once the rulers are high above, don't understand the actual situation, and start to have such arguments flooding the superstructure, from theory to theory, they never understand why this happens, and don't care about how to change it, just blindly stand on their own When interests are considered, huge social problems will naturally arise.

Just like the big man at the moment, although there are people like Guan Ning who advocate thin burials, there are also more people who want thick burials, and even thick burials are still the mainstream attitude.As a result, in many counties and counties, there are still family poverty caused by funerals, and the family is bankrupt after the death of the elderly.

If you don't carry out a generous burial, you will be directly or indirectly scolded and accused by the big man keyboard man, especially the manor owners, local tyrants, and merchants who can benefit from such an act of generous burial. These hired workers, rangers, and libertines publicized thick burials in both black and white, mocking and abusing those people with thin burials.

Under such circumstances, many poor people, once they are old and feel that time is running out, they will go up the mountain to kill themselves!
Because of this, it is considered missing!
Not dead!

And when the people of the Han Dynasty couldn't afford to die, how much of the so-called "loyalty and filial piety" in the Confucian scriptures could they have towards the Han Dynasty?
(End of this chapter)