I'm really not King Jing of Zhongshan

For the transitional chapter of popular science, please subscribe as appropriate.

In the past two months or so, I have been burdened with chores, and my body has been a little dilapidated.

I was falling asleep early this morning, and suddenly felt nauseous. I jumped up and went to the toilet to vomit. After vomiting, I had two eyes that were red like flies...

After throwing up, it was natural to have diarrhea—diarrhea until 10:30 in the morning, before I fell asleep out of breath.

I really don’t have the strength to code words, so I will use the popular science chapter to make the transition, please understand more...
Let me tell you about Zhao Tuo.

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After Qin Shihuang unified the six kingdoms, he naturally began to look beyond China—the nomads north of the Great Wall, and the Baiyue land south of Wuling.

The nomadic peoples in the north were finally "take care of" by the Qin general Meng Tian, ​​who had almost no power to fight back, and became people who "did not dare to draw the bow when they saw the black dragon flag, only dared to ride the horse and panicked, and did not dare to go south to graze the horses". A bird of fright.

In the south, Qin Shihuang's foreign strategy encountered some obstacles.

In the 28th year of the first emperor (219 BC), Qin Shihuang sent Tu Sui as the general and Zhao Tuo as the deputy general, leading an army of 50 to pacify Lingnan.

In other words: at least in the eyes of Qin Shihuang Yingzheng, Tu Sui, the leader of Zhengnan, was at least of the same level, if not at the same level as Meng Tian;

Or, in the eyes of the first emperor, the northern nomads were good at fighting, so it was necessary for General Meng Tian to personally lead the army north out of the Great Wall, while in the south of Baiyue, only one or two grades of Tu Sui was needed from Meng Tian.

We don't know the real situation, and there is a high probability that both of them were thought of by Emperor Shihuang.

"One army is at the Ridge of Tancheng (today's Yuecheng Ridge), one is guarding the Fortress of Jiuyi (today's Jiuyi Mountain), one is at the capital of Panyu (now Guangzhou), and the other is at the border of Nanye (now South of Jiangxi), one army left Ganzhishui (present-day Yugan County, Jiangxi)."

——This is the course of action, or strategic plan, for Qin Zhengnan's army under the leadership of Tu Sui in the history books.

The 50 Qin army was divided into five groups, with an average of 40 on one route. Among them, the "one army with surplus dry water" has nothing to do with the Lingnan area. It can be seen that the Qin army used in the Lingnan Baiyue area, or the "combat organization" is only [-] Ten thousand.

At the beginning of the war, the southern army occupied the Guangdong area around Panyu and stayed there. Another 30 Qin troops went west to Guangxi to fight the local Yue people. Although they killed the leader of the Xiou tribe, "Yiyu Song", After three years of fighting, Qin Zhengnan's army failed one after another in terms of overall strategy, and the established strategic goals were basically not completed or realized. Even the main general Tu Sui died in battle.

Qin has relatively few historical records of the Baiyue War. Only Huainanzi, the king of Huainan in the Western Han Dynasty, has a small amount of records. After the chaos at the end of Qin Dynasty, Nanyue blocked the connection with the Central Plains-this is the starting point of Zhao Tuo's brilliant life.

After Tu Sui died in the battle of Lingnan, Qin Ting replaced Ren Xiao as general, and Zhao Tuo continued to attack Baiyue as his deputy.

After being appointed as the Chief General of the South Expedition, Ren Xiao immediately changed Tu Sui's established strategy of "fight when you see the enemy, and go down when you see the city" to "quickly cross the forest where Wuling is located, build a city on the plain of Lingnan Mansion as soon as possible, and then use The city-centered "slowly map" strategy to conquer Baiyue has achieved very impressive results.

Under the leadership of Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo, hundreds of thousands of South Expedition troops quickly crossed Wuling, penetrated into the Baiyue mansion, and quickly built simple military fortresses in the plain area, and slowly spread around from this base. The combat method and the open plain terrain also greatly restricted the Yue people's tactics such as poisonous arrows and sneak attacks, and greatly prevented Qin Zhengnan's army from being trapped in the tropical jungle in the south of the Lingnan.

In just three years after Tu Sui's death in battle, Qin Zhengnan's army led by Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo had pacified most of the plains in Baiyue, and the strategy of conquering the south was basically declared a success.

At that time, the Qin court established Nanhai County in Panyu (now Guangzhou), with Ren Xiao as the county lieutenant, in charge of politics, military affairs, and supervision of Nanhai County, under the jurisdiction of Panyu, Longchuan, Boluo, and Sihui counties. Both military value and military value are extremely important, so Zhao Tuo was appointed as the county magistrate of Longchuan.

Zhao Tuo built a city and opened land in Longchuan as his governing place.

At this stage, although Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo were Nanhai County Commandant and Longchuan County Magistrate respectively, they were actually the first and second in command in Baiyue in the southern part of the Qin Dynasty.

Afterwards, Zhao Tuo worked hard to prevent the Yue people from rebelling, but also tried his best to appease the local people, persuaded the soldiers to raise children there, and promoted the Central Plains (the Central Plains in the narrow sense refers to the area around Henan today; the Central Plains in the broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River). The Lingnan people were assimilated; they also wrote to the emperor requesting that the residents of the Central Plains be relocated to South Vietnam in order to spread the Central Plains culture (adjust the proportion of the local population).

After the death of Qin Shihuang, Qin II succeeded to the throne, and immediately aroused the Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising in the first year of Qin II (209 BC).

Then there was the four-year "struggle between Chu and Han" between Liu Bang and Xiang Yu, and the Central Plains fell into chaos.

In the second year of Qin II (208 BC), Wei Renxiao of Nanhai County was seriously ill. Before he died, he summoned Zhao Tuo, who was then the magistrate of Longchuan County, and explained to him that he relied on Nanhai County to be close to the mountains and the sea. The plan to establish a country based on the favorable terrain to resist the invasion of the uprising armies in the Central Plains; and immediately issued an appointment document to Zhao Tuo, letting Zhao Tuo perform the post of Nanhai County Captain, and asked him to "Qin government is innocent, the Central Plains are disturbed, and Panyu , Negative mountains and dangerous, blocking the South China Sea, thousands of miles from east to west, there are quite a few Chinese people to assist, this is also the lord of a state, and can establish a country." "The peaks of the five mountains in the north are on the ground, and the south of Kyushu is full of water and floating in the sky."

Relying on the mountains and facing the sea (the ancient Pearl River was wide and called the sea) is the landscape of Guangzhou.North control Wuling, close to Sanjiang; it is the key point of offense and defense in Guangzhou.

Zhao Tuo understood the essentials of Guangzhou's defense. In order to prevent the war in the north from extending to the south and strengthen the control of the South of the Five Ridges, he sealed off the four passes of Wuling—Hengpu Pass, Yipu Pass, Yangshan Pass, and Huangxi Pass; cut off four new roads— Jiangxi enters Nanxiong Road, Guangdong, Hunan enters Guangdong Lianzhou Road, Hunan enters Guangxi Hexian Road, Hunan enters Guangxi Jingjiang Road; three lines of defense are built to defend Panyu: Lechang-Renhua-Nanxiong defense line, Yingde-Qingyuan The line of defense, the line of defense of Shimen Fortress.If the northern soldiers wanted to cross the Wuling Mountains and attack South Vietnam, they would not be able to reach Panyu without breaking through these three lines of defense.

Soon, Ren Xiao died of illness. Zhao Tuo sent instructions to the troops at various passes in the Nanling Mountains to defend against danger, saying: "The thieves are coming, and they must gather troops to defend themselves." He took the opportunity to kill the officials who were placed in Nanhai County by the Qin Dynasty, and replaced them with his cronies.

This is the most critical turning point in Zhao Tuo's life, that is, after Ren Xiao died of illness, Zhao Tuo became "the leader of the Qin Lingnan Baiyue area" and determined to sever the relationship between Lingnan and the Qin court and even the entire Central Plains. The lieutenant general, Captain Long Chuan of Nanhai County, had just begun to transform into a separatist rule in Lingnan, trying to get his hands on the Central Plains, and even dominate the world like the first emperor.

It's just that compared to the heroes of later generations, Zhao Tuo, the hero, is obviously a bit 'untimely'.

In the first year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (206 BC), Zhao Tuo raised troops to annex Guilin County and Xiang County. The Nanyue Kingdom, which existed for 95 years, laid the foundation stone.

The territory of Nanyue Kingdom is equivalent to the jurisdiction of the three prefectures established by Qin Dynasty. The north, east, and west sides are respectively bordered by Changsha, Minyue, and Yelang, and the east and south are bordered by the South China Sea.From Nanling (now northern Guangdong, northern Guangxi, and southern Jiangxi) in the north, Yelang (now Guangxi, most of Yunnan) in the west, Nanhai (now central and northern Vietnam) in the south, and Minyue (now Fujian) in the east south).The capital is in Panyu, which is now Guangzhou.

In the Central Plains, after years of fighting and fighting for hegemony, Liu Bang was finally able to defeat the overlord Xiang Yu, established the Western Han Dynasty, and put down the remaining military forces in the Central Plains, including Xiang Yu.

At the beginning of the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (202 BC), Liu Bangli, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, made Wu Rui the king of Changsha. , Do not admit that the three counties of Nanhai, Guilin, and Xiangjun are owned by Zhao Tuo.

This is Liu Bang's straightforward identification of Zhao Tuo as the evil of the previous dynasty after he unified the world.

But in the next seven years, Liu Bang was busy on the road to quell the rebellion of princes with different surnames, and had no time to take care of the Huns in the north and Zhao Tuo, the "Nanyue Wuwang" in the south.

In the 11th year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (196 years ago), Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, knew that after his death, it would be difficult for the new king to solve the problem of South Vietnam through pure force, so he sent the doctor Lu Jia to South Vietnam to persuade Zhao Tuo accepted the kingship of the Han Dynasty and naturalized the central government. Under the persuasion of Lu Jia, Zhao Tuo accepted the seal and ribbon of the Nanyue king bestowed by Han Gaozu, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, made the Nanyue Kingdom a vassal state of the Han Dynasty, and professed his vassal status to the court Pay tribute.

Afterwards, the Nanyue Kingdom and the Han Dynasty sent envoys to each other to communicate with each other. Liu Bang succeeded in making Zhao Tuo surrender in a peaceful way, and did not become a hostile force in the south of the Han Dynasty—at least he did not become a surname like the Huns. hostile forces.

Since then, production resources and technologies such as ironware in the Central Plains have been continuously introduced into Nanyue, which has kicked off social and economic progress. Zhao Tuo paid great attention to the introduction of Han culture and advanced production technology in the Central Plains, and integrated the Vietnamese society, so that the production in Lingnan developed and the people live and work in peace and contentment.

Starting from Ren Xiao and Zhao Tuo, Lingnan had the symbols of human civilization - castles and characters, developed iron smelting, and social and economic development entered a new historical period.Many poems praising Zhao Tuo in Chinese history show the people's admiration and nostalgia for him.

Zhao Tuo also expanded the Panyu city built by Ren Xiao. The city was ten li in circumference, known as "Tuo City", and became the center of Guangzhou for future generations.

He worked hard to coordinate the relationship between the local people and actively absorbed the culture of the Central Plains, thus promoting the steady development of the cultural economy in Guangdong during the late Qin and early Han Dynasties.

In the 12th year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (195 BC), after the death of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, Empress Lu came to the court and began to fight against Zhao Tuo.

In the seventh year of Queen Lu (181 BC), Queen Lu issued a ban on 'prohibiting the sale of ironware and other items to South Vietnam' in the area bordering South Vietnam.

The relationship between Zhao Tuo and the central government of the Han Dynasty during the reign of Empress Lu was once tense, and the contradiction between the Han Dynasty and the Nanyue Kingdom intensified.

At that time, Empress Dowager Lu sent general Long Lu Hou Zhouzao to attack Zhao Tuo, but because the soldiers in the Central Plains were not used to the hot and humid climate in South Vietnam, they fell ill one after another, and they did not even cross the Nanling Mountains.

Zhao Tuo felt that Empress Lu might annex him through Changsha Kingdom (another vassal state of the Han Dynasty, located in the north of Nanyue Kingdom, now in Hunan Province), so Zhao Tuo announced his separation from the Han Dynasty, calling himself "Southern Yue Wudi", and sent troops to attack Changsha Kingdom, and retreated after defeating several counties on the border of Changsha Kingdom.

In the eighth year of Empress Lu (180 BC), Empress Lu collapsed, and the Han Dynasty ordered Zhou Zao to strike back. Zhao Tuo gained prestige in the south of the Five Ridges by virtue of his success in fighting the Han Dynasty, and took the opportunity to impose economic means on the Minyue Kingdom in the east. Influence, and strengthen control over the tribes such as Xiou and Luoyue in the west (that is, the former home of Ouluo State).

Therefore, Zhao Tuo, the king of Wu of South Vietnam, called himself "Emperor Wu of South Vietnam".Zhao Tuo also began to issue orders as the emperor, opposing the Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty (179 BC), after the death of Empress Lu, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty Liu Heng came to the throne. He sent people to rebuild the cemetery of Zhao Tuo's ancestors, set up tomb guards to sacrifice on time every year, and rewarded Zhao Tuo's cousins office and property.

Then, on the recommendation of Prime Minister Chen Ping, Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty appointed Lu Jia, who had been sent to South Vietnam many times during Han Gaozu's time, as the Taizhong doctor, and ordered him to go to South Vietnam again to persuade Zhao Tuo to return to Han.

After Lu Jia arrived in South Vietnam, he revealed his interests to Zhao Tuo. Zhao Tuo was persuaded again and decided to remove the title of Emperor and return to the Han Dynasty.Until the era of Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty, Zhao Tuo professed his ministers to the Han Dynasty. He sent people to Chang'an to meet the Han Dynasty emperor every spring and autumn, and accepted the orders of the Han Dynasty emperor like a prince. However, in South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo still continued to use The name of the emperor.

During the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion between Wu and Chu, Zhao Tuo was invited by King Liu Bi of Wu to send South Vietnamese troops to join him. Based on the population density, number, and the number of Zhao Tuo's troops at that time, and the upper limit of the number that may be sent to help Liu Bi, it can be inferred that the total number of this South Vietnamese army should be between 15 and 5000, and the same number of troops sent to help Liu Bi The Minyue and East Vietnam troops combined may not be able to make up 2 people.

It was precisely because of this army that after the defeat of the army, Liu Bi was beheaded in Baiyue in the south of the Lingnan—except for Zhao Tuo, there was almost no one in the south of the Lingnan who was not afraid of the gaze of the court in Chang'an.

Zhao Tuo died in the fourth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty (137 BC) and was buried in Panyu (now Guangzhou) at the age of more than one hundred.

After Zhao Tuo's death, his descendants continued to be kings of Nanyue for three generations—King Wen of Nanyue: Zhao Zhen/Hu, King Ming of Nanyue: Zhao Yingqi, King Ai of Nanyue: Zhao Xing.

In the fifth year of Yuanding, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, in 112 BC, Lu Jia, the prime minister of South Vietnam, and others launched a rebellion and killed Zhao Xing and his mother, the Queen Mother.

When Zhao Xing succeeded to the throne, he was still young and could not control Lu Jia, who was the prime minister of the three dynasties. In the end, during the power struggle between his mother, the Empress Dowager and Lu Jia, he was killed by Lu Jia, which also allowed the Han court to find an excuse to send troops to South Vietnam. Eventually led to the demise of South Vietnam.