1635 Han style rises again

Chapter 728 A Surgical Operation in Nandu

September 1656, 9, Hanzhou, Nandu (now Melbourne, Australia).

Shen Cheng'an, the former deputy prime minister of the Qi cabinet and minister of the Ministry of officials, and now the chief executive of the Hannan District Administrative Office, was curled up on a big bed, writhing and moaning in agony. Four weeks, anxiously waiting for the doctor's arrival.

"How long until Mr. Peng arrives?" Mrs. Shen asked with a frown.

"Mrs. Hui, I have already sent someone to invite you again." An administrative official replied respectfully: "If you think about it, you should be here in a while."

Mrs. Shen looked back at her husband, her entire face was distorted due to the pain, bean-sized sweat kept dripping on the bed, and she picked up a towel to wipe the sweat on his forehead with some distress.

For unknown reasons, at ten o'clock in the morning, Shen Cheng'an, who was working in the government office, suddenly felt pain around the navel. He thought it was a bad stomach, or other common abdominal pain symptoms, so he went to the backyard to rest.However, several hours later, the abdominal pain did not relieve at all, but became more intense and shifted to the right lower quadrant.

At noon, Shen Chengan, who couldn't bear the pain, lay on the bed and began to roll over, clenching his teeth, moaning and crying out in pain from time to time.The family members and attendants did not dare to be negligent, and immediately sent people to invite Peng Dazheng, the medical officer in the city, to come and treat him.

"My lords, forgive me for seeing a few emergency patients just now, and there was some delay." At [-]:[-] in the afternoon, the judge Peng Dazheng of Nandu Medical Center arrived late.

"No need to say much, please Mr. Peng to see a doctor for my master." Mrs. Shen said eagerly: "At this moment, master is in unbearable pain, and his whole body is completely exhausted. If there is no time for treatment, I am worried..."

"Don't worry, ma'am, just wait for me." Peng Dazheng walked a few steps, came to the bed, stretched out his fingers to look at Shen Chengan's eyes, then checked his tongue, then grabbed his wrist and began to feel his pulse.After a while, another hand was stretched out to gently stroke Shen Chengan's painful lower right abdomen.

"... Mr. Shen seems to be suffering from something like colic, which affects the meridians and causes pain." Peng Dazheng showed a look of embarrassment on his face.

"Isn't my master...poisoned?" Mrs. Shen asked carefully.

"Huh?" Peng Dazheng was stunned at first, then shook his head, "Mr. Shen probably has intestinal erosions in his abdomen, or an outbreak of ulcers (inflammation), which makes people feel very painful. How can this be a sign of poisoning?" ?”

Hearing this, several officials of the Administrative Office breathed a sigh of relief. If Mr. Shen was poisoned and murdered, the people around them might not be able to clear up their suspicions.The spy chief of the polling office in Nandu just now looked at them with gloomy eyes, showing deep suspicion.

"Mr. Peng, Mr. Shen, is there a safe way to treat this illness?" Cai Yongqin, the prefect of Nandu Prefecture, asked softly.

"Yes, there is, but there will be some risks." Peng Dazheng hesitated.

"What's the risk?"

"It is necessary to open Mr. Shen's lower abdomen to check whether the intestinal tract is ulcerated (inflamed, that is, appendicitis). If so, cut it off and remove it, then suture the wound and wait for self-healing."

"Ah!" Everyone was startled, this would open a person's stomach and intercept a section of intestinal tract, which sounds extremely dangerous.

"How...how did this happen?" Mrs. Shen's face was pale, "If the abdomen is cut open and the intestines are cut, wouldn't it be... fatal!"

"Mr. Peng, do you have other means?" Cheng Lianshan, the commander of the polling office in Nandu, asked in a deep voice.

Rashly opening a hole in the stomach of the former deputy prime minister and taking out a section of intestine, it sounds a bit leaky, if this is a bad one, let Mr. Shen die, everyone will not be able to explain it.

"No." Peng Dazheng shook his head and said, "In addition to this method, there is no other method."

"If..., if Mr. Shen resists it forcefully and waits for the intestinal ulcer to heal itself, is it feasible?" An administrative official asked cautiously.

"I'm afraid... no." Peng Dazheng looked up at Shen Cheng'an who was still moaning and turning over, his face was even more worried, "Master Shen is so ill, he may die of pain."

"But if...that kind of method, Mr. Shen may encounter misfortune too!"

"Mr. Peng, have you done similar treatments before?" Cheng Lianshan asked suddenly.

"I did." Peng Dazheng showed a trace of embarrassment and uneasiness on his face. "Over ten years ago, we did similar research and treatment for Hanzhou natives and coolies in mines."

Cheng Lianshan took a deep look at Peng Dazheng. As a domestic spy agent, he knew what the so-called "research treatment" was. I am afraid that the process is more focused on "research" than "treatment".

Perhaps, in the past many years, some aborigines did suffer from Mr. Shen's disease. These surgeons who are keen on "studying" the human body have performed several cases of this kind of laparotomy to intercept and damage the intestinal tract.There have been successful treatments, but more people are probably "cured" to death, and they have made silent contributions to the development of medical science in our country.

In the end, everyone looked at Mrs. Shen, waiting for her decision.Facing the dilemma, seeing the expectant expressions of the administrative office officials and several children, she hesitated for a moment, then nodded with difficulty.

Immediately, everyone was invited out of the room. Peng Dazheng took a deep breath, and ordered several assistants to prepare for the operation site and surgical tools, and to perform a laparotomy for Shen Chengan. According to the definition of his master Peng Laogui, this This disease is called appendicitis, and he will officially perform this appendectomy after doing several human experiments on the natives.

After giving Shen Chengan an anesthesia soup made of Datura as raw material, the operation started immediately.Feeling a bit apprehensive, but also a bit excited, Peng Dazheng held a sharp knife and cut open the right lower abdomen where appendicitis occurred, and found the long and thin tube. It was indeed appendix muscle and blood vessel spasm, resulting in narrowing of the appendix lumen. , blood supply disorder, mucous membrane damage, evil (bacteria) invasion and cause acute ulcer (inflammation).

After hesitating for a few breaths, Peng Dazheng resolutely cut off the slender ulcer tube, sutured the fascia of the poked opening about 2 cm, and finally sutured the skin wound with sheep intestines, and applied high-grade alcohol to disinfect and sterilize it.

At [-]:[-] p.m., the operation was successfully completed. Apart from a slight abdominal pain and weakness, Shen Chengan showed no other signs of serious illness. This made his family members and many administrative officials heave a sigh of relief.

When everyone expressed their gratitude, Peng Dazheng and other doctors in the medical center were extremely excited. They officially completed the first appendix amputation operation in Hanzhou today, and it may also be the first such operation in the world. .This means that their success has pushed Qi's medical technology level forward a big step forward, leaving European medicine far behind.

In fact, during this period until the middle of the 19th century, European medicine was underdeveloped. The necessary tools in the doctor's medicine cabinet were scarifiers and lancets. They had a mature and absurd treatment for patients-bloodletting.

This therapy is derived from the research results of the ancient Greek Hippocrates. Hippocrates believed that the human body is composed of four body fluids: blood, mucus, black bile, and jaundice. will get sick.

In this way, bloodletting if there is too much blood, vomiting if there is too much bile, and enema if there is too much mucus!The doctor only needs to judge the patient's body fluid content, and the treatment methods are similar.

The first president of Midi, Washington, had a bad cold with a stinging throat and difficulty breathing. Doctors also used vomiting, enema, and bloodletting for treatment.

In less than 12 hours, Washington was bled three times, losing 40% of his body's blood in vain. Washington went into hemorrhagic shock that night, and it was over.

By the middle of the 19th century, European and American countries had completed the industrial revolution, and advanced means of transportation such as trains and steamboats had come into life, but Western medicine still remained at the level where bloodletting was king!
Gross, a doctor in Philadelphia in the United States, once said in his diary: "Every spring, people in the village line up to ask me for bloodletting to make my body strong!"

It is hard to imagine that many patients died under bloodletting therapy, but everyone still stubbornly believed that bloodletting can cure diseases and strengthen the body.

In short, I am healthy and I am bleeding.

In the West, to become a qualified surgeon, the first skill is to give patients bloodletting and enema.

Oh, what a simple and ridiculous means.

What's more interesting is that in order to make the bloodletting process smoother, Westerners also invented the leech blood-sucking method.They will put the leech on the patient's skin and watch it pierce the skin with its sharp teeth, suck up the human blood, and then deliver the body fluid with blood clotting effect to the skin.

Because leeches are so popular, many countries have begun to export them as commodities.It is said that in 1833 alone, France imported 4000 to [-] million leeches, and the amount of leeches used in the entire European and American world exceeded [-] million.

Oh, by the way, in fact, we also have bloodletting therapy in China, but we only use acupuncture and light bloodletting for some patients with Yang deficiency.

Yes, it's just a slight... bloodletting with needles.

Qi State's "Father of Surgery" Peng Laogui, with the support of Qitian, led a group of apprentices 20 years ago to study the human body's bone structure, blood circulation, internal organs and other functions and post-injury treatment methods .

After more than ten years of "clinical research", Qi's surgeons have been able to easily treat ordinary body surface trauma. As for the cure rate of broken legs and broken hands, the cure rate is over 80%, which is even more difficult than amputation. The rate is controlled at around 40%.

Of course, this data cannot be compared with that of modern medicine in later generations, but it is an amazing achievement for contemporary Europe.

During this period, there was no formal surgical medicine and surgeons in Europe.From the Middle Ages, the so-called surgeons were almost exclusively barbers.

That's right, Tony's teachers in the Middle Ages were versatile, undertaking a series of businesses from shaving and head shaving to tooth extraction, bloodletting, and surgery.At that time, touching blood with hands was considered a lowly thing.The clergy who can provide medical treatment are noble, and they will never lower their status to perform operations on patients.Therefore, the job of operating on people fell to Mr. Tony, who has a lot of skills.

The reason is also very simple, barbers use razors in their daily work, and there is no need to add additional surgical knives.At the same time, blood will be seen due to the mistake of cutting the customer's scalp. Anyway, it is already stained with blood, so it doesn't matter if there is more blood.The red, blue and white three-color rotating lights at the entrance of the barber shop are also derived from this. Red, blue and white represent arteries, veins and gauze respectively.

Although after the Renaissance, Western society got rid of the shackles of theocracy, and people no longer think that they should go to a priest to pray when they are sick, but they think that they should go to a professional doctor, and physicians are also separated from the priesthood.However, due to the low level of surgical medicine at that time, the treatment effect was not good, and the process was extremely painful, surgery was still considered a kind of manual work, and those who performed surgery were not considered doctors, but barber surgeons.

The surgery performed at that time did not have any anesthetics.After all, fierce people who can quietly endure the pain of bone scraping and poison treatment are a minority. The vast majority of people are cut by scalpels while awake, and patients will struggle because of severe pain.Therefore, Western surgeons at that time needed to be equipped with several strong assistants to hold down the patient and fix the patient's limbs with restraint belts. The two measures were parallel to prevent the patient from escaping from the operating table.

In the end, the only feasible measure is that short-term pain is worse than long-term pain. Try to speed up the operation and shorten the time of pain.From the 200th century to the 200th century, Western surgeons were super fast. Modern doctors would be amazed if they performed 5 operations a month. However, the French surgeon Dominique Jean Larrey, who was a great surgeon at that time, performed Can handle 2 amputations.Of course, this kind of speed is not the slow and meticulous work of today's surgery. What is important is a quick word, the hand is lifted and the knife is dropped, and then the bleeding is stopped and bandaged. A leg can be done in [-] minutes, and an arm can be cut off in [-] minutes.

If the speed is too fast, mistakes are inevitable. There are famous surgical accidents caused by too fast hands.When the British "famous doctor" Robert Liston performed an operation, because the knife was cut too fast, a few fingers of his assistant were also removed from the patient's leg at the same time.In the end, both the patient and his assistant died due to postoperative complications. A doctor who watched was frightened by the operation scene and died of a heart attack on the spot.One operation, one patient, three people died in the end, the mortality rate was as high as 300%, which is unmatched so far.

Rough surgical treatment methods and outrageous treatment methods make the mortality rate of surgical operations generally close to one-half.As for Russian roulette, a dangerous life-gambling game, every time you fire a shot, there is only a one-sixth chance of being hit by a bullet, which is much safer than surgery.

Of course, although the surgical medicine of Qi State has been guided by "experts", many medical concepts and research directions far beyond this era have been created and developed, but there are countless unspeakable "scientific research" examples hidden in it.Among these "research examples", it is undoubtedly at the cost of the lives of countless "dedicaters" that the medical career of Qi State has been pushed to a higher latitude.

"Your Excellency, the Southeast University in Daxing (now Brisbane, Australia) plans to invite you to organize the establishment of a branch of medicine. Count the days, and it will soon be overdue. You should leave immediately." A medical officer said. Seeing Peng Dazheng leaning on the carriage seat with a tired face, he reminded carefully.

"Will you watch the operation in the afternoon carefully?" Peng Dazheng still closed his eyes, did not answer the medical officer's question, but whispered about the appendicitis operation.

"...Look carefully." Several doctors in the carriage nodded and said.

"After I went back, I wrote down every step of my operation. Then I carefully compared and revised it, and saved it in the medical archives as a standard treatment formula for this kind of disease."

"Yes, my lord."

"Southeast University Hall..." Peng Dazheng smiled, "Unexpectedly, we doctors can also establish theories, and in that university hall, together with many arts and sciences, it will become a high-level knowledge, and it is even more important to cultivate formal knowledge for our country. of medical practitioners."

"Our Qi State emphasizes culture and education, advocates science, and cultivates all kinds of talents." An assistant doctor said with a smile: "Our medical department is naturally included in culture and education."

"A hundred flowers bloom, a hundred schools of thought contend, and education is upheld. We are fortunate to be born in a good era!"

"It should be, we are lucky to be born in a good country!"

(End of this chapter)