Start sweeping the universe by rubbing the CPU with your hands.

The existence of dark matter and dark energy has always puzzled people for a long time.

As early as the 20th century, people noticed that the outer stars of some galaxies were rotating too fast. Obviously, under the premise that the stars outside the galaxy rotate so fast, to still bind them to the galaxy and prevent them from breaking away requires the galaxy itself to have a higher mass.

However, follow-up observations showed that the galaxy simply did not have enough mass to restrain the outer high-speed stars.

The outer stars are moving at such a high speed, which has undoubtedly proved that the mass of the galaxy is so high. But such a high mass cannot be seen in observations, which only proves that there must be some mass that cannot be observed.

From this, the prototype of dark matter theory was born.

Subsequently, in the observations of extragalactic galaxies and extragalactic galaxy clusters, as well as the cosmic microwave background radiation, more evidence for the existence of dark matter was found. As a result, people have become keenly interested in this invisible, almost undetectable thing, and have conducted persistent research.

It's just a pity that until this moment, the technological strength of human civilization has almost reached the peak of level four civilization, and it has not been able to truly figure out what they are.

Of course, there is no gain in this process.

It was determined that dark matter does not interact with electromagnetic force, and the distribution of dark matter in the river system was basically determined. In subsequent studies of the expansion of the universe, the existence of dark energy was further discovered.

Dark energy has a very magical quality, that is, it is not conserved.

This may seem absurd, but upon detailed study, it is believed to be correct.

This also explains the phenomenon that dark matter always gathers around apparent matter.

For example, neutrons, protons, etc. are fermions, and they make up the earth. Gravitons are bosons, which are used to transmit gravity and cause matter on the earth to be bound by gravity.

The development of science and technology always follows certain laws. It is impossible to directly master nuclear energy without even mastering chemical energy. It is also impossible to master quark energy without mastering nuclear energy.

According to calculations, among all the matter and energy in the current observable universe, dark matter accounts for 26.8%, and dark energy accounts for 68.3%. All the apparent matter that makes up the billions of stars and vast galaxies in our visible universe is only It only accounts for 4.9%.

Existing theories speculate that this is a force that dominates the interaction between space and matter.

But the fact is that the density of dark energy does not decrease as the universe expands. No matter how much the universe expands, its density remains the same.

This was the understanding of dark matter and dark energy when human civilization was in its early stages.

Not only that, people also believe that dark energy is actually the real reason for the accelerated expansion of the universe.

It is believed that dark energy is evenly distributed in the universe and has a constant density. This will lead to a problem: since the expansion of the universe is accelerating and the volume of the entire universe continues to increase, then, since dark energy is evenly distributed, the density should decrease with the expansion of the universe.

So, between the space-related technology mastered by the sixth-level civilization and the omnipotent power mastered by the fourth-level civilization, what kind of theoretical system exists to connect the past and the future?
If it is true that dark energy is an inherent attribute of space itself, as people have guessed, then everything will fit together perfectly - it inherits the power of the universe and inspires space-related technology later, and everything will make sense.

Combined with people's understanding of Level 6 civilization, the fact that Level 6 civilization is very likely to master space-related technologies, people believe that this guess is most likely correct.

Particles are divided into fermions and bosons. It can be simply understood that fermions make up matter, and bosons transmit forces between objects.

So, what kind of forces between matter or energy are transmitted by bosons like dark matter?
Human scientists believe that the force it transmits is the dark force in the dark force theory.

It should be noted that scientists do not believe that space distortion in the conventional sense and space curvature around massive stars are caused by dark forceons. They still think it's due to gravitons.

Based on this direction, human scientists have conducted a lot of theoretical research, and finally put forward another conjecture: Perhaps the so-called dark matter is not a substance in the conventional sense, but a substance in a broad sense with non-zero mass. of bosons.

At this moment, human civilization, which has reached the peak stage of Level 4 civilization and has sufficient scientific and technological strength to charge towards the dark force theory, undoubtedly has more understanding and conjectures about dark matter and dark energy.

This leads to an astonishing conclusion: As the universe expands, new dark energy is continuously born out of thin air, filling the space created by the expansion of the universe.

Because dark energy has a kind of "negative pressure". It is like the air in a balloon, repelling each other more and more, ultimately pushing the balloon of the universe to get bigger and bigger.

In the theoretical system established in the early stage, scientists came up with a surprising conjecture. They believe that dark energy may not be a simple energy, but some inherent property of space itself.

Dark energy is an inherent property of space, and dark matter is dark force. The combination of the two creates various magical phenomena between space and matter.

The force between space and matter dominated by dark force is of a higher dimension and is "separated" from the current universe.

So, the question before human scientists becomes, how to confirm that this force really exists?
As long as this force is accurately measured and the existence of dark forceons is confirmed, it can basically be confirmed that the guesses about dark matter and dark energy in the previous theoretical system are correct, and their properties can be studied and finally unified.

In theoretical derivation, people believe that the essence of long-distance communication is actually the use of dark force particles. It's just that before the fifth-level civilization, people only knew about it but didn't know why.

The dark force has a very peculiar property. It always runs at super-light speed, and its speed can never be reduced below the speed of light. Therefore, it is not theoretically feasible to truly detect dark forces.

However, it is still feasible to detect dark particles through some indirect means.

According to scientists' conjecture, the farther the dark force travels, the faster its speed will be; the closer the travel distance will be, the slower its speed will be, and the slowest can even reach the speed of light.

When the transmission distance is 0, the speed of the dark force is equal to the speed of light. When the transmission distance is negative, the speed of dark force is less than the speed of light.

But obviously, the transmission distance cannot be 0, and it cannot be negative, so the speed of dark force particles can never be slowed down to the same speed as the speed of light, or slower than the speed of light, just like the speed of conventional material particles cannot be reached. Same as the speed of light or super-light speed.

Under this mode, the time required for ultra-distance communication at both ends of the universe - regardless of the influence of dark matter distribution - and the ultra-distance communication between two ultra-distance communication instruments next to each other, The time consuming is the same, both are under Planck time.

A time shorter than Planck time has no physical meaning.

This brings up another question: How to detect time that has no physical meaning? If it cannot be detected, how to confirm the existence of darkrons?
Countless outstanding and outstanding human scientists, with the help of Han Yang, finally found a possibility. In an environment where space is distorted by gravity, there should be a phenomenon where the time required for over-distance communication is greater than the Planck time.

To put it simply, it is like a trampoline with a weight in the middle. The straight-line distance on both sides of the weight is one meter. If calculated along the curved surface of the trampoline tarp, the distance on both sides can reach 1.5 meters.

The transfer speed of darkrons is determined by the distance traveled. Because the straight-line distance is one meter, the transmission speed of dark particles is the speed of one meter.

But because space is distorted, the actual distance that darkrons need to travel is 1.5 meters.

In this way, the speed is slowed down but the distance is extended, which can extend the transmission time of over-distance communication beyond the Planck time, making it possible to be observed.

At this moment, the experiments designed by human scientists are based on this principle.

The space around a neutron star is similar to a tarpaulin. The neutron star itself is that heavy object.

People plan to conduct a real over-distance communication experiment on both sides of the neutron star, and use a clock with unprecedented accuracy to confirm whether there is a physically meaningful delay in over-distance communication.

This kind of experiment can only be carried out around neutron stars. Because the gravitational force of the black hole is too strong, the "tarp", which can be compared to a trampoline, is directly torn, and meaningful experimental data cannot be obtained.

And if it is not around a neutron star and the experimental distance is too large, the transmission speed of dark force particles will be too fast, causing the difficulty of observation to rise linearly, directly exceeding the limit of human observation.

Although the principle of the experiment is simple, it is not easy to actually conduct it.

Putting aside the powerful radiation of neutron stars, the key is to ensure that the accuracy is high enough under the influence of such a harsh environment. It is also necessary to constantly grasp the data of space distorted by gravity and perform weighted calculations to ensure that the data is not contaminated.

The preliminary preparations took several years. Finally, when all conditions were ripe, under Han Yang's personal attention, the ultra-distance communication equipment located on one side of the neutron star solemnly sent a brief message to the other equipment.

While sending information, the ultra-high-precision clock records the precise time at this moment.

The next moment, this information came to another ultra-distance communication device. At the same time as the information was received, another ultra-high-precision clock also recorded the time at this moment.

Relevant data was immediately transmitted to the base camp hundreds of millions of kilometers away. At this moment, through the data provided by tens of thousands of detection equipment placed around the neutron star, the supercomputer performed space distortion corrections on the two times, and presented the final result in front of people.

The end result disappointed people.

Even with such a high-precision clock, the delay between information sending and information receiving cannot be observed.

You know, the detection accuracy of these two clocks at this moment has reached the attosecond level.

An attosecond is approximately one billionth of a second.

This has really reached the technical limit of human civilization.

But...can a clock with such a high accuracy still not be able to detect the existence of delay?

Under Han Yang's instructions, the second experiment began.

One must try to eliminate the effects of errors as much as possible. Maybe the delay could not be detected in the first experiment just because of the existence of some unknown errors?
Maybe after multiple experiments, valuable data can be obtained.

However, hundreds of tests were conducted in succession and it took more than three years, but the final results still disappointed people.

Hundreds of tests were conducted, but all failed to detect the existence of delay. The only detected delay was about 2 attoseconds. After further inspection, it was finally confirmed that it was due to poor contact in the interface of a certain device and was not a real delay.

At this point in the experiment, the scientists were at their wits' end.

It is not feasible to improve the clock accuracy again.

Perhaps through some kind of engineering optimization, which consumes huge resources and manpower, the accuracy of the clock can be improved again, but an improvement of 1% is almost the limit. And a 1% accuracy improvement is completely meaningless.

Find a way to improve the time required for dark force transfer in theory?

It’s impossible to do that either. If the straight-line distance between the two experimental bases is expanded, based on existing theory, the farther the distance, the faster the transmission speed of darkrons. If the distance is shortened, stability and accuracy cannot be guaranteed under the violent radiation of the neutron star.

Based on comprehensive calculations, 10 million kilometers from the neutron star is the optimal distance.

The front-line scientists located around the neutron star were helpless. The huge team of scientists located in the human main fleet more than a thousand light-years away began to further revise the theoretical system based on the existing experimental data and search for other verification dark force particles. possibility.

Among them, Han Yang did a lot of work. It can even be said that in the process of charging towards the dark force theory, up to three-quarters of the work was completed independently by Han Yang.

But at the same time, Han Yang also clearly saw that apart from routine, manual work, which has little technical content and can be completed by a group of doctoral students, most of the work that mainly tests the organizational ability and scientific foundation of a civilization is done by himself, while the most critical creative work only accounts for about 10%.

Up to 90% of creative work is done by human scientists. Even the current speculations about dark forces, related mathematical discussions and model construction were originally proposed by human scientists.

This made Han Yang have to sigh again, I am afraid that it is really not possible to upgrade human civilization to the fifth level of civilization by relying solely on himself.

Under this situation, a human scientist once again put forward a somewhat surprising guess.

The transmission speed of darkrons may not only be affected by the curvature of space, but also by the density of matter! (End of chapter)