Red Mansion, Second Master Lian is too despicable

Chapter 119 Miscellaneous Talk: Jia She, what does Jia Zheng mean?

Jia She, name She, word Enhou.Pardon means to forgive, which means showing mercy. "Enhou" is an allusion to "Enzehou".The title is not due to meritorious service, but due to the emperor's favor. This kind of title is called "enzehou", which is very different from the real meritorious title.Jia She has never accomplished any meritorious deeds. His status as a first-class general is entirely the result of the emperor's favor. He is a typical "enzehou".

Jia Zheng, whose name is Zheng, has a character of Zhou.Zheng means to govern the country. "Cun Zhou" uses an allusion from "The Analects", "The Master said: 'The Zhou Dynasty was in charge of the second generation, and it was full of literature! I follow the Zhou Dynasty.'" It means that the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty is It was customized with reference to the Xia and Shang dynasties and was relatively complete. Confucius advocated using Zhou rites to govern the country.

Confucius had an in-depth study of the ritual systems of the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties. In his opinion, the change of dynasties did not affect the inheritance of the ritual system. The Zhou rituals were formed on the basis of the Xia and Shang ritual systems.Of course, Zhou rites are not a simple inheritance of Xia and Shang rites, but supplements and developments.In other words, the Zhou Dynasty drew on the civilizational achievements of the Xia and Shang dynasties for more than a thousand years, and through reforms and innovations, it created its own governance ideas and formed a relatively complete etiquette system.Both in form and content, the Zhou rites were much more perfect than those of the previous dynasties, which is why Confucius praised the Zhou rites so much.

The ritual system was the core content of governance in all dynasties after Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is a correct and scientific attitude to inherit and develop the traditional way of governing the country.For a long historical period, there were two wrong approaches to traditional governance:
The first is complete inheritance, emphasizing that the laws of the ancestors are immutable. Many dynasties in history have such regulations. Traditional systems and etiquette are not allowed to be questioned, let alone changed.Among them, the most typical example is the Qing Dynasty. At the critical moment of national crisis, many high-ranking officials and dignitaries clung to this concept and missed the best opportunity for reform.

The second is to completely overthrow the old culture and start over from scratch.Mainly appeared in modern China.Stimulated by the crisis of national subjugation and species subjugation, some people at that time believed that China's traditional governance ideas were worthless.Therefore, starting from the overthrow of the Confucius Family Store, a trend of thoughts that completely negated and overthrew tradition began, completely ignoring the social reality of our country's large population, diverse ethnic groups, backward education, and backward economy.

The governance ideas and cultural forms of a country or nation are accumulated through history and have certain historical limitations.We cannot accept it completely, nor can we deny it completely. We should inherit and reform it scientifically and critically.

The cultural etiquette system of the Shang Dynasty originated from the Xia Dynasty, while the cultural etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty originated from the Shang Dynasty. They did not accept it in full, but made appropriate additions, deletions, and reforms based on specific circumstances.Confucius said "I follow Zhou", which means that he adopted Zhou rituals for political meetings and promoted civil rule. He understood that Zhou rituals were reformed and innovated on the basis of the previous two generations, but Jia Zheng did not understand.

The author of "Dream of Red Mansions" named the characters in the novel, breaking the writing method of "good people are good until the end of the play, and bad people are bad until the end of the play".Name the girl to highlight "daughters are made of water" and mainly praise her.Naming men highlights "men are made of clay" and is mainly ironic.

Jia She, whose courtesy name is Enhou.However, he has no forgiveness or favor for others, and he cannot be forgiven in the end.Jia Zheng, also known as "Cun Zhou", wanted to use Zhou rites to govern the country like Confucius, but he emphasized the need to "preserve" Zhou and the laws of his ancestors were immutable. This combined empiricism with dogmatism, mediocrity, daring not to innovate, and wandering around. Officialdom can't do anything
In order to ensure the fairness and impartiality of the scientific examination and prevent fraud by candidates and corruption by examiners, according to the "Regulations of the Qing Dynasty", once the criminal is discovered, he will be shackled on the streets for three months and then sent to the border areas to be sent to the army. Everyone will be photographed in old photos or I've seen this kind of humiliation in movies and TV shows. A thick square wooden board is used to wrap the criminal's neck, and sometimes his hands, to force the criminal to be paraded outside the prison or in front of the government office. The lightest shackles can be thirty kilograms, and the heaviest shackles can be up to 150 pounds. 100 pounds is a mental humiliation and physical punishment for the criminal.If a criminal wears shackles weighing more than [-] kilograms, the entire shackles made of wooden boards are very large, making it difficult to stand, too heavy to squat down, and too long, let alone lying down. The shackles are too heavy to wear. The criminal did not live for more than a few days.

Emperor Shunzhi killed several people in one breath. Since he was severely punished, he felt that he should get to the bottom of it and use bloody lessons to prevent such incidents from happening, so he ordered the Ministry of Rites to recruit all those who passed the Shuntianfu Township Examination back to Beijing for re-examination. Quasi absent.The time and questions for the re-examination are all decided by the emperor.After the New Year, on the seventeenth day of the first lunar month, the re-examination was held in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai.Every new candidate for the imperial examination was escorted by two imperial guards with knives. The re-examination results were released on the 25th, and eight people including Su Hongjun and others were exempted from the qualifications for the examination. The investigation continued on the people behind these eight unqualified candidates. April 8 , Emperor Shunzhi personally interrogated the 23 people who should have been executed at the Gate of Supreme Harmony. After severely reprimanding the 25 people who should have been executed a few days ago, they each gave them forty bans and were exiled to Shangyang Castle. It was considered a permanent trip to Tieling Ivory Mountain. Extrajudicial mercy.Emperor Shunzhi also said harsh words, saying that from now on, examiners and candidates will all be honest to me. If similar incidents happen again, see how I deal with you!
Just half a year later, the major Nanwei imperial examination case came out. After the results of "Nanwei" were released, 120 people were successful in the examination. Many of them were famous people from Jiangnan, but many of them were obtained by bribing the examiners.The criminals in the "Beiwei" imperial examination case half a year ago were severely punished, which greatly encouraged Jiangnan students and caused "mass incidents".When the results were announced, some failed candidates stopped the examiner to question and curse.The students who failed the exam were furious and gathered in front of the gate of Jiangnan Gongyuan to cry out.Someone also posted a "big-character poster" on the door: "Kong Fang presided over the test of Qian Shen. The question first divided the rich and poor (alluding to the official test of You and Qian Kaizong). Another person rewritten the two big characters "Gongyuan" It became "sold out" (sold out). A "四" character was added in the middle of the word "Gong" and it was rewritten into "selling" (the traditional version of the word selling); the word "yard" was pasted with paper and the "靝" became " The word "finished" satirizes the Gongyuan, which selects talents, and turns it into a shop stall for money transactions. When the two examiners returned from the exam, the boat passed Changzhou and Suzhou. A large number of scholars chased the boat and cursed, and even shouted at the boat. Throwing bricks and tiles.

This was reported to the emperor by the supervisory officials, indicating that Zhongyin Yingjie participated in the Jiangnan rural examination fraud and the "Beiwei" rural examination imperial examination case. Emperor Shunzhi was still angry. Now that he heard this news, it added fuel to the fire.In this Dingyou Jiangnan Rural Examination, the chief examiner was Fang You, a lecturer at the Hanlin Academy. He studied with the emperor or the prince, and was the emperor's advisor.The deputy examiner was Qian Kaizong, who was reviewing the Hanlin Academy.When Fang You went to Jiangnan to take the examination, Shunzhi personally told him to select talents for the country and conduct strict examinations. Now that something like this has happened, it is extremely abominable.Shunzhi ordered all the examiners who presided over the "Nanwei" imperial examination to be kidnapped and escorted to the capital.Soon a legendary novel appeared in Jiangning Bookstore called "The Story of Ten Thousand Gold". The word "square" was removed to one point to become ten thousand, and the character "qian" was removed to one side to become gold. It alluded to the two chief examiners Fang and Qian and described the words "ten thousand" and "gold". The second chief examines the scandalous behavior of secretly communicating with others and accepting bribes.The famous dramatist You Tong wrote another play "Jun Tian Le", which bitterly ridiculed the examiner Hu Tu (confused), suppressed the truly talented student Shen Bai, and put the uneducated Jia Siwen (pretend to be polite). ), Cheng Buzheng (Cheng Buzheng) and Wei Wuwu (Ghost Wuzheng) were awarded the title of top three. From the homophony of their names, we know what kind of people these three high school students are. The script of "Jun Tian Le" has been circulated all the way to Beijing, and caused a storm in the city. Emperor Shunzhi only added to his anger.

After the New Year, there was another examination in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai. All the candidates who passed the "Nanwei" imperial examination participated in the examination and were not allowed to be absent. This time, every candidate was in shackles and monitored by officers and soldiers of the guard camp with knives. The security was tight, unlike the The examination room looks like an execution ground!Students in the south have thin clothes. It’s cold in Beijing in the first month of the year. They answer exam papers in the biting cold wind, and there are soldiers holding knives next to them. Some people are so cold and scared that they are so nervous that they can’t write.As a result, only Wu Keming was excellent in all three tests, ranked first in essays, and got a solution.More than 70 people have been allowed to take part in the next general examination three years later. More than 10 people have been exempted from the status of civil servants and have suspended the scientific examination. That is, they will not be allowed to apply for the civil service examination for a certain number of years. There are still more than 20 people who have been exempted from the status of civil servants and have suspended the scientific examination. That is, you are not allowed to apply for civil service examination for life.

From the time when the "Nanwei" imperial examination examiner was arrested to the final conclusion of the case on November 28, the trial took a long time. Shunzhi issued an edict in a memorial to the Ministry of Punishment: Fang You and Qian Kaizong were executed, and his wife's family property was confiscated and she became an official. After the house was confiscated, Wife, children, and concubines were all demoted to official slaves.The remaining 18 examiners in the "Nanwei" including Ye Chuhuai (one of whom had died of illness) were immediately hanged, and his wife's family property was not registered as an official.Hanging is better, you get the whole body, but beheading is death without the whole body.Fang Zhangyue and other eight cheated Xinjuren, each got 1 big boards, their family property and status were not included in the official list, and their parents and wives were exiled to Ningguta, which is a little south of the current Mudanjiang City in Northeast China. Life is good now. You can go to Xuexiang Forest Park Go traveling, see thousands of miles of ice, live in a farmhouse, eat Wuchang rice and wild game, and comment on "I Read a Dream of Red Mansions".In the past, it was a place of bitter cold, where the death penalty was inevitable, and the life penalty was inevitable, so people had to live and suffer.

There was another episode in this major imperial examination case. Wu Zhaoqian, a famous Jiangnan scholar, turned in a blank.Normally, everyone thinks his articles are "astonishingly talented", but this time when the emperor personally took the exam, he turned in a blank, and public opinion was in an uproar.Some people said that he was so frightened, so cold and frightened that he forgot to write any words.Some people said that he was arrogant and showed off deliberately to attract the emperor's attention.

In fact, it was Wu Zhaoqian who saw that the examination room was like a execution ground, and he was filled with emotion. He threw away his pen and said, "Would I, Wu Zhaoqian, pay bribes for the examination?" His tone and attitude were very aloof, and he pretended to be "This official." It doesn’t matter” attitude.This offended Emperor Shunzhi, you don't want to give you a chance to retest, do you think it's enough if you are famous?I look down on being an official in the imperial examination, and I will send you to Ningguta as a soldier!When Wu Zhaoqian was leaving, his friends from Beijing, Gu Zhenguan, Wu Meicun, Xu Qianxue and others came to see him off. Wu Meicun also wrote a long poem "Elegy for Wu Jizi" to see him off.Gu Zhenguan is a descendant of Gu Xiancheng, the leader of the Donglin Party, the founder of Donglin Academy, and this Wumeicun has been verified by some researchers as the original author of "A Dream of Red Mansions". Cao Xueqin was the later processor and organizer. Let's finish reading "A Dream of Red Mansions" first. "The first [-] chapters, I will spare time to discuss other things with you!
Exiled in the frontier for more than 20 years, Wu Zhaoqian flourished in poetry and wrote many sad, angry and generous poems and tear-jerking letters. By chance, Gu Zhenguan joined the powerful minister Nalan Mingzhu's family as a tutor, and became good friends with Mingzhu's eldest son Nalan Rongruo. Nalan Xingde, the first poet of the dynasty.In the cultural circle, Nalan Xingde is much more famous than his father. "If life is just like the first meeting, what's the point of the autumn wind sad painting fan." "A pair of people from generation to generation in a lifetime, competing for education and two places of ecstasy." "Who cares about the west wind and is alone in the cold ? The yellow leaves are closing the windows. The setting sun is rising while meditating on the past. Don’t be frightened by the wine and fall asleep in the spring. Gambling on books will make the fragrance of tea splash away. At that time, I just thought it was ordinary." "Mountains are one step away, water is one step away, and the body is towards the Yuguan Pass. Walking by the side. It’s late at night and thousands of tents are lit. The wind changes, the snow changes, and my hometown dreams are shattered. There is no such sound in my hometown.” There are so many Nalan poems that everyone is familiar with!Nalan Xingde learned about the great poet Wu Zhaoqian through Gu Zhenguan, and he felt sorry for him. Literati loved literati, so he asked his father to intercede with Emperor Kangxi and spent money to redeem Wu Zhaoqian.

The Dingyou imperial examination case had a wide scope and far-reaching impact. In addition to Jiangnan and Beijing, Henan, Shandong, and Shanxi were also implicated.The Minister of Justice, the Minister of Justice, and other officials who were not examiners who heard the case were also severely punished.The wide scope of involvement, the large number of people involved, and the great shock to the whole country were rare in the more than 200 years of the Qing Dynasty's history.

So I think that in response to the sentence in the text, "Thus, one after another, worrying about five and four, burning a street like a mountain of fire." The comment said: "Write the real problem of Nanzhi causing disaster." If there is really a historical event to refer to. , it should be the Ding You Nan Wei imperial examination case.Taking bribes and cheating to bring about death is completely consistent with the concept of "calling for trouble". From the Beijing case to the Jiangnan incident, the scientific examination cases happened one after another in a "serial succession". Examiners were executed, their homes were ransacked, relatives were assigned as slaves, and the new imperial examination People were stripped of their honors, their homes were confiscated, and their entire families were exiled. Famous literati were innocently implicated, and the judges who heard the cases were also implicated. "The real problem of causing disaster in Nanzhi" is fully reflected in the "Dingyou Scientific Examination Case".

[Text: He is originally from this place and lived after the Revolution. Now after asking about it, he got a letter from Du Zhongzhao confirming his return to the old membership. He then looked around for love and connections, and suddenly met Yucun, so he hurriedly expressed his congratulations.After the two met, Zhang Rugui told Yucun this letter. Yucun was naturally happy and hurriedly said a few sentences, then said goodbye and went home.When Leng Zixing heard this, he hurriedly came up with a plan, and ordered the central government of Yucun Lin Ruhai to turn to the capital to harass Jia Zheng. 】

(End of this chapter)