Forty-eight years of Qianlong

Chapter 597 A Day in Wendeng Military Control Committee

At six o'clock in the morning on September 1792, 9, Kong Shaoan, who had only slept for four hours, was awakened by the rapid sound of an alarm.When he got up and dressed, brushed his teeth and washed his face, the guards had already packed the bedding on Luohan's bed, put it on the small tea table, and prepared breakfast.

The place where he lives is the signing room behind the lobby of the Wendeng county government office, and the county government office is located in the northeast corner of Wendeng city.When the Northern Navy attacked Wendeng City three days ago, Dianshi Deng Tingkai and Jinghai Division Inspector Huang He were shot dead when they led the Yamen to resist. Zhang Shaozeng's whereabouts are unknown.

Although the magistrate was arrested, his family members still live in the back house.Kong Shaoan didn't even think about sending people away, but when he learned that there was a back door facing the street in the inner house, he asked people to lock the door leading to the inner house from the second hall, and arranged for guards to be on duty. He himself used the signing room as a temporary residence and office.Now the county government of Wendeng County has a new name - Beihai Wendeng Military Control Committee, which temporarily governs Wendeng and Rongcheng counties.

Kong Shaoan didn't like living in the county government office at all, the layout was cramped, many places were in disrepair, and it was quite gloomy at night.However, because it is convenient to check the archives of the Jiage library, I have to live here temporarily.He planned to find a piece of land outside the county seat to build a new office after the two counties of Ninghai Prefecture and Haiyang were laid down.

In ancient China, there has always been a saying that "officials do not repair yamen". Unless the dilapidated ones are really beyond their reach, they will be repaired, and what is broken should be repaired.You must know that repairing the government is a waste of people and money, and there are many complaints, and the second is that it is prone to corruption and is reported and impeached; as for the third, if you are an official for one term, you will be transferred away when it expires. Why should my predecessors plant trees so that your descendants can enjoy the shade?
Kong Shaoan is from Shandong, and he likes to eat noodles for breakfast. After eating Xilihulu's bowl of seafood noodles, he feels that the dryness of the night has been smoothed away, and he feels much more comfortable.But when he saw the pile of account books and papers on the case that he hadn't finished reading yesterday, he couldn't help biting his teeth.We must know that the writing format of the ancients is not familiar to modern people.Yesterday he felt dizzy after reading it for a while, but after looking for a ruler to compare, he reluctantly read on.

No matter how reluctant, Kong Shaoan knew that he had to be patient and read these things.Be aware that taking over an established county area is not the same as building a county from scratch.The latter is a blank sheet of paper that is easy to draw on, and what is lacking can be found to make up for it; while the former must first figure out the composition of local social grassroots organizations, understand the local tax and labor system, and be aware of population, land, money, food, products, and even culture and education. Only when there are numbers can reforms be initiated.

This time, Beihai Town wanted to stick in Jiaodong like a nail, instead of simply pulling people.Zhao Xin's goal for this Shandong plan is to accumulate experience for the future, set a benchmark and set a model through the reception and management of the four counties in Jiaodong.

Kong Shaoan got up and wandered around the yard for a while, smoked a cigarette, then went back to the house and sat down, opened the household registration book with a ruler and just looked at two lines, a sense of irritability emerged spontaneously.I was thinking about asking the people in the work team to help me read it first, and when I finished tidying up, I saw the guard outside the door come in and report: "Commander, Liu Mengren from the household room and Yu Heli from the punishment room It's all here."

Kong Shaoan thought that he was sleepy and touched the pillow—it was just in time, he thought for a while and said, "Let Liu Mengren come in, and Yu Heli, let him come after lunch."

"Yes!"

A few minutes later, someone at the door said in a low voice with a smoky voice: "Villain Liu Mengren, I pay my respects to Commander-in-Chief!"

"Please come in!"

As soon as Kong Shaoan finished speaking, he saw a middle-aged man in his 40s coming in from the outside. He was not tall, with a Chinese character face, thick eyebrows, big eyes, dark complexion, a few strands of beard, and some starched hair. He wears a white and gray jacket, a dark mandarin jacket, and a six-in-one cap made of six pieces of black satin.

After this person entered the room, he respectfully walked to a place three steps away from Kong Shaoan's desk, knelt down and kowtowed, and then said without raising his head: "Little man Liu Mengren, who used to be the county clerk, pays his respects. master!"

Kong Shaoan recalled the scenes in the costume dramas he had seen before, and stretched out his hand to signal: "There is no need to be polite, please get up."

"Thank you sir!"

Kong Shaoan waited for the other party to stand up and looked him up and down.From the looks of this person, he looked honest and honest, but in the data of the Intelligence Bureau, he was not a good stubble.He then said, "Mr. Liu, I have something to tell you."

Liu Mengren still kept his fifteen-degree bow, cupped his hands and said, "Please tell me, Master!"

Kong Shao'an said in a deep voice, "Don't call me Master in the future, and don't call me Commander-in-Chief. Now that Wendeng, Rongcheng and other places have established military control committees, and I am concurrently the director of the military control committee, just call me Director Kong."

"The villain obeys!" Liu Mengren didn't know much about Beihai Town, so he was very curious that the "director" was a senior official.At this moment, I heard Kong Shaoan continue to say: "Another thing, I would like to trouble you to make it clear to Yu Heli later that there is no custom of kneeling before officials in Beihai Town, so if you see me in the future, just bow your hands and don't kneel again. "

No one is born cheap and likes to kneel and kowtow.Liu Mengren listened with a respectful look on his face, bent down a little lower, cupped his hands and said: "Yes! The villain will definitely tell you. Commander-in-Chief... Oh, Director, you have a kind heart and treat people leniently, which is really a blessing for the people of Wendeng. "

Kong Shaoan didn't know whether to laugh or cry when he heard this, and he didn't bother to talk anymore, he pointed to an armchair in front of him and said, "Sit down, Mr. Liu, I happen to have something to ask you."

"I don't dare! The director will do as you ordered, and the villain will do his best." Liu Mengren thought that the other party was being polite. You must know that in the past, there was no place for him to sit with the county magistrate, let alone the big man in the Beihai Navy.

Kong Shaoan didn't bother to be humble anymore. He picked up an account book, opened two pages, pointed to the content on it and said: "Mr. Liu, I read that Wendeng is six cities and fifty miles away. I would like to ask, the above-mentioned capital, A What do these four, Li and She, refer to?"

Liu Mengren smiled and said: "My lord is serious! A villain has a low status and cannot be called 'please'. What you are talking about is actually the imperial court. Oh, no, it follows the "Dujia system" of the Northern Song Dynasty and the "Li" of the former Ming Dynasty. "A system". Set up "du" under the county, and set up "A" under the capital. When it comes to our dynasty, no"

Kong Shaoan looked at it and said: "Mr. Liu, you don't need to worry about those titles of Man Qing, and I don't care. After all, it has been said for so many years, and it can't be changed in a while. Just explain the matter clearly."

"Yes!" Liu Mengren has worked in the household for more than 20 years. The reason why Babaer came to see Kong Shaoan was because he wanted to continue working as an errand for food in the "New Dynasty"!

He wiped the sweat from his forehead with his sleeve, and continued: "According to the old system of the Ming Dynasty, 110 households are regarded as a mile, and the mile is set up; the lower part is divided into ten armors, and there are Jiachang and Baochang. The other ten households are a mile." Ten cards are one Jia, and ten Jia is one guarantee. As for the "she" you mentioned, my lord, it is actually "Li", but Shandong is used to call it "she", usually twenty or thirty, four or five Ten families lived together."

Kong Shaoan wrote down on paper while listening, and when the other party finished speaking, he had already roughly understood that the so-called "capital" was actually "township", and "li" and "she" were the same thing, referring to the village.

In the previous summary information of the Intelligence Bureau, it was mentioned that under the rule of Rongcheng, it was 77 li in the third capital, and in Wendeng, it was 45 li in the sixth capital. It must be confusing at first glance.

Kong Shaoan drew a simple form on his notepad, and filled in the information of the four counties one by one, and immediately felt that it was clear at a glance: there are a total of 21 townships and 192 administrative villages.

He picked up the document from the Intelligence Bureau, glanced at it, and asked, "Now many places in Shandong have implemented the 'Shunzhuang Law'. How is the situation here in Wendeng?"

Liu Mengren was taken aback. He didn't expect the other party to know this, so he flattered him again: "Director, you are very knowledgeable, and the villain is very admirable. Wendeng has pushed this method since the 25th year of Qianlong, but it is still a custom among the people. It is called 'Lishe'."

Kong Shao'an smiled lightly and said, "It's not about the household, it doesn't matter the land, the society and the corner are divided, and the cadastral is unclear."

Liu Mengren's heart shuddered suddenly, and then he realized that the other party was not a "stick", so he couldn't help being extremely careful.In fact, this guy explained everything before, ah, a lot of content is the system of Kangxi 51 years ago, although it is still said so now, in fact, the inside has changed.

The story shows that in the early days, in order to control the grassroots society, the Yellow Book Lijia system was established.Lijia is responsible for money, grain, taxation and labor, and Lishe guides folk beliefs and sacrifices, in order to achieve "establishment of religion, Minglun, and respect for the body".

The "li" in the Ming Dynasty was not a "she", but a grassroots organization higher than the "she". The "she" was built according to the "li", and the scope of the "li" determined the setting of the "she".However, due to the difficulty of fixing households and regions, Li, which was compiled and reviewed by the population, was gradually replaced by Tujia in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.

The "picture" of Tujia is related to the fish scale atlas, and it is a relatively fixed geographical space.From then on, Lijia was no longer a registered household consisting of 110 households, but transformed into a regional organization governing several physical villages.

The upper level of "map" is "capital", which is a legacy of the township capital system in the Song Dynasty, and is divided according to region.There are two kinds of construction below the capital, one is Dutu, which is mainly based on households, and belongs to the Yellow Book system; the other is Dubao, which is mainly based on regions and belongs to the Yulin Atlas system.

In the early Qing Dynasty, in order to stabilize the situation, the household registration management system of Lijia in the yellow book and the cadastral management system in the fish scale book were still implemented.From the fifth year of Shunzhi, the Qing court edited and reviewed Rending and restored Lijia.However, the Lijia system cannot reflect the actual situation of personnel flow, and the loss of Jia households is serious, resulting in uneven taxation and labor.

Until the 51st year of Kangxi, the Qing court's approach was the same as that of the Ming Dynasty, adopting a strict household registration review system and rolling bill collection every year to maintain the operation of the Lijia system.Until the contradiction between household registration compilation and Dingyin collection became more and more serious, Kangxi then launched "Breeding people Ding never add taxes".

Since then, the tax amount of each state and county has been basically fixed.Although the population compilation and review has been meaningless since ancient times, there is still a phenomenon of uneven population and taxation in fixed quotas; officials, gentry, and powerful families conceal the number of populations, and poor farmers are reported in full. As a result, the burden on farmers is increasing day by day, and taxes cannot be paid. The full amount was collected; so when Yongzheng came to the throne, it was officially put on the agenda to enter the mu.The thousands of years of poll tax disappeared, and the population explosion in the Yong-Qian period naturally began.

In order to enter the land, one must first find out the relationship between the land property and the owner. The Qing government first implemented the "Shunzhuang Law" in Zhejiang in the sixth year of Yongzheng, and then it was not implemented in Shandong in the middle of Qianlong.The key point of Shunzhuang is "regarding the household regardless of the land", abandoning the land inventory, and the focus is to clarify "who pays the tax", so that the tax amount falls on more household names; Household registration, but included in the village where he actually lived, and the real household name in the village was used for collection.The term "village" as it is well known in later generations appeared along with the "Shunzhuang Law".

Since Shunzhuang is to check the grain households and land properties and straighten out the relationship between the land property and the owners, then compiling the books of the land property and households according to the current village will inevitably break the original Lijia structure, so the organizational structure at the grassroots level is changed from the inside. Yujia was transformed into a natural village as a unit.

The reform of the tax and service system, coupled with the abolition of the system of censorship, and the implementation of the "Shunzhuang Law", led the Qing court to strengthen the Baojia system to monitor the flow of people and crimes in the countryside; its core is to emphasize the arrangement of households, requiring each household to A letter card is issued, and Dingkou's name is written on it. When it comes out, it will indicate its whereabouts.As a result, a militarized grassroots public security system was constructed, which lasted until 1949 in the history of another time and space until it was abolished.

Having said that, the reason why the "Shunzhuang Law" was vigorously promoted in Shandong during the Qianlong period was mainly to solve the problem of the division of the community and the corner, and the core was how to collect the annual tax in full.

The division of She and Yu refers to the establishment of a new village from the original village, but the scale of this village is small, so it is called "Yu" by the government.With a new taxpayer, the government is of course very happy; the problem is that the wisdom of the masses is infinite, and although there are factors of population reproduction and expansion in setting up a new place, the main purpose is to evade taxes.

Moving out of the old village and establishing itself in a new corner, first of all, you can avoid the taxes and servitude of the old village, and secondly, because the registration by the government is lagging behind (or bribing the officials to make people register a few years later), the tax will not be paid much less!

In Shandong in the mid-Qianlong period, dozens of hundreds of corners could be carved out of a village.This is no longer a real village, but a false name for tax evasion. As a result, the local grassroots organizations used to collect taxes are chaotic, and the burden of taxes and labor on the people who stay in the old village will become heavier and heavier, resulting in Taxes cannot be collected in full.

At this time, Kong Shaoan asked something casually, which immediately made the back of Liu Mengren's neck break out in cold sweat.

"Since I was talking about this, I suddenly remembered that there should be two copies of the Shunzhuang book. I found the county government's book in the Jiage library. As for the village book, Mr. Liu, please bring it to me."

(End of this chapter)