Red Mansion, Second Master Lian is too despicable

Chapter 126 Miscellaneous Talk: Literary Prison
Among the three chapters of "A Dream of Red Mansions", "New Year's Eve Ceremony at Ningguo Mansion and Lantern Festival Banquet at Rongguo Mansion" is a chapter with rich content, wonderful writing and many highlights.The text describes this: "It turns out that in another courtyard to the west of Ning Mansion, there are five gates in the black oil fence. There is a plaque hanging on it with the four words 'Jia's Ancestral Hall' written next to 'Yansheng Gong Kong Jizong Shu'. There is a picture on both sides. The long couplet reads: The liver and brain are wiped out, and the surname is due to the kindness of Baoyu; the fame is spread throughout the world, and the prosperity of hundreds of generations is also derived from the book of the Holy Duke." There are two plaques and two couplets at the back, which are "all written by the emperor. ”, was written by the emperor.Being able to write a plaque and couplet for Jia's ancestral hall alongside those written by the emperor, "Yanshenggong Kong Jizong" is not ordinary!

"Yanshenggong" is a title, which is a title given to the direct descendants of Confucius in feudal society.After Confucius's death, later dynasties continued to pursue Confucius as "King Wenxuan, the Most Holy Teacher of Dacheng", and Confucius's descendants also received great favor and preferential treatment.In the Warring States period, the title was Wenxinjun, in the Qin Dynasty, the title was changed to Wentongjun, in the Western Han Dynasty, the title was Neihou, in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the title was Baochenghou, and in the Sui Dynasty, the title was Shaoshenghou.During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Kong Canzhi, the 35th generation descendant of Confucius, was granted the title of hereditary Wenxuan Gong. He was already the top duke among the princes and uncles.In the second year of Emperor Renzong of the Song Dynasty, Kong Zongyuan, the 46th generation of Confucius, was granted the title of Duke of Yansheng. From then on, it went through the Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties. By 1935, the Kuomintang government changed the title of the last Duke of Yansheng, Kong De, to the title of "Dacheng, the Most Holy Master" The title of Yanshenggong lasted for more than [-] years until he was "offered as a sacrificial official".

The emperors, generals and ministers in history were only prominent nobles from one generation to another.Only the descendants of Confucius can be passed down from generation to generation by virtue of Confucius' status as a master. In "Dream of Red Mansions", Jia's mansion is "the family of poetry and gift hairpin tassels, and the home of Zhongming Dingshi". .Moreover, the text says that "Jia does not use white jade as the hall's golden horse". The Yutang Hall and the Golden Horse Gate are both auxiliary buildings of the Weiyang Palace in the Han Dynasty. The plaque and couplets inscribed by the descendants of Confucius are in line with the Jia family's flaunting of being a family of poetic etiquette and scholarly family.

The "Yanshenggong" in "A Dream of Red Mansions" is real, but the "Kong Jizong" is fake. This is called "smoky clouds".The ranking of descendants of Confucius is particularly strict. Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, gave Confucius 56 characters for generations up to the 10th generation, which are used to rank the descendants, namely "Xi, Yan, Gong, Yan, Cheng, Hong, Wen, Zhen, Shang, Yin" (later due to avoidance of taboos) It should be derived)”.In the fifth year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty, 10 more words were added: "Xing, Yu, Chuan, Ji, Guang, Zhao, Xian, Qing, Fan, Xiang".There is the word "continuation" in it.In the 19th year of Daoguang's reign, 10 more generations were added: "Ling, De, Wei, Chui, You, Qin, Shao, Nian, Xian and Yang".Until now, most of the Kong clan members are still named strictly according to their seniority, such as Kong Shangren, Kong Qingdong, Kong Fansen, Kong Xiangxi, and Kong Linghui.

According to the seniority, "Kong Jizong", if it is true, he should be the No. 60 ninth generation grandson of Confucius. In real history, the No. 60 ninth generation Yansheng Gong was in a very special situation.The ninth-generation grandson of Confucius No. 60 was named Kong Jiyi (hu), with the font and the name Chunzhai. He died young at the age of 58 in the 1719th year of Kangxi (23). His title of Duke of Yansheng was awarded posthumously.Kong Jiyi's father was Kong Chuanduo, the 68th generation Yanshenggong. Kong Chuanduo suffered from foot disease and was unable to walk. In the ninth year of Yongzheng (1731), he directly gave up his title to his grandson, Kong Guangqi (qi), Kong Jiyi's son.Obviously, "Yanshenggong Kong Jizong" is the author's fiction.

Yanshenggong's sealing, worship, marriage, funeral and other important matters must be approved by the emperor, which is a major event that shocked the government and the public.A generation of literary giants like the author of "Dream of Red Mansions" must be well aware of these historical facts about Duke Yan's Mansion.In order to express the status of the Jia family, it is not surprising to "invite" a Duke Yan to inscribe a couplet to the ancestral hall in "A Dream of Red Mansions".At the same time, this has also become a time coordinate. There is a half-true and half-false "Yanshenggong Kong Jizong" in the "blurred part of the smoke", which reflects the general age when "Dream of Red Mansions" was written.Fictitious Yan Shenggong who did not exist would not make people feel comfortable with him, and violated the taboo of Confucius as "the best family in the world".

In addition, the author said that "Dream of Red Mansions" is originally a "false language". The aspects of dynasties, official positions, clothing, supplies, eating habits, etc. in the book are "fuzzy" and hazy, giving readers ample room for imagination and invisible It increases the interest of reading. Reading a "Dream of Red Mansions" carefully is equivalent to reviewing many books. This is also the artistic charm of "Dream of Red Mansions"!The author not only gave "A Dream of Red Mansions" a new name, "The Twelve Hairpins of Jinling".

And the title is absolutely cloud:

Full of absurd words, a handful of bitter tears!

The author is mad, who understands it?

[Jiaxu double-lined comment: This is the first title poem. 】

Note that the critic said that this is the first title poem written by the author, and everyone is familiar with it, so I won't explain it further.The first poem I read before, "Floating life is very hard work, the grand banquet ends at the end. Sorrows and joys are like illusions, ancient and modern dreams are all absurd. It is said that the scars of red sleeves are heavy, and there are more love and hatred. Words It looks like it's all blood, ten years of hard work is unusual." This is a poem written by a critic.

[Jia Xu Mei Pi: Only those who can understand it will have bitter tears and cry into this book.On New Year's Eve in Renwu, before the book was completed, Qin died of tears.I often cry, and my tears are waiting to be exhausted.Every time I look for Qinggeng Peak, I ask Brother Shi again, but why don’t I meet a scabby monk?Sad!From now on, I only hope that the Creator will send out a piece of celery and a piece of fat again. What a blessing this book is, and the other two people are also very happy to follow Jiuquan.The tear pen of August Sino-Japanese War. 】

Regarding this comment, there are various interpretations, and some people think that the comment is false. Let me tell you my opinion. The first few sentences are easy to understand. Desperate! From now on, I only hope that the Creator will produce another piece of celery and one fat. What a blessing, the two of them will soon find their hearts in Jiuquan. Jiawu August Tear Pen." Meaning, I often wonder if I can go to Qinggeng Feng asked about the unfinished story behind Butian Stone, but I didn’t know which way to Qinggeng Peak, and I couldn’t meet the “scabby monk” to point me to it, so I was helpless!emotion!Melancholy!Such a wonderful book could not be completed.Now I only hope that the creator can give birth to Qin and Zhi Yanzhai again. One is responsible for conception and writing, and the other is responsible for copying and commenting. How lucky for such an immortal work!The two of us can go to another world contentedly.Now, Qin, I will go before me, and I will die from tears, how can I meet him under the Nine Springs?I am not up to date, the book is not finished, and the tears are not up to date, there is no way, Jiawu August Tears Pen.

That's it, wait for the wise.

Returning to the text, the last sentence is, [Zhizhi Yanzhai Jiaxu copied and re-evaluated, still using "The Story of the Stone". 】It seems that the year of Jiaxu was before the year of Jiawu. It was the second time when Zhiyanzhai was responsible for copying and commenting, and he used the author's "real name", which was the name "The Story of the Stone".The author is so careful, using several book titles, repeatedly emphasizing "the main theme is about love" and "not interfering with the current situation". The reviewer also repeatedly pointed out that "Zhen Shi retreated to Jiayu Village", and "the smoke and clouds blurred" were mainly out of fear. "literary prison"
Literary prison generally refers to the persecution of intellectuals by rulers. Similar incidents occurred not only in China, but also in neighboring Korea and Japan.The literary prison was caused by intellectuals whose articles violated the taboos of the rulers.

Literary inquisition has occurred many times in the history of our country. For example, when Sima Qian wrote "Historical Records" and wrote about Liu Bang, Emperor Gao of the Han Dynasty, it can be said that he wrote straightly and faithfully recorded Liu Bang's family history and some dark sides. I used to make historical videos I discussed it with everyone at the time. Friends who are interested can search it for reference.But when Sima Qian wrote about Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he used a lot of twists and turns.Despite such caution, "Historical Records" did not dare to make it public during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Sima Qian was castrated because of the "Li Ling Incident" and narrowly escaped death.In "Bao Ren An Shu", he made it very clear that he endured humiliation and endured heavy burdens to survive in order to complete "Historical Records". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not dare to disclose it. It was no longer as simple as worrying about his own life. banned or tampered with.

Sima Qian fully considered the critical content of "Historical Records" and arranged some protective measures.He said that he should "hide it in a famous mountain and pass it on to everyone in the city and the capital". If it is hidden in a deep mountain, you can't find it even if you want to burn it, so it can be passed down to future generations.Or let your descendants keep it safe, choose the opportunity, spread it in some big cities, and let "Historical Records" flow into the people. In this way, even if you want to ban the book, you may not be able to completely ban it!

Sima Qian's grandson Yang Yun made "Historical Records" shine 20 years later.Yang Yun helped his grandfather escape the Literary Prison, but he himself was not so lucky. The "Book of Han" clearly records that Yang Yun made Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty furious because of his "Report to Sun Huizong", and was sentenced to be cut in half for treason.

In the last years of the Cao Wei Dynasty, Ji Kang's "Book of Severing Diplomacy with Shan Juyuan" offended the powerful minister Sima Zhao, and Ji Kang was also beheaded in Dongshi.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Cui Hao presided over the compilation of the history of the country, and revealed the humiliating history of the Tuoba family's ancestors in a straightforward manner. Emperor Taiwu Tuoba Tao ordered Cui Hao's entire family to be executed, and also implicated Cui Hao's in-laws, his wife's natal family, and his children's family. , Fanyang Lu family, Taiyuan Guo family and Hedong Liu family were all implicated.

The rulers of the Sui and Tang Dynasties were relatively enlightened, open, magnanimous, and tolerant.There were also incidents of intellectuals being demoted and dismissed because of their poems, and the punishment was relatively light.Otherwise, Bai Juyi wouldn't dare to publish "Song of Everlasting Sorrow"!

In the Song Dynasty, the situation changed. Literary prisons increased in number. Su Dongpo's Wutai poetry case, Tongwenguan prison, Chegaiting poetry case, Li Guang's "Little History" case, "Jianghu Collection" case, etc. are almost known to everyone.These are still major cases, and there are more small-scale literary inquisitions. Incidents of book banning and burning of books also occur from time to time, and many unofficial histories have been banned and destroyed.

The Yuan Dynasty was the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of our country. When the Mongols on horseback ruled, the citizens of the country were divided into four classes: Mongols, Semu people, Han people and Southerners.The Han people who refer to the south are the Han people in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Huguang, Jiangxi and southern Henan that were conquered in the Southern Song Dynasty.The north has been in turmoil for years, and the economic and cultural centers have continued to move south. The southerners have the most elites, but they are classified as the lowest class. This shows that the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty did not understand Chinese-style management.The ideological and cultural policies were relatively loose, and there was basically no record of the Literary Prison. As a result, the south was first and most chaotic. The southerners drove the Mongols back to the grasslands. The Yuan Dynasty ruled for less than 100 years.

There are rumors that Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang loved to engage in literary inquisition. I can't find conclusive evidence, but it is different for King Zhu Di of Yan. After the "Jingnan Incident", Fang Xiaoru refused to draft an edict on his accession to the throne. Ten tribes were exterminated, including his students. They are all counted as one family, with a total of 873 people, which is too miserable.That's not all. Other texts related to Fang Xiaoru cannot appear. Poems and articles by other ministers who died for Emperor Jianwen are prohibited from being published. All texts about Emperor Jianwen are not allowed to appear. Reporters are also encouraged to kill as a warning to others.After Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty, literary prisons occurred from time to time, but the images were no longer so bloody.

The Qing Dynasty was the second unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of our country. When the Qing army entered the customs, there were 5000 Manchus, Mongolians, and Han people. Wu Sangui's garrison in Shanhaiguan was 12 people. Together, it’s only [-].The population to be ruled was tens of millions. The Manchu rulers had to learn from the lessons of the Yuan Dynasty's demise. Huang Taiji knew that if he wanted to rule China, he must obtain the support of the original Han ruling forces.Therefore, he paid more attention to the role of Han intellectuals, landlords, and generals who were demoted and rebelled in the Ming Dynasty, and adopted a policy of recruiting, surrendering, and buying them.

Conquest by force is only the first step. To manage such a large country and control such a large population, it is necessary to absorb the cultural elites of the Han people into the management.What should I do if I want the Han people to help manage the country, but I don’t trust the Han people?We need to unify our thinking and educate these Han people. What kind of education has the most profound meaning, the most far-reaching influence, and the most long-lasting memory?Literary prison!Therefore, the literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty was unprecedented, and it was further deepened with the stability of the Manchu Qing rule.

Different from the Yuan Dynasty, the ancestors of the Manchu Qing Dynasty were once ruled by the Ming Dynasty, and there are clear records of how much tribute they paid, how much taxes they paid, what jobs they worked, and what officials they held.After occupying the Central Plains, the Manchu and Qing emperors kept secret about this period of history. Therefore, Huang Taiji not only tampered with and destroyed old historical materials, but also indiscriminately massacred those who continued to write or even collect this period of history for the crime of "treason."

From the Shunzhi period to the early years of Kangxi, anti-Qing thoughts could not be eliminated for a long time, especially some Han literati who were unwilling to surrender and were attached to the Ming Dynasty. This cultural thought, coupled with the power of Han vassals such as Wu Sangui, Shang Kexi, Geng Jingzhong, etc., had a great influence on the Manchu and Qing Dynasties. The rule is extremely unfavorable.Anti-Qing thoughts are bound to suffer a devastating blow, which is also the main reason for the implementation of literary inquisition during the Shunzhi and Kangxi periods.

In the later years of Kangxi, the power struggle in the royal family intensified unprecedentedly, with nine sons competing for the throne.Yongzheng was different from Kangxi. He was not favored in his early years, and he was suppressed for a long time. He experienced cruel political struggles, and he felt very insecure.After Yongzheng ascended the throne, in order to consolidate the acquired power, in addition to severely cracking down on the kings who participated in the struggle for the throne, he did not hesitate to use literary prisons to attack the party members of the kings. This is also the main reason for the implementation of literary prisons during the Yongzheng period.

(End of this chapter)