The Su God of the Reopening of the Sports Arena

Chapter 2199 How to maintain the top speed? Of course, it is automatic transmission.

Chapter 2199 How to maintain top speed? Of course, it is automatic transmission.

Just before today's game.

Su Shen wrote a new paper in his latest folder——

"Discussion on the demonstration and methods of using the plateau environment to stimulate the gluteus maximus proprioceptors to reduce fatigue and prolong output"

At the beginning, I wrote:

This paper focuses on the mechanism of action of the gluteus maximus proprioceptive system in plateau environments. From a multidisciplinary perspective, it systematically explores the effects of metabolites, neural plasticity, cross-modal sensory integration, microenvironmental changes, and neuromuscular fatigue interactions on the proprioceptive system. It reveals that the gluteus maximus proprioceptive system in plateau environments achieves adaptive changes through multiple mechanisms to maintain body movement function and posture stability.

As one of the largest muscles in the human body, the gluteus maximus plays a key role in maintaining body balance, walking, running and other movements. The function of its proprioceptive system is essential for maintaining normal motor ability in a plateau environment.

The proprioceptive system can sense changes in muscle length, tension and joint position, providing accurate movement feedback information to the central nervous system.

The first point is the change in the metabolic pattern of the gluteus maximus under the high altitude hypoxic environment.

In the high-altitude hypoxic environment, insufficient oxygen supply forces the metabolic pattern of the gluteus maximus to change significantly.

Under normal physiological conditions, muscles mainly provide energy through aerobic metabolism, using glucose and fatty acids as substrates, and producing a large amount of ATP through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.

However, under the hypoxic conditions of high altitude, aerobic metabolic pathways are restricted and the gluteus maximus gradually shifts towards anaerobic metabolism.

Anaerobic metabolism is mainly based on glycolysis. Although its energy generation efficiency is lower than that of aerobic metabolism, it can quickly provide energy in a short period of time to meet the needs of muscle contraction.

During glycolysis, glucose is broken down into pyruvate, which is further converted into lactate under hypoxic conditions, while producing metabolites such as hydrogen ions and inorganic phosphates. The rapid accumulation of these metabolites has become an important factor affecting the proprioceptive function of the gluteus maximus.

This is the first key thing to do now:
Metabolite-mediated modulation of proprioceptive sensitivity!
This is also what Su Shen is doing.

Changes are produced by the direct effects of metabolites on proprioceptive receptors.

The muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs of the gluteus maximus are key receptors of the proprioceptive system, responsible for sensing changes in muscle length and muscle tension, respectively.

Research from Su Shen's laboratory showed that increased lactate concentration can directly act on transient receptor potential vanilloid subtype 1 channels on the surface of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs.

TRPV1 is a non-selective cation channel that is widely distributed on the surface of sensory neurons and various tissue cells. When lactic acid binds to the TRPV1 channel, it can reduce its activation threshold by 12%-15%, making the channel more easily activated by mechanical stimulation or other chemicals, which in turn leads to an enhanced response of proprioceptive receptors to mechanical stimulation. When muscles contract or stretch, receptors that originally require stronger mechanical stimulation to activate can respond with a lower stimulation intensity under the action of lactic acid, making the input of proprioceptive information more sensitive.

Then the increase in extracellular H+ concentration also has an important impact on the function of proprioceptive receptors. The increase in H+ concentration changes the electrochemical balance of cell membrane ion channels, causing the resting membrane potential of muscle spindle afferent fibers to depolarize. The change in resting membrane potential brings the membrane potential closer to the threshold of action potential, thereby increasing the spontaneous discharge frequency of muscle spindle afferent fibers by about 20%. This increase in spontaneous discharge frequency enables the central nervous system to receive more basic information about muscle status, which helps to perceive the state of the muscle more accurately.

Then the synergistic effect of body metabolites and mechanical stimulation and the reconstruction of information coding begin.

The chemical microenvironment formed by metabolic products such as lactate and H+ produces a synergistic effect with the mechanical stimulation signal, reconstructing the encoding mode of proprioceptive information.

Under normal physiological conditions, proprioceptive information is encoded and transmitted mainly based on mechanical stimulation.

In the high-altitude hypoxic environment, the accumulation of metabolites changes the sensitivity and response characteristics of the receptors, making the encoding of proprioceptive information no longer solely dependent on mechanical stimulation.

When muscles are mechanically stimulated, the presence of metabolites enhances the response of the receptors and changes parameters such as the frequency, amplitude, and timing of afferent nerve impulses.

These changes make the motor feedback in the hypoxic state more sensitive and complex, and the central nervous system needs to reinterpret and integrate this reconstructed proprioceptive information to achieve precise control of the gluteus maximus movement.

The second point is to immediately optimize the proprioceptive pathways driven by neuroplasticity.

Long-term training in an altitude environment can induce structural remodeling of the proprioceptive conduction pathway, and this structural change can be observed using diffusion tensor imaging technology.

DTI studies have shown that after long-term exposure to high altitude, the degree of myelination of nerve fibers in the posterior column of the spinal cord increases by 18%-22%. Myelin is an insulating structure wrapped around nerve fibers and is formed by Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.

The increase in myelination can significantly increase the electrical conduction speed of nerve fibers and reduce the energy loss during nerve impulse conduction. In the proprioceptive conduction pathway, the increase in the myelination of nerve fibers allows the proprioceptive information of the gluteus maximus to be transmitted from the peripheral receptors to the central nervous system more quickly, shortening the time delay of information transmission and helping the central nervous system to regulate muscle movement more timely.

From the perspective of molecular mechanism, hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α plays a core role in neural plasticity induced by long-term high altitude exposure.

HIF-1α is a transcription factor that is stably expressed under hypoxic conditions and can regulate the expression of a series of genes related to hypoxia adaptation.

In the proprioceptive transduction pathway, HIF-1α activation promotes Schwann cell proliferation and myelination by upregulating the expression of neuregulin-1 and myelin basic protein.

NRG1 is a neurotrophic factor that can regulate the proliferation, differentiation and survival of Schwann cells and plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of myelin.

MBP is the main protein component of myelin, and its expression level directly affects the structure and function of myelin. HIF-1α promotes the structural remodeling and functional optimization of the proprioceptive conduction pathway at the molecular level by regulating the expression of these key molecules.

Then, we can find that the function of the cerebral cortex in processing proprioceptive signals has changed!
Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies have shown that after long-term exposure to high altitude, the functional connectivity between the somatosensory cortex and the motor cortex of the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex increases by 30%, especially the area responsible for processing proprioceptive information of the lower limbs.

The parietal somatosensory cortex is primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory information from the periphery, while the motor cortex is responsible for issuing motor commands.

The increased strength of the functional connection between the two means that the brain can more efficiently integrate feedback information from the gluteus maximus.

When the gluteus maximus generates proprioceptive signals, these signals can be transmitted to the motor cortex more quickly and efficiently. The motor cortex adjusts the movement instructions in a timely manner based on the information received, thereby achieving precise control of the gait cycle.

For example, when walking or running on the plateau, the brain can more accurately control the step frequency, stride length and muscle contraction force based on the proprioceptive feedback from the gluteus maximus to adapt to the special needs of the plateau environment.

The faster the speed.

The requirements for this are higher.

The more difficult it is to master.

The third is to expand and implement it.

I have briefly explained the principle, and I believe everyone has fully understood it, and then we can move on to the practical stage.

Exploiting cross-modal sensory integration and motor control.

Make the actual conversion.

For example, the current extreme speed zone maintains the integration of proprioception and vestibular sensation in plateau environments.

Many people don’t know that in plateau environments, due to the thin air, visual contrast tends to decrease, which limits the role of visual information in motion control to a certain extent.

At this time, the proprioceptive system and the vestibular system are deeply integrated to jointly maintain the stability of body posture.

The vestibular system provides information about the body's spatial position and motion state by sensing the inertial forces generated by head movement.

When the human body walks or exercises on a plateau, the head movement information perceived by the vestibular system and the gluteus maximus proprioceptive signals are fused in the cerebellum.

Studies have shown that under hypoxic conditions, the weight of the cerebellar flocculonodular lobe on the proprioceptive input of the gluteus maximus increases by 25%. The cerebellar flocculonodular lobe is an important structure for regulating body balance and eye movements. By adjusting the output of the vestibulospinal tract, it can help maintain body posture stability.

When the human body loses balance due to uneven terrain or low oxygen on the plateau, the integrated information of the vestibular system and gluteus maximus proprioceptive system can prompt the cerebellum to respond quickly and restore the body's balance by regulating the contraction of the lower limb muscles.

Balance is crucial in sprinting.

Especially the mid-run and speed zones.

As the speed starts to approach the maximum value.

The physical requirements at this time are also the highest.

At this time, it is necessary to mobilize the compensatory effect of visual feedback on proprioception.

Although visual contrast decreases in plateau environments, visual feedback still has a compensatory effect on proprioception. When athletes look at a fixed target at plateaus, the beta-band synchronous oscillation between the visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex is enhanced. The beta-band synchronous oscillation is closely related to motor control and sensory integration, and its enhancement indicates that the information exchange between the visual cortex and the somatosensory cortex is more efficient. Through this enhanced information exchange, visual feedback can compensate for proprioception, reducing the positioning error of the gluteus maximus in the swing phase by 18%.

During plateau running, athletes look at a fixed target in front of them and use visual information to assist the proprioception system to more accurately control the movement trajectory of the lower limbs and the timing of muscle contraction, thereby improving the accuracy and stability of the movement.

That is to say-

Deep integration of the proprioceptive system with other sensory modalities is required in plateau environments.

The complementation of multi-source sensory information compensates for the functional attenuation of a single sensory channel in a hypoxic environment.

For example, hypoxia may cause changes in the sensitivity of proprioceptive receptors, and a decrease in visual contrast may affect the accuracy of visual information.

At this time, the cross-modal integration mechanism can fuse and optimize the information from different sensory channels, enabling the brain to comprehensively utilize multiple sensory information and more accurately perceive the body's state and surrounding environment, thereby ensuring the accuracy of gait adjustment and the stability of movement.

This cross-modal integration mechanism is an important guarantee for the human body to maintain normal motor function in high altitude environments.

There is also the effect of low air pressure on proprioceptive receptors.

The low-pressure environment on the plateau directly affects the proprioceptive receptor cells, significantly affecting their function. Su Shen's laboratory found that reduced air pressure can cause changes in the vesicle pressure in the muscle spindle, which in turn changes the conformation of the mechanosensitive ion channel.

Mechanosensitive ion channels are key components of proprioceptive receptors in sensing mechanical stimulation, and their conformational changes can affect the opening probability of the channels.

Then, in a low-pressure environment, the probability of opening the mechanosensitive ion channels in the muscle spindles increases by 15%, which means that the muscle spindles are more sensitive to mechanical stimulation and can more sensitively sense changes in muscle length.

When muscles are stretched or contracted, more mechanosensitive ion channels open, generating stronger electrical signals, making the proprioceptive information transmitted to the central nervous system richer and more accurate.

Also, changes in blood viscosity have an indirect effect on proprioception.

Polycythemia caused by high altitude hypoxia increases blood viscosity by 20% - 25%.

The increase in blood viscosity changes the mechanical properties of muscle tissue, which indirectly affects the generation of proprioceptive signals. The mechanical properties of muscle tissue include elasticity, viscosity and compliance. The increase in blood viscosity will increase the resistance encountered by muscles during contraction and relaxation, and change the stress distribution inside the muscles.

This change in mechanical properties will affect the mechanical stimulation of the proprioceptive receptors, thereby indirectly affecting the generation and transmission of proprioceptive signals. Then, when blood viscosity increases, the mechanical stimulation generated by the gluteus maximus contraction may change, causing the nerve impulses generated by the proprioceptive receptors to change accordingly, and the proprioceptive information received by the central nervous system will also be different.

The combined effects of these microenvironmental factors cause adaptive changes in the response characteristics of the proprioceptive system, forming a unique plateau motion perception pattern.

At this point the preparations are complete.

You can proceed to the next step.

That is – the interaction between proprioception and neuro-muscular fatigue.

That is the meat of the play.

Differentiation of proprioceptive receptor function during high-intensity exercise at plateau!

During high-intensity exercise at high altitude, as exercise fatigue develops, the receptor function of the gluteus maximus proprioceptive system becomes differentiated.

Laboratory studies have shown that as exercise fatigue increases, the sensitivity of muscle spindles gradually decreases, about 15%-20%, while the Golgi tendon organs' ability to perceive small changes in tension increases, about 18%. This differentiation of receptor function stems from the imbalance of intracellular calcium ion homeostasis and accumulation of metabolites caused by fatigue.

During exercise fatigue, the intracellular calcium ion concentration increases abnormally, affecting the contraction and relaxation function of muscle fibers in the muscle spindle, resulting in a decrease in the sensitivity of the muscle spindle to changes in muscle length.

At the same time, the accumulation of metabolites such as lactic acid and Pi changes the chemical microenvironment around the Golgi tendon organ, enhancing its ability to perceive small changes in tension.

At this moment.

Feedback signals from the Golgi tendon organ play an important role in regulating neuromuscular fatigue when the gluteus maximus muscle experiences fatigue-induced strength loss.

The Golgi tendon organs transmit information about changes in perceived muscle tension to the spinal cord, prompting spinal motor neurons to reduce the frequency of motor unit recruitment.

A motor unit is composed of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls. Reducing the recruitment frequency of motor units can reduce the contraction force of the muscle and avoid excessive muscle fatigue.

At the same time, the cerebral cortex automatically adjusts the step frequency and stride by reducing the intensity of movement commands.

During plateau running, when athletes feel tired, the brain will automatically adjust the running speed and increase or decrease the stride length based on the proprioceptive feedback from the gluteus maximus to maintain continuity of exercise.

This is called the dynamic regulation of neurotransmitter systems in the interaction between proprioception and neuromuscular fatigue.

and precise control of the preceding swing phase of gait.

Strength regulation during the stance phase of gait,
There is also automatic adjustment for gait fatigue now.

It is the core technical level of this time.

The first two are used at top speed.

This one.

It is used to maintain extreme speed.

What is automatic adjustment of gait fatigue?
It’s too long to explain, but the general meaning is—

In plateau environments, the neurotransmitter system plays a key dynamic regulatory role in the interaction between proprioception and neuromuscular fatigue. A variety of neurotransmitters and their receptors are involved in maintaining the balance between nerve signal transmission and muscle function.

Abbreviation——

Gait fatigue automatic.

With it.

With this automatic transmission.

As long as it is established.

It stood firm.

Su Shen's ability to maintain the rhythm and coordination of his stride and frequency throughout his entire run at top speed.

Will compare with before.

Take it to the next level.

difference.

Equivalent to.

One in heaven.