Xinshun 1730

Chapter 1499 Final Chapter Ninety-Three Years (Seventeen)

After India, it is Nanyang.Passing through Malacca is the Java area in a broad sense.It is also the place where Dashun's colonial outlook on industrial capitalism is most evident.

Compared with the huge chaos caused by Dashun's over-anxiety in India, Nanyang's side is full of vitality and everything is in a state of rapid development.

Those who brought Liu Yu's coffin from the Atlantic Ocean felt that Europe was awakening and India was in chaos and were quarreling endlessly. After arriving in Nanyang, they seemed to be infected by this scene of vigorous development of all things, and the quarrels were much less.

Actually, the reason why India is chaotic but Nanyang is not, is very simple.

Because India's productivity is more developed, and the handicraft industry is the only area that can compete with China in the 18th century.

Therefore, what India has experienced is that Dashun is using extremely radical means to destroy India's civilization achievements and existing productivity.In a sense, forced to go to handicrafts.

And the Nanyang region.

Because the Dutch were too fierce in the early years, they beat Britain to India, and slaughtered a group of British and Japanese in Ambon like chickens and monkeys, declaring that Nanyang’s own words are not good for anyone, and this piece is their own. covered.

The commercial capitalism in the Netherlands is too developed. In the 17th century, farmers and craftsmen were looking forward to a Caesar consul to clean up the urban oligarchs. When the Anglo-Dutch war was at its most intense, Dutch capital bought wildly. British treasury bonds help Britain build ships.

The United Kingdom can also issue cotton prohibition orders, the Pitt Act, and the New Monopoly Authorization Act of 1813 to clean up the British East India Company.The Netherlands really has nothing to do with the Dutch East India Company, so that the Dutch East India Company made it clear: Dutch people who are not employees of the company are not welcome in Southeast Asia, so don’t come to my site to buy and sell goods.

Therefore, the former Dutch colonial view of commercial capitalism is really vivid in Nanyang.

The Dutchman tossed again and scratched the ground three feet.

As for itself, Nanyang's handicraft industry is really far behind India and China.

Therefore, after Dashun replaced the Netherlands, according to some domestic historical inertia, the set up in Nanyang can be regarded as a fairly qualified industrial capitalist colonial view.

Developing production, encouraging production, ruling, following the model of detaining land first and then reforming the land and returning it to foreign countries, has played a very positive role in the recovery of productivity in the Nanyang region.

Because India itself is not only a raw material producer, but also the world's largest exporter of cotton cloth in the 18th century. From Ireland to the Cape of Good Hope, from Mozambique to the Red Sea, from Persia to Ambon, there are Indian cotton cloth everywhere.

Therefore, Dashun's "transformation of India according to the needs of the domestic industrial bourgeoisie" in India is terrifying and violent.

It turned a cotton cloth exporting country into a raw cotton exporting country.

But in Nanyang.

Dashun has indeed improved the production capacity of Nanyang - the monetization model of mu tax is a symbol of the advanced production relations in Nanyang at this time.

On the one hand, it means that farmers have the motivation to produce more, and the rest after paying the mu tax is their own.

Second, it means that for capital, the private land model breaks the previous village community model with unclear property rights, and also facilitates the enclosure, lending, and mergers of capital.

The rapid development of Dashun's industry in the past three years has made Dashun urgently need various raw materials from Nanyang: cotton, indigo, rubber, coffee, tobacco, rice, wood, spices and so on.

Of course, that might sound counter-intuitive.

Isn't it the tradition of Dashun to levy mu tax?Monetization of mu tax?Dashun used to do the same thing before, so how could it have something to do with the colonial view of industrial capitalism?

This is like the old horse's joke: when a man fell into a pit and was about to die, he began to hate Newton.It is all to blame for Newton's discovery of gravity, which gave him the consciousness of gravity in his mind, so he fell into the pit because of gravity.

In fact, the reason is the same.

If Newton hadn't discovered gravitation, and written it into a book, it would be integrated into human consciousness.Does it mean that universal gravitation does not exist?

The old horse said:
[Generally speaking, there are three possibilities for all conquests]

[The conquering nation imposes its own mode of production on the conquered nation].

Just as what Britain did to India after the Industrial Revolution in history, Dashun is doing in Java at this time.

[Or, the conquering nation allows the old mode of production to continue, and is satisfied with collecting tribute]

This is basically a method commonly used by traditional dynasties of all dynasties, including Chinese and foreign.

[Or an interaction occurs, resulting in a new, comprehensive production method]

Here, the example given by Lao Ma is the Germanic conquest.

The Germanic barbarians, whose traditional production was serf farming, lived a life of rural solitude, and they could very easily subject the Roman provinces to these conditions.

why?For the concentration of land ownership that has taken place there has completely overthrown the old agricultural relations.The yeoman in the Roman Empire has basically disappeared.

Conversely, if the Roman Empire was full of self-cultivating farmers and soldiers instead of a large concentration of land, would Germans want to implement serfdom on the old Roman land?The owner farmers can beat out the shit of these serfdom.

[The law can make a means of production, such as land, belong to a certain family.These laws only make economic sense when large landholdings are suitable for social production, as in England.]

[In France, although there were large landholdings, small-holding agriculture was practiced and thus large landholdings were destroyed by the revolution]

[But is the state of land analysis permanently fixed, for example by law? 】

[Despite this law, ownership of the land is again concentrated.The influence of laws in consolidating distribution relations and their consequent effect on production are to be specifically determined.]

These words are also applicable to Dashun.

The actual laws of Dashun can be regarded as protecting small land agriculture.

But, even with such a law, is not the state of land analysis permanently fixed?Will the merger stop happening?Has land ownership been re-centralized?

same.

The re-centralization of land ownership in Dashun can be divided into two types.

One is that the investment attribute of land as a financial hedge is better than the attribute of production means of land itself.

Landlords, gentry and merchants hoard land, lease it for farming, and collect land rent.

Because buying land, hoarding land and collecting rent is the highest yield and the safest investment—in fact, the safety of this investment is much higher than that of the US Treasury bonds in later generations.After all, even if the dynasty changes, the title deed of the previous dynasty must basically be recognized.

The other is that the property of land as a means of production is better than the property of risk aversion of its financial capital.

For example, in some areas with relatively convenient transportation and transportation, merchants and landlords merged land, improved the land, followed in the footsteps of the market, and planted mulberry trees, silkworms, soybeans, and cotton.

is:

[Production actually has its conditions and preconditions, and these conditions and preconditions constitute the elements of production]

[These elements may initially appear as naturally occurring things.Through the process of production itself they change from naturally occurring to historical, and if for one period they appear to be the natural prerequisites of production, for another they are the historical consequences of production.They are constantly changing within production]

This is very clear in some areas of Dashun, as well as in Java, which was ruled by Dashun.

Before Dashun ruled Java, or even before the Dutch ruled Java, the private ownership of land and the disintegration of village communities in Java had essentially occurred naturally.

Although this natural occurrence is slow, new production methods are brewing and sprouting in the old Javanese village communities.

When Dashun went to Nanyang, even if Dashun himself did not know that he was using the colonial view of industrial capitalism to transform Java—just like before Newton was born, people who fell into the quagmire and died did not know it was because The effect of universal gravitation—but, in essence, Dashun’s rule over Java, and the act of imposing its own production method on Java according to Dashun’s own historical tradition and inertia, is an unconscious, The colonial view of industrial capitalism that I don't know.

The logic of industrial capitalism and commercial capitalism is different.

Industrial capitalism requires more production.

Because production under industrial capitalism is itself distribution under industrial capitalism.

[The structure of distribution depends entirely on the structure of production, distribution itself is the product of production, not only in terms of objects, but also in terms of form]

[In terms of objects, what can be distributed is only the results of production; in terms of form, a certain form of participation in production determines the specific form of distribution, and determines the form of participation in distribution]

[For example, wages.Wage-labour, in one place the determination of labor as a factor of production, appears in another as a determination of distribution]

[If labor is not defined as wage-labour, the manner in which it participates in the distribution of products does not appear as wages, as in slavery.]

Slaves have no wages, and the labor of slaves is not expressed as wages, but don't slaves participate in the distribution of production?At the very least, even the slaves rubbing cotton in the plantation must be allocated watermelons and grains to sustain their labor?
Therefore, when Dashun imposed Dashun’s local production method on Java with a more familiar historical inertia, it changed both the production method and the distribution method.

Production means that Javanese farmers, after paying land rent, produce around the raw materials needed by Dashun's industry.

Distribution means that Javanese farmers, after paying land rent, use the currency they exchanged to buy commodities under the entire Dashun production system.

Distribution itself is a product of production.

Due to factors such as natural environment, land fertility, accumulated temperature and precipitation, transportation conditions, and shipping costs, Java is actually easier to integrate into Dashun’s industrial capitalist system than Dashun farmers in Gansu.

The production mode of industrial capitalism also determines that the land reform in Java is conducive to the development of Dashun industry.Therefore, it can be said that this is an unconscious product of the colonial outlook of industrial capitalism - because in terms of its consciousness, the Dashun court may not have realized what it is, but only according to tradition and habit, the Dashun court The mode of production was imposed on Java.

Here, there is another hypothetical example that is easier to understand.

If, for example, North Korea.

As the closest link in the Asian tributary system, if Dashun, or the Red Turban Army’s Northern Expedition, [the conquering nation imposes its own mode of production on the conquered nation].

So, will the royal land system still exist in North Korea at this time?Slavery?And the sale of land is not recognized?

Since it is said that after the storm in 93, private ownership of land in France was established and became one of the most important revolutionary achievements of the French Revolution.

Then, can it be considered that Dashun’s imposition of the “mu tax system”, “small estate ownership system” and “transfer official system” that Dashun is most familiar with on the areas conquered and colonized by it is an advanced system in the 18th century. Promotion in backward areas?

In other words, is the small-scale peasant economy in the 18th century the most suitable mode of productivity at this time under the technical level of ox plowing and horse farming, curved plow, ridge cropping, crop rotation, intercropping, and intercropping in the 18th century?
法革之后，15年到50年，法国的粮食产量暴增了50%、农业产值从30亿法郎增加到50亿法郎。

Of course, after the 18s, private ownership of small land, which had had a great positive effect on France, hindered the development of French productivity.Especially in agricultural machinery, chemical fertilizers, new agricultural technology, etc.; and because of the small land ownership system, French capital is more inclined to engage in "nine outs and thirteen returns" in the countryside, and small farmers have to accept it in order to keep their land. The exploitation of "nine out and thirteen out" and so on.

However, it is undeniable that before the emergence of modern machinery, modern agriculture, chemical fertilizer industry, etc., small estate ownership was advanced and in line with the level of productivity in the era of blast furnace iron and cattle farming.This kind of advancement has made China account for about 40% of the world's total industrial and agricultural output value in ancient times.

With the advent of advanced technology, chemical fertilizers, improved seeds, agricultural machinery, etc., this model has become a hindrance.Historically, it is easy to understand the problems of France after the French Revolution by looking more at the history of the East. What Lao Ma said [feudal lords have been replaced by urban usurers; Noble estates have been replaced by bourgeois capital].

What is [Napoleon's form of ownership, which was originally a condition to ensure the liberation and prosperity of French rural residents in the early nineteenth century, but in this century it has become a law that enslaves and impoverishes them]

What is [the annual interest on mortgage debt from French farmers is equal to the total annual interest on all British public debt]

Of course, everything has pros and cons.

In Dashun’s country, the headaches are land mortgage usury, land mergers, financial capital is more willing to buy land as a financial product, etc., so Dashun needs various policies to restrict financial capital from running on land and usury.

And in the colony of Dashun.

For example, in some areas of India, Dashun implemented the system of "opening rice paddies, destroying well fields, initial taxation per mu, and private ownership of small estates", which also caused some unprecedented new problems in India-the forcibly created Small farmers in India began to oppose usury, exploitation by merchants, and land annexation, and then began to rebel against the rule of Dashun.

As Lao Ma said: [Small land ownership that is enslaved by capital (and its development will inevitably lead to such enslavement)... The interests of the peasants are no longer as consistent with the interests of the bourgeoisie and capital as they were during Napoleon's reign. harmonize, but are irreconcilably opposed to them]

Simply put, because Dashun unconsciously followed the traditional and familiar way to promote private ownership of small pieces of land in the ruled areas.

On the one hand, under the existing conditions, it promotes the development of productivity.

On the other hand, it also made the European-style bourgeois revolution impossible in all the areas ruled by Dashun—the bourgeoisie invited Habakkuk and Gracchus’ bones, and the peasants to oppose the feudal aristocracy. impossible.

When serfs become small farmers, it means that they are irreconcilably opposed to the bourgeoisie and capital.

Moreover, as Dashun's rule deepens, its final result will be closer to this ending.

(End of this chapter)