1635 Han style rises again

Chapter 857 Education in Development
December 1670, 12, Nandu (Melbourne), Xing'an County (now Mornington, Australia).

During this period, the country in the general sense mainly refers to the national state built on the basis of the main nation and having a common cultural identity.For example, Japan has the Japanese ethnic group as the main body, France has the French ethnic group as the main body, Russia has the Russian ethnic group as the main body, and China has the Han ethnic group as the main body. A country built on the basis of these main ethnic groups is a national country in the general sense. The world's mainstream state-building model.

This state-building model requires a basic condition, that is, a sense of identity.The sense of identity comes from time. Only when one or more ethnic groups live on a piece of land for a long time and form a deep cultural accumulation, will everyone form a sense of identity with this piece of land and have a common cultural identity.

Therefore, whether it is China, Japan, France, or Russia, they all emphasize the role of history and culture.

The disadvantage of the national state-building model is that it takes a long time, ranging from hundreds of years to thousands of years. After all, the sense of identity cannot be formed in a short period of time, but the benefits are also obvious. After the formation of the main nation, it becomes The country has a solid basic market, and the existence of the basic market can guarantee the country's lower limit. Even if it loses miserably at a certain period, as long as the main ethnic group is still there, it can come back with coins.

For example, in China, in the course of more than 2000 years of history, it has been invaded by foreign races several times. Not to mention the tragic fate of the Han people who were as cheap as dogs during the period of the Five Husbands and the Yuan Dynasty. , the Han nationality as the main body, still after a short period of dormancy, burst out with huge energy, overthrowing the rule of the Mongol Yuan Tartars, establishing the Ming Dynasty, and re-establishing itself in the Eastern world.

If there is a choice, I believe that the vast majority of countries in the world will choose this construction model. As long as there is a basic system of the main nation, civilization will not die in the end, the nation will not sink, and the country will not perish.

But in reality, many countries often have no choice, such as Ottoman, which relied on powerful force to conquer countless territories hundreds of years ago, spanning three continents and dominating the Mediterranean Sea.However, its territory also covers countless ethnic groups. For hundreds of years, it has not only failed to assimilate them, but has also produced countless ethnic contradictions and conflicts. The once powerful Ottoman Empire became increasingly powerless in the face of increasingly powerful European countries.

The development history of Qi State is even shorter, only more than [-] years, which is not enough to form a national identity, and the population is also a big problem.Occupying the vast Hanzhou continent, and in the past few decades, has seized countless overseas islands and territories through various methods, so that the entire Qi State appears extremely sparsely populated.

For this reason, in the past 30 years, Qi State spared no effort to invest heavily in immigration, and spared no effort to encourage the domestic people to have children. to 500 million.

But how to knead these concentrated populations into a stable and centripetal nation-state will greatly test the wisdom and patience of the rulers of Qi.

Qi State has always emphasized the three "one" principles in terms of national education and folk propaganda, that is, one country, one nation, and one language, trying to shape the many immigrants from different parts of the mainland and other countries into Hanzhou Chinese people.So that everyone can attach to Hanzhou and Qi State in terms of their inner belongings, and finally form a new nation-state.

Of course, after countless immigrants come to Hanzhou, they will still be more or less emotionally pinned on their mother country, or the hometown where they were born and raised.Even many immigrants from Ming Dynasty imagined that after the mainland became stable and peaceful, they could return to their hometowns in order to return to their roots.

For the first generation of immigrants, the government strives to create a good living environment and development space for them, in order to enhance their sense of belonging and loyalty to the country as much as possible.

However, in the eyes of the ruling class of Qi State, there are a large number of teenagers and young children who have not yet formed the Three Views among the immigrant population, as well as the second and third generations of immigrants... These groups are the core of the country's future main ethnic group and are the core of the future. The basic disk after Hanzhou.

The establishment and formation of a nation-state is achieved by continuously enhancing the sense of national identity, and establishing the sharing of the same value, the same history, the same culture, and the same language, so as to reduce ethnic differences and barriers.

To achieve the above goals, large-scale national education has become one of the most effective means.

At the beginning of the establishment of Qi State, it began to vigorously popularize compulsory education, from the earliest three-year free compulsory education to six-year free compulsory education, through the form of national mandatory law, to implement basic knowledge and cultural education for all school-age and young people in the country The popularization of education, while strengthening the cultivation of national and national identity.

The popularization of compulsory education can not only improve the literacy rate of the people of Qi State, but also provide labor resources with initial cultural knowledge for the vigorous development of industrialization, and also instill the concept of nation and country into the minds of the next generation of Qi State. , Let all the new generation of Hanzhou people establish common values ​​and shape common culture and history.

In the southeast of Xing'an County, the inauguration ceremony of a new middle school has just concluded.The entire school covers an area of ​​35 acres, with a construction area of ​​more than 800 square meters and can accommodate up to [-] students.The school has two two-story teaching buildings, a small library, a canteen, and a huge sports field.

More than 320 teachers and students happily entered this newly built beautiful middle school, ending the history of no middle school in Xing'an.Previously, several surrounding towns including Xing'an were under the jurisdiction of Taikang County (now Frankston, Australia), more than 20 kilometers to the north, and no middle school had been established.As a result, all students entering middle school in nearby villages and towns had to travel long distances to attend Taikang Middle School.

In 1669 and 1670, during two consecutive immigration seasons, Qi State successively transferred more than 4 refugees from Daming.And Nandu Prefecture, located in the south of Hanzhou, was assigned more than [-] immigrants in two years because of its suitable climate and superior geographical conditions.

Some townships under Nandu Prefecture have accepted a large population and expanded more villages and settlements. Both the jurisdictional area and the size of the established population have met the county-building standards.It was under such circumstances that Xing'an County was established in June last year.According to the guidance of the Cabinet Ministry of Education, each county must be equipped with an intermediate school to train junior talents for the country.So he applied for school building funds last year, and was quickly approved, and then built this junior high school in less than [-] months.

In Qi State, the decree stipulates that all children over the age of 6 must enroll in the nearest township elementary school. After four years of study, they will continue to enroll in junior high school for two years.After completing compulsory education, students who have graduated from junior high school will pass the examination and selection, and the outstanding ones will enter senior high school. The area grants it land.

After completing three years of study, students in senior high schools will take the entrance examinations of more than a dozen colleges in China, and those with excellent grades will be qualified to enter colleges.

Qi State currently implements a six-year compulsory elementary and intermediate education, which mainly cultivates reading, writing and calculation skills.According to the guiding opinions put forward by the king, the education department established the concept of grade, class and subject for the first time during this period, and in more than 30 years, it has cultivated a large number of teachers who can be applied to basic education.

In senior middle schools, the teaching subjects already include agricultural knowledge, handicraft knowledge, natural science knowledge, simple physics and chemistry knowledge, Hanzhou geography and world geography knowledge, and Chinese history. At the same time, they also pay attention to physical education and labor education, and generally adopt the object teaching method .

In the earliest period, teacher education was also reformed more than ten years ago.The teacher training institution in Qi State started from the teacher training institute established in Jianye City in 1639, and in the following years, it was changed into Jianye Normal University.Since then, normal schools have been successively established in Weihai (now Cairns, Australia), Yunyang (now Mackay, Australia), Daxing (now Brisbane, Australia), Guizhou (now Perth, Australia), Nandu and other places.

On January 1665, 1, the Ministry of Education of the Cabinet issued a decree on the teaching qualification examination. The decree stipulates that only those who pass the professional examination of the Ministry of Education can obtain the teaching certificate, and they can be appointed with the certificate.There are three types of certificates: a teaching qualification certificate for teaching only upper grades, a teaching qualification certificate for teaching only lower grades, and a teaching qualification certificate for teaching both upper and lower grades.

Due to the rapid development of industry and commerce, Tiangong College, the first comprehensive "Mathematics and Mechanical Real Science School" in Qi State, taught practical industrial subjects.Later, the Jianye University was established as a "comprehensive real school of economics and mathematics".

In the next decade or so, in line with the development of real science schools, several higher technical schools in the fields of agriculture, forestry, medicine, machinery, mining and other applied sciences have been established one after another.

As the predecessor of various vocational schools, "ordinary cram schools" actually appeared 30 years ago.This kind of school is mainly established for working youth and newly immigrant workers who have completed several years of compulsory education for training.After decades of development, various domestic training vocational schools have been established one after another.These professional schools, which can be expanded as needed, are designed to teach students the survival skills needed in early industrial society.

There are many professional categories in vocational schools, such as hairdressing, scones, tailoring, shoemaking, ceramics, printing, ship driving, clocks and watches, machinery, gardening, medicinal materials, bookkeeping, etc., plus various specialized schools. China has gradually formed a relatively complete vocational education system.

During this period, kindergartens and nurseries in Qi State also developed greatly under the promotion of the royal family. Kindergartens and nurseries established by the government or mutual aid associations appeared one after another in various counties and towns in the country, which saved the parents who worked hard in factories and farms. The energy to take care of.

With the increasing population size and economic development, the number of schools at all levels is increasing. Between 1640 and 1669, more than 200 new schools were built.The development of vocational education and practical school education is particularly prominent, and it can be said that it is already in a leading position in the world.

In contrast to the European countries in this period, although the universities they founded have a very long history, even dating back to the 11th century (1), most of them have continued to this day, and most of them are classical universities, mainly focusing on humanities such as theology, law, and philosophy. However, the methods of scholasticism and tedious philosophy have not been completely eliminated, and even a new tedious philosophy has been produced.Compared with the early universities, although the intellectual level of universities has improved to some extent, it still cannot keep up with the development speed of the general intellectual level at that time.The epoch-making sciences at that time—mathematics and natural sciences were still excluded from universities.The achievements of famous scientists such as Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Descartes, Newton, and Leibniz were all achieved outside the university.

After the destruction of the Thirty Years War from 1618 to 1648, universities were no longer regarded as progressive institutions, but as outdated and gradually declining educational institutions. During this period, most European universities were also portrayed as mainly A place of mechanical debate occupied by pedants.

As for compulsory education, although as early as 1619, the Weimar Duchy in Germany had issued a school decree stipulating that parents should send their children aged 6 to 12 to school, but limited by economic conditions and the impact of the war, it was almost never realized.

In other European countries, education has never been a right enjoyed by ordinary people.For example, the United Kingdom charges very high fees for traditional education. At the same time, belief in the national religion is an important assessment standard for students to enroll, graduate, and stay in school to teach.After enrollment, students enjoy significantly different study and living conditions according to the grades of noble students, senior self-support students, self-support students and fee-reduction students.Under this education model, schools are gradually monopolized by nobles and senior state priests, and it will be difficult for the lower classes to have the opportunity to receive education, let alone the future.

However, during this period, affected by the religious reformation, the literacy rate of European countries was relatively high. The male literacy rate was about 30%, and the female literacy rate was about 10%.This is because since the 17th century, in order to allow all believers to read and understand the Bible independently, the charity schools have continued to grow and develop.

The primary promoter of educational progress was Protestantism, and Protestantism after the Reformation gave priority to the development of education.In order to enable all believers to read and understand the Bible independently, since the 17th century, church charity schools have continued to grow and develop.For a religious believer, it is a "shame" that he cannot fully participate in all religious activities without reading.

But that's all.

At the beginning of its establishment and development, the education of Qi State was aimed at enhancing the sense of identity of the country and the nation, providing a large number of workers with preliminary cultural knowledge for the subsequent vigorous industrial revolution, and cultivating good development for the continuous progress of science and technology. Environment and strong cultural atmosphere.

After 30 years of compulsory education, the literacy rate of the people of Qi has increased to about 40%. Especially the younger generation of Qi people can basically achieve proficiency in reading, writing and simple calculations.And this kind of educational achievement is much stronger than those Christians in Europe who can only read and write the Bible.

In the initial stages of industrialization, literacy and numeracy played a limited role in the production process, and improving human capital in these areas had limited impact on labor productivity.Although some workers, such as craftsmen and administrative clerks, need to master reading and basic arithmetic skills, most operations in the workshop can be successfully completed by illiterate workers.

However, in the middle and late stages of industrialization, machinery became more and more complex, and more and more processes were added, and the demand for skilled labor in some emerging industries increased significantly.Since then, meeting the increasing demands of industrialization for laborers' literacy and numeracy and improving their mechanical operation skills have become the main goals of promoting human capital formation (such as education, training, skills and health, etc.).

Therefore, education in Qi State still has a long way to go.

　Notes (1) The earliest university in the world is the University of Bologna.The University of Bologna is a top international comprehensive university located in Bologna, the capital of the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It was founded in 1088 AD - during the Holy Roman Empire. It is widely recognized in the world and has a complete university system and development. The first university, known as the "mother of the world's universities".

　　
　
(End of this chapter)