Master Kong Zhongni

Chapter 227 Confucius On Teaching (5K4)

Today, Yan Hui woke up very early.

There was a lot of wind and rain last night, and the heavens seemed to wish to make up for all the rain that hadn't fallen in the Lu country this year.

When the night fell, Yan Hui had already laid down and was about to rest.

But he was sleeping under the quilt, and when he closed his eyes, his mind was filled with the words Jai Yu said during the day.

Yan Hui tossed and turned, unable to fall asleep, so he just sat up, ruthlessly, lit the oil lamp, and looked through the books at home, trying to find a suitable answer from the books.

However, Yan Hui looked through the classics for most of the night, until the oil lamp was burned out, but he still found nothing.

He was worried, so he went out early this morning, intending to ask his master for advice.

As Yan Hui walked on the road, he was thinking about what kind of words to use later, so that he could let the master answer the question without revealing Jae Yu's plan.

Unexpectedly, as soon as he came to the gate of the academy, he found that there were inexplicably many students who came to the academy today.

As soon as he stepped into the gate, he saw Kong Li answering the Master's question respectfully.

Confucius asked, "O carp! Now you have been the Tuqiu master for three months. During these three months, have you gained anything?"

As soon as Confucius said this, sweat dripped from Kong Li's forehead.

He replied respectfully: "My morals are shallow and my talents are not enough, but fortunately, Ziyou and Zigao are there to help me, so even though it is difficult, after three months, I can barely handle the official position of Yi Situ." .”

Confucius listened and just asked: "Can you really do it?"

Kong Li was about to answer 'I can do it', but before he could say anything, he heard Zaiyu and Zigong coughing again and again.

Only then did Kong Li wake up.

so close!

I almost fell into my father's trap again!
According to my father's habit, if I answered 'I can do it', should he say 'Then I'll test you' next?

Kong Li thought about this, and murmured in his heart: "Come on, then don't come to test me, old man, I'll come and ask you directly!"

Kong Li asked, "It's just barely competent. I have been studying behind you since I was a child, so I don't know how to manage a rural school, nor do I understand the basic methods of teaching students, so..."

Hearing this, Confucius stroked his beard and frowned and said, "In this case, why didn't you come to ask me earlier? As a Situ of a town, you are in charge of the education of the whole town, but you have doubts in your heart but don't seek to understand them. You are not a thief." Harm someone else's child?"

After hearing this, Kong Li groaned in his heart.

Did I not want to ask you for advice?

I should have a chance to leave Tuqiu!
As soon as he got up during the day, he was escorted to the government office and the township school to work, and in the evening after work, he was escorted back to the "cadre room" in the prison.

If Zigao and the others hadn't been locked in, I wouldn't have had the chance to see you right now.

But Kong Li didn't dare to tell his father this.

I'm afraid that my father will turn over the old score and say to him again: "Who told you not to get married!"

So Kong Li followed the principle that one thing more is worse than one thing less, and asked directly: "Please advise."

Confucius saw that he had a good attitude of admitting his mistakes, so he didn't pursue it anymore, and just told him bit by bit how to organize education.

"The ancient education system is: every 25 households are organized into one Lu, and a 'school' must be set up in each Lu.

Every [-] households are organized into a party, and each party must set up a "Xiang".

Every 1 families are compiled into a "sui", and a "order" must be established for each sui.

On the outskirts of the capital, a "university" was established, the emperor's university was called "Piyong", and the prince's university was called "Pangong".

The university recruits students every year and examines the achievements of the students every two years.

The first year examines students' ability and interest in analyzing texts.

The third year examines whether the students are content with their studies, whether the knowledge is solid, and whether the students can help each other.

The fifth year examines whether the students have extensive knowledge and whether the students respect and love the teacher.

In the seventh year, students are tested on their ability to discuss knowledge and recognize friends, and those who pass are called 'Xiaocheng'.

By the ninth year, students have been able to understand their studies by analogy, and their opinions and actions have been able to be firm, which is called 'Dacheng'.

Only in this way can we achieve the effect of educating the people and changing customs.

Convincing the people in front of you, and making people far away yearn to come and go, this is the process of teaching in the university.

Therefore, education is a long-term plan, not a cause that can be effective overnight.

As Yisikou in charge of education, you must remember that when cultivating students, you should not only pay attention to cultivating students' knowledge, but also increase their knowledge, but the most important thing is to pay attention to whether their moral cultivation is in place.

If you only pay attention to the students' learning and do not pay attention to cultivating their moral character, then such a person, even if he has a lot of knowledge, cannot become a useful material to assist the country. "

Kong Li had just asked this casually, but he never expected to get so many useful things out of his father's mouth.

While taking out a pen and paper to record the inspection system for students, he continued to ask for advice.

"So how can students establish correct concepts and establish a teaching program that teachers and teachers follow?"

Kong Li was willing to ask, but Confucius was afraid that his son would mislead his son, so he simply passed on his teaching experience over the years combined with the records in ancient books to Kong Li.

"Teaching is achieved step by step, and we must not rush forward at will. In order for students to receive a good education, a good system must be established.

When the university starts, the emperor and the princes will come to the academy in formal attire, and order officials to prepare sacrificial dishes to worship the sages, and set an example to show respect for teachers.

The students should recite the "Deer Ming", "Four Mus" and "Huang Huang Zhe Hua" in "Poetry".

The reason for reciting these three poems is that these three capitals are poems about governing the country for officials. This is to make students feel that they want to be officials as soon as they enter school, so that they can understand the difficulty of governing the country and the importance of learning. Don't dare to get bored with your studies.

Afterwards, the students unpacked their school supplies to the sound of drums, making them take their studies seriously.

At the same time, display the ruler to maintain neat and solemn order.

Students enroll in spring, and teachers should not test students before the summer festival.

If students are examined at the beginning of learning, the students will develop in the direction of the teacher's examination, so their strengths and weaknesses will not be recognized.

If students are given ample time throughout the spring, they can learn according to their own wishes and interests, thus distinguishing their aspirations and talents.

In the process of learning, teachers should also observe first, instead of telling them what in advance, so that they can think with their hearts.

Older students should ask the teacher for advice, while younger students should pay attention and not interject to ask questions.

Because learning emphasizes step-by-step progress, only by learning the existing things solidly can we seek progress upwards.

Don't let students develop a temper that is greedy for advancement, abandon the basic ones, and pursue difficult ones.

If they set up the concept of "valuing difficulty and being ashamed of simplicity", the students educated in this way will only become flashy villains.

Anyone who studies and aspires to be an official must first learn how to do things.Those who aspire to become a scholar and gentleman must first set their ambitions.This makes sense! "

When Confucius said this, not only Kong Li took notes, but Mi Buqi, Ran Qiu, Wu Mashi, Qi Diaokai and others also started to take out pens and paper and started to take notes.

Everyone knows that when it comes to being a teacher, there is probably no one in Lu State who is more professional than Master.

What was taught in today's class is all dry goods, and with a little tidying up, it can be used in the management of township schools in various towns.

Confucius was happy to see the students so serious.

So he continued to add: "When you start education in various towns, you must pay attention to that the educational activities in the school should follow the seasons.

Every season, different formal schoolwork must be arranged, rather than fixed and rigid arrangements.

When the students are resting, they should also assign homework to them.

If students do not learn miscellaneous music outside of class, it is impossible to play the piano well only by relying on the professors in class.

If students don't learn the folk songs often sung by the villagers outside of class, how can they understand the thoughts expressed in the poems in class, and what meaning does the author of the poems want to express?

If students do not get close to various production and life outside of class, and do not learn some basic common sense in life, then even if they learn etiquette, it is impossible for them to understand why such etiquette is formulated.

It can be seen from this that it is impossible for students to correctly treat the main lessons they have learned without learning various juggling arts.

Therefore, a gentleman treats learning, and he must study the main course carefully when he is doing homework in class.

When resting at home, you must also learn various juggling skills.

Only in this way can we study with peace of mind, get close to the teacher, be willing to make friends with the people, and firmly believe in the way we have learned. Even if we leave the teacher's teaching, we will not violate the principles we have learned.

This means that what is learned and what is heard and seen can be unified, so the behavior of students must be moral, and the ideas they hold will not be shaken.

Such a person is a gentleman that the country and the people can rely on! "

When Kong Zhong heard this, he frowned and asked, "Uncle, according to what you said, there should be many gentlemen in the world! But why are there so few gentlemen nowadays?"

When Confucius heard this, he sighed and shook his head, "Because today's educators don't do this!

Today's teachers teach students only by asking them to read texts aloud, indoctrinate them in large quantities, and blindly catch up with the progress, regardless of the students' ability to accept, so that they cannot settle down to study.

When teaching students, they cannot teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and cannot fully develop students' talents.

The method of teaching violates the principle of teaching, and the requirements put forward are not in line with the actual situation of students.

In this way, the student will lose touch with reality, hate his studies, resent his teachers, suffer from difficulties in his studies, and do not understand the benefits of learning.

In this way, even if they finish their studies, they will forget what they have learned quickly, and the purpose of teaching will not be achieved. This is the reason! "

Yan Hui stood in front of the door, and when he heard this, he suddenly felt ashamed.

He thought about the doubts in his heart, and then thought about the current situation in Lu State.

He murmured: "Am I like what the master said, just read poetry and books, but lost touch with reality?"

Zaiyu still didn't know that Yan Hui was struggling in his heart, and he was still copying the teachings of his master in a small notebook.

Now, although he has only three students, he is at least an educator.

In addition, his students are all powerful figures in the future.
Zhao Wuji is in charge of the Zhao family of the state of Jin, Gongshuban is a master in the world, and Ji Sunfei, who has not met yet, is the heir of the Ji family.

If he can't educate these three people well and make the students become unkind people, then Zaiyu will have to bear the big blame in the future.

So, how dare Zai Yu not be cautious about it?
He asked: "Master, I can understand the so-called teaching students in accordance with their aptitude. But to become a successful teacher, I am afraid that this is not the only way to achieve it?"

Confucius saw that it was Zaiyu who asked the question, and felt that the situation was a bit tricky.

He also heard about Ji Sunsi's plan to send the child to Zaiyu to be taught.

But Zaiyu, a student, even his classmates who have read poetry and books sometimes can't understand, let alone the children who have not yet reached the crown.

If Ji Sunfei went to Zaiyu to study, he didn't learn the good things, but he learned the bad things about Zaiyu thoroughly, then the future of Lu State would be...

Confucius thought over and over again, being cautious, and finally summed up a few fundamental ways of education for Zaiyu, and asked him to follow them.

"There are four main reasons for the success of teaching.

Preventing students' problems before they happen is called prevention.

Teaching just right is called timing.

Teaching without exceeding the capacity of the students is called sequential.

Observing a student and praising him if he finds a good place, this is called slowly cultivating.

There are also six reasons for the failure of education.

If a student makes a mistake and then prohibits it, and then wants him to repent, there will be a trend that is not easy to break through.

Students miss the opportunity to learn, even if they make up for it afterwards, it is difficult to succeed despite their hard work.

The teacher is disorganized and does not follow the rules. If the order is disrupted, it will be out of control.

If a teacher thinks hard and does not discuss with his friends, he will have shallow knowledge and limited knowledge, so he will not be able to teach students well.

Students who associate with undecent friends will inevitably violate the teachings of their teachers.

Indulging in some illicit hobbies at a young age will inevitably lead to the neglect of regular studies.

The students' learning has encountered setbacks, which can mainly be attributed to the following four reasons:
Either because of greed, or because of narrow knowledge, or because of a rash attitude, or because of fear of difficulties.

These four points are caused by the different psychology and intelligence of the students.

When you teach students, you must know how to understand the personality characteristics of students, so as to help students overcome their shortcomings.

The ultimate purpose of education, rather than its fundamental role, is to enable students to develop their strengths and overcome their weaknesses. "

Zaiyu pondered over what his master said, only feeling that there was a heavy responsibilities and a long way to go.

But Yan Hui's expression was a little dazed.

"If a student made a mistake and then banned it, and then tried to make him repent, there will be a tendency that it will not be easy to break through? I am now, is it a mistake?"

After Confucius finished speaking, he looked up and saw Yan Hui in front of the door.

So he smiled and asked, "Go back! What are you standing there looking at?"

Yan Hui was named by Confucius, and his struggling mood was almost written on his face.

Seeing his expression, Zai Yu suddenly felt bad.

Ziyuan!

You kid, are you planning to shake me out, brother?
Yan Hui looked at Zaiyu with a complicated expression, and then at Zilu and others beside him.

I saw that many of the classmates shook their heads slightly at him.

The meaning of everyone is also obvious.

Don't dare to talk nonsense in front of your master!

Seeing Yan Hui like this, Confucius couldn't help asking: "Hui! Are you sick? Why don't you look energetic today?"

Yan Hui thought for a while, and finally came to Confucius to pray.

"Master, something strange happened to my neighbor's house. I thought about it all night and still couldn't understand it, so that's why it happened."

Confucius heard the words and asked, "What kind of strange thing is it?"

Yan Hui said: "The street where I live, there are two families at the end of the alley. One is a young man who lives alone, and the other is a widow who has lost her husband.

It was raining heavily last night, the widow's roof was damaged by the strong wind, and the room was leaking.

So she ran to the door of the man's house, hoping to get in and take shelter from the wind and rain.

The man closed the door and wouldn't let her in.

The widow said to him from the window: "Why are you so heartless and won't let me in?" '

The man replied: "I heard that unmarried men and women under the age of 60 cannot live in the same room."Now you are not very old, and I am not very old, so I dare not let you in. '

The widow said, "Why can't you be like Liu Xiahui?"
When Liu Xiahui went out to do business, he didn't have time to go to the city at night, so he could only stay overnight at Guomen.

It was a cold and windy winter night, and there was a woman sleeping outside the city gate as well. She was shivering from the cold, so Liu Xiahui wrapped her in her fur coat to keep warm.

Liu Xiahui loves a homeless woman, and no Chinese thinks he is a promiscuous woman! '

The man said: "Liu Xiahui's virtuous name was not developed in a day, so everyone trusts him."And his undisturbed character is not something I can have.So Liu Xiahui can do that, but I can't.I will learn from Liu Xiahui's yes based on what I can't do. '

Master, who do you think is right, this man or Liu Xiahui? "

The students in the room heard Yan Hui's words and immediately understood the meaning of his words.

Ziyuan is using lingo to get rid of the Yanghu that Zaiyu wants to attack.

But no one in the room opened their mouths to point it out, because many people, like Yan Hui, planned to hear the Master's opinion on this matter.

After listening to Yan Hui's words, Confucius first laughed three times, and then praised him.

"Okay! There are too many people who want to learn from Liu Xiahui in the country of Lu, but none of them learn as well as him. Expecting to do the best and not following others can be called a wise man."

Yan Hui was puzzled when he heard this, "Then do you think Liu Xiahui and this man are doing the right thing?"

Confucius nodded and said, "Of course!"

Yan Hui became more and more confused: "But why?"

Confucius said: "Liu Xiahui and this man's starting point is 'benevolence', Liu Xiahui was worried that the woman would freeze to death, so she planned to abandon her reputation to save the woman, this is the contingency of a benevolent gentleman.

Being able to save people's lives is the greatest courtesy, which is in line with benevolence and propriety, so how could Liu Xiahui do something wrong?
As for the man you mentioned, although he does not have the virtues of Liu Xiahui, nor does he have the good reputation of Liu Xiahui.

So he abides by the rules of etiquette and protects the reputation of him and the widow. How can it be said that he is wrong?
There are no definite rules for a benevolent gentleman to abide by, and the changes in the world are always impermanent.

For different people and different things, the way to deal with it is naturally different.

But no matter how you deal with it, as long as you have a benevolent heart, try to continue the principles of etiquette, do what you can, and do your best.

And why do you want to criticize an ordinary person according to Liu Xiahui's standard, saying that he can't handle the problem in the way of a benevolent gentleman?
I said earlier that we should teach students to learn more juggling arts and to make friends with the public. This is exactly the reason! "

　Or give me a ticket.

　　——Excerpt from "Zaiyu's Diary"

　　
　
(End of this chapter)