Dahan first prince

Chapter 436 Science Popularization Transition Chapter

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"Western Han Military System"

Jingshi
The capital soldiers of the Han Dynasty were mainly divided into two branches: the Southern Army and the Northern Army: the garrison led by the lieutenant was stationed in the north of Weiyang Palace, called the Northern Army; in contrast, the army led by the Weiwei was called the Southern Army.

Most of the soldiers of the Southern Army were transferred from Neijun. During the period of Taizu Liu Bang, they were mainly transferred from Fengpei, and the soldiers of the Northern Army were mainly transferred from Jingfu, all of which were rotated every year.

The Southern Army had five super-redacted lieutenants, totaling 2 people, and the Northern Army had four super-redacted lieutenants, a total of 6000 people (a full-staffed school lieutenant was 2000, and both the South and North armies were over-staffed to 5000 people each. Department school lieutenant. The same is true for Huben and Habayashi in the text).

Region
Local soldiers are placed in counties and counties, and are generally commanded by county or county lieutenants (also known as captains) to assist the county guards or county magistrates, maintain local law and order in peacetime, and listen to the dispatch of the central government in wartime.

The emperor's "Tiger Talisman" must be used as evidence to recruit local soldiers. The enfeoffed kingdoms and vassal states each have their own armies.

frontier
The frontier soldiers are mainly responsible for the defense of the border counties.

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Arms
The army has military officers (infantry), knights (cavalry), building boats (sailors), light vehicles (car soldiers) and other arms.In general, the counties in the plains mostly train knights and light chariots, the counties in the mountains mostly train training officers, and the counties along the rivers and seas mostly train building boats.

After Taizu Gao Emperor Liu Bang fell into Baideng's position, the chariot soldiers were gradually eliminated by the Han Dynasty.

prepared by
The establishment of the army of the Han Dynasty, according to the "Book of the Later Han Dynasty Baiguan", "five divisions of the general camp", the division is led by the school lieutenant, "there is a qu under the command, and there is a military officer in the qu", "there is a village under the qu, and there is a village leader". ".

即：1营=5部（校），1部（校）=5曲，1曲=2屯，1屯=5什 1什=2伍 1伍=5人。

However, according to the Han bamboo slips unearthed in Shangsunjiazhai and Juyan area, Datong County, Qinghai, some of the left and right parts, or front and rear parts, are divided into left and right curves or front and back curves;
Under the department and song, there are officials (divided into left and right officials), teams (divided into front and rear teams), Shiwu, etc.

The above-mentioned documents and cultural relics contain different records of the middle and lower-level organizations of the Han Dynasty army. It is likely that different regions or armies had different establishments.

The military system of the Qin Dynasty was a highly centralized military system established after Qin Shihuang unified China.The Qin court completely abolished the system of "feuding princes and establishing feudal guards" at the local level, and fully implemented the system of prefectures and counties.

When the Six Kingdoms were first destroyed, 36 counties were set up in the controlled areas, and then Jiuyuan, Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiang four counties were set up, a total of 40 counties;

There are several counties under the county, and there are county lieutenants, who assist the county magistrate (chief) and take charge of the military.The national conscription is based on counties and counties, and the county guards have the power to conscript the best men in their counties to fight.The population of the Qin Dynasty was about 2000 million. Due to the heavy military service and corvee service, 300 million young men were conscripted for military service and labor service every year. The number of soldiers guarding the Great Wall alone reached 30.

In order to consolidate and strengthen centralization, Qin and Han established a unified national army, which was placed under the strict control of the emperor; officials in charge of military administration throughout the country, Qin was a national lieutenant, and Han was a grand lieutenant.

The Han Dynasty set up an examination engineering order to be responsible for the production of weapons, and an arsenal order to be responsible for the storage and management of weapons.

Some counties also have engineering officials and iron officials who are responsible for making weapons and importing them into the capital; the arsenal in Chang'an City is the country's largest weapon storage center.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the armor had already been standardized, all made of metal, and the styles were different according to the different types of arms and positions.

The Qin Dynasty set up Taicang in the capital and Aocang in Xingyang, which stored a large amount of grain, and special officials were responsible for supplies during wartime.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, a large number of cavalry were used, and the horse administration became a major state policy. The Qin Dynasty formulated the "Stable Law", etc., which stipulated the grazing, training, and management of horses.

While rewarding folk horse breeding in the Han Dynasty, horses were raised in gardens in the north and west.During the reign of Emperor Jing, there were 36 gardens, 3 official servants and maidservants, and 30 horses; during the reign of Emperor Wu, there were more than 40 official horses, which created conditions for the development of cavalry and fighting against the Huns.

The military training system of the Qin Dynasty was relatively strict: Qin law stipulated that the archer failed to hit the crossbow, the royal hand could not drive, and the worst knight and horse testers were punished.

In addition to practicing archery, riding and galloping, and battle formations, the army of the Western Han Dynasty conducted a teaching review every autumn, also known as "dushi", and rewarded and punished according to the merits of the performance.In border counties, there are often eunuchs who "hold ten thousand riders, fortify them with obstacles, and chase captives with fire" ("Han Jiuyi"). This kind of training has the nature of actual combat exercises.

The Qin Dynasty followed the conscription system of prefectures and counties during the Warring States Period.Judging from the situation recorded in the "Bamboo Slips of the Qin Tomb in Sleeping Tiger Land", the man was 17 years old "Fu Ji", and he could be recruited into the army at any time according to the needs of the war in the future, and he could not be exempted from military service until he was 60 years old.

The military service system of the Han Dynasty has been changed several times. According to the "Han Shu", a man from Fu Ji at the age of 20 will serve a month of hard labor every year thereafter, and is called "Gengzu".

After the age of 23, military service begins. The service period is generally 2 years. One year serves in the county or county, which is called "Zhengzu", and the other year is guarded in the border county or the capital, called "Shouzu" or "Shuzu". guard".

There is another opinion that these two years of military service are collectively referred to as "death".In case of war needs, he must be drafted into the army at any time, and he cannot be exempted until he is 2 years old.

In the Qin and Han Dynasties, convicts or apprentices were often exiled as soldiers, which was called "exile".

The military service system from the Qin Dynasty to the early Western Han Dynasty was dominated by the general conscription system in counties and counties.After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the household registration Shiwu system under the prefecture and county system was implemented throughout the country. The state directly controlled the "household registration and Qimin" with "households" as the unit, and managed them step by step according to Wu, Shi, Li, township, and county.

Qimin, a registered household belonging to Shiwu, was the main target of conscription.

The Han Dynasty followed the Qin system, with slight gains and losses.

After Emperor Wu, foreign wars continued frequently, and individual small farmers, the main targets of conscription, went bankrupt, the household registration system was also destroyed, and the conscription system gradually declined due to insufficient military resources.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the conscription system was replaced by the recruitment system.The conscription system has clear regulations on age.When a man reaches the age of service, he is formally "Fu Ji", and he is called "Fu" in the roster; The age of those who have a knighthood is 15 years old, and those who are "shiwu" without a knighthood are 56 years old.

汉初沿用秦制，景帝前元二年（公元前155年）改为20岁始傅，至迟在昭帝始元六年（公元前81年）以前又改为23岁④。汉代免老的年龄是56岁。这一规定一直沿用到东汉。

However, in actual implementation, the regulations are often exceeded.For example, in the Qin Dynasty, when there was a "big war", that is, a large-scale war, the elderly were not exempted; in the Han Dynasty, there were examples of conscripts as young as 12 years old and as old as [-] years old.

The conscription system has clear regulations on the identity of conscription objects.

In the Qin Dynasty, under normal circumstances, the conscription objects were strictly limited to Qimin who belonged to the "Shiwu", including the "Shiwu" without a noble, the "Gongshi" of the first-level noble, and the "Buchang" of the fourth-level noble ( Not only exempting him from the "Gengeng" service, but not exempting him from military service).

Untouchables and slaves whose status is lower than "soldiers" do not have the right to formally perform military service. Even if they join the army, they can only serve as "disciple soldiers"; Enjoy the privilege of immunity from military service.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the system of conferring honors on military merits tended to be light and excessive. From the "Scholar Wu" without a rank to the eighth rank "Public Cheng", commonly known as "Min Jue", all had to perform military service.During the reign of Emperor Wu, the "Martial Arts Jue" was established, and military service was required from the seventh-level Jue "Thousand Fu".

In the late Western Han Dynasty, the systems of military merit and martial arts ranks were all corrupted by indiscriminate abuse.

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the rank system was only a formality, and the restrictions on the status of military service had lost any practical significance.The conscription system has clear regulations on the physical conditions of those who serve.Those who were weak or disabled when Fu was born were called "Ba Yao", and they only served hard labor, not military service.

Fu Ji's height standard is six feet to six feet five inches or more, and those who are less than six feet are called "small" and are not allowed to serve in the military.

The military service system of the Qin Dynasty also had regulations on the number of recruits in the Aberdeen Household: "Shulu" stated: "Cohabitation should not go hand in hand." That is to say, the married men in each household do not perform military service at the same time, and at least one person must stay at home to ensure the progress of agricultural production. .

The above-mentioned provisions are only applicable in peacetime, and in wartime, especially in the case of "big service" or insufficient military resources, conscription may be exceeded at any time.

Under the system of combining soldiers and farmers, in addition to part of the supplies provided by the state, conscripted soldiers also have some of their own.The part supplied by the state includes weapons and military rations.In the Qin and Han Dynasties, weapons were under the unified management of the state. Soldiers were issued by the state after enlisting in the army, and handed over to the state when they retired.

As for the granting of armored soldiers, there are special rules and regulations; the country's supply of military rations is called "endowment", or "endowment in the army", and the number of endowments also varies according to the status of the rank and status in the army.

Under normal circumstances, the state "downloads counties and counties to transfer millet, bean, and wormwood" to supply the army, but there are also cases of "self-financed" military food.

The supply of clothing, except for slaves and prisoners who have no property, is provided uniformly by the state, which is called "clothes", and recruited soldiers must bring their own money and things.The army often has a "military market" for soldiers to buy and sell items.

Immunity privilege
The privilege of "restoration" in the Qin Dynasty was mainly limited to the fifth-level titles—doctors and above, as well as officials at all levels with comparable status and royal nobles who were "subordinate" to the Guangzong clan.

According to their rank, these people can respectively enjoy the privileges of restoring their body, restoring their family, restoring their clan, and dependent population.

In addition, those who pay more millet, silk, and capital can also return it.

In the Han Dynasty, with the complexity of the composition of the ruling class, the regulations on reinstatement and the objects enjoying the privilege of reinstatement also became more complicated: the clans of the clan and princes and princes were all included in the "ownership" of "Zongzheng" and would never serve;

Foreign relatives and meritorious officials are exempted from military service for generations; all officials in the country, except for the lowest-ranking officials, all have titles, and those who are in the ninth rank of "five doctors" with a monthly salary of more than [-] shi are exempted from military service;

The "three elders" of low-level officials in counties and townships were exempted from military service;
Anyone who is elected as a filial younger brother Li Tian, ​​a doctoral student, and those who can master the classics will be exempted from military service;
In addition, there are special edicts exempting them from one-year, two-year, several-year or even life-long service; For military service, you must buy a noble.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi, one could be exempted from military service by accepting four thousand shi of corn and buying nobles up to five senior officials; during Emperor Wu’s reign, it was stipulated that those who received slaves, maidservants, chestnuts, and money could be exempted from military service. , equal to the five doctors, can be exempted from military service.

By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the system of conferring nobles and exempting them from military service was overused, resulting in a shortage of military resources, and it was no longer possible to enlist military service normally.With the development of the recruitment system, the conventional military merit exemption system has lost its practical significance, and other exemption systems only work during temporary conscription.

The Corruption of Conscription
The conscription system in the Qin and Han Dynasties was based on individual small farmers under the direct control of the household registration Shiwu system.

After Emperor Wu, a large number of individual small farmers went bankrupt and became refugees, slaves, dependents, small tenant farmers, and hired laborers. Offering slaves and other means to obtain the privilege of restoration.

As a result, the normal Shuwufanshang system was difficult to maintain, and the conscription system gradually declined.

By the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu carried out major reforms to the military service system, almost completely abolishing the system of officers, guards, and guards in the inland counties and countries.

Although the Eastern Han Dynasty occasionally conscripted soldiers in the prefectures and states, for example, at the end of Emperor Ling's Zhongping period, Guangling County "could get [-] people if the coffin drums were activated"; Be prepared."

Such cases are often limited to temporary conscription during wartime, not a regular system, but the regular conscription system has been corrupted.

Implementation of conscription
At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, a system of recruiting substitutes appeared in the "Gengzu" campaign in the corvee system. Anyone who did not serve had to hire someone to serve on his behalf. The average monthly payment was [-], which was called "practicing history".

Recruitment officially became a system, which began with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.During the reign of Emperor Wu, foreign troops were used for a long time, and the conscription system was no longer suitable for the needs of large-scale wars, no matter in terms of the time and number of successive generations, or the military skills of soldiers.

Therefore, from Emperor Wu to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the recruitment system gradually developed and replaced the conscription system, becoming the main source of soldiers.

The recruitment of soldiers in the Western Han Dynasty had various names, such as "brave men", "recruited sinners", "running for life", "husband and wife", "recruitment" and so on.

Most of these recruited soldiers came from the proletarians such as unemployed refugees and ex-convicts.

The Han Dynasty often used these soldiers to engage in major foreign wars.During the time of Wang Mang, he recruited men from all over the world, prisoners of death crimes, and servants of officials and people, named "Dintu Xiyong", as the main force in the war against the Xiongnu.

The household registration system in the Eastern Han Dynasty has been greatly relaxed, individual small farmers have been greatly reduced, and it is difficult to continue to implement the conscription system. The army's source of troops is mainly maintained by recruiting soldiers except for temporary conscription during wartime.Most of the troops stationed in various places in the Eastern Han Dynasty came from recruitment.

For example, in the 24th year of Jianwu (AD 48), Wuling rebelled against Wuxi, and the Eastern Han government sent more than [-] "musk scholars" and ex-prisoners from eleven counties to suppress it.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, not only soldiers from the inner counties were recruited, but soldiers from border counties were also fully recruited.

For example, in the 16th year of Jianwu (AD 50), the people who were dispatched to Shibian in the interior were all given "pretending money".In fact, the system of granting money to the frontier was not in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was a system for the Mu people to guard the frontier.

In the first year of Emperor Ming Yongping (AD 58), he recruited soldiers to garrison Longyou, and gave money to [-] people, which marked that the recruitment system in the Eastern Han Dynasty completely replaced the conscription system.

The cost of recruiting soldiers by the Eastern Han government is called "rewarding money" or "rewarding the truth", which is actually equivalent to the wages of hired soldiers.

Minorities in the Eastern Han Dynasty often also adopted the method of recruitment.Minority soldiers in the Eastern Han Dynasty were called "Yi Bing", they were regular members of the army, and they were not dismissed after the war.

(End of this chapter)