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Chapter 251 The Battle between Zhihuan and Anhui in the Beiyang Era

Yuan Shikai passed away due to illness amidst a lot of scolding, which more or less made the ancient people of all dynasties feel emotional.

If he had not finally proclaimed himself emperor, Yuan Shikai would not have suffered eternal infamy.

It can only be said that Yuan Shikai's stupid decision ruined his lifelong reputation and ended up with no guarantee in his later years.

But then again, Yuan Shikai died, but he also left such a huge mess.

Everyone remembers clearly that the Beiyang era was divided into four stages in just 16 years.

This shows how chaotic these 16 years have been and how much damage it has caused to people all over the world.

Especially during the Wanqing period, the people were even more depressed, with extremely heavy hearts and extremely embarrassed faces.

They originally thought that after the fall of the Qing Dynasty, their people would usher in a day of peace and stability, but they never expected that they would enter a more chaotic and turbulent world.

"Although the Beiyang period after the fall of the Qing Dynasty lasted only 16 years, it went through four stages: the Yuan Shikai period, the Anhui clique period, the Zhili period, and the Fengcian period."

"The Beiyang period was from 1912 to 1928, and the period after the Beiyang period from 1928 to 1949 was the period of the Nanjing National Government."

"The anchor has just finished talking about the Yuan Shikai period. By the way, let's talk about the remaining three stages of the Beiyang period."

"As for the Nanjing National Government period, the anchor won't talk about it."

Su Chen's words made many people in various dynasties deeply regretful. They also wanted to hear about the Nanjing National Government period after Beiyang.

After all, they could also hear that the Nanjing National Government period obviously had a more important impact on later generations.

After seeing the prosperity of later generations, ancient people from various dynasties especially wanted to understand how the later generations developed like that step by step.

In the late Qing Dynasty, China was oppressed by Western powers and faced the danger of fragmentation. The people at that time were impoverished.

However, in only a short period of a hundred years from the end of the Qing Dynasty to later generations, China has undergone earth-shaking changes. This has to be said to be a miracle.

It is precisely because of this that ancient talents from various dynasties particularly want to understand how China came forward step by step after the fall of the Qing Dynasty. Maybe their dynasties can also learn a thing or two from it.

Yongzheng: Anchor, everyone also wants to know more about the Nanjing National Government period after the Beiyang period. Can you elaborate on it?

Su Chen shook his head and refused directly.

"It's not that the anchor doesn't want to talk about it, but the history of the Nanjing National Government period is relatively sensitive and it's not convenient to talk about it."

Yongzheng:......

Su Chen ignored the numerous questions on the barrage and continued to introduce the second stage of the Beiyang period.

"When Yuan Shikai was alive, he was the well-deserved boss of Beiyang."

"Even Duan Qirui, Feng Guozhang, Cao Kun, Wu Peifu, Zhang Zuolin and others who later controlled Beiyang were all juniors in front of Yuan Shikai."

"And once Yuan Shikai dies, since these younger brothers are all about the same strength, no one can defeat the other."

"So in order to seize power, these younger brothers inevitably started fighting each other, and Beiyang entered a real era of chaos."

"Shortly after Yuan Shikai's death, Duan Qirui became prime minister."

"In order to quell the opposition of the Southern National Defense Army, Duan Qirui announced the restoration of Congress and the "Provisional Constitution."

"After completing the aftermath, Duan Qirui found that the position of president was still vacant, so he accepted Xu Shichang's suggestion and let Li Yuanhong succeed the president as vice president."

"In the early years of the Republic of China, Li Yuanhong was unique among local warlords in terms of strength, with tens of thousands of people under his command."

"And he is also the vice president unanimously approved by the Nanjing Provisional Senate. He is both famous and powerful."

"But because he is a political leader forced to the forefront by the revolutionary party, he does not have enough prestige among the revolutionary army."

"In order to establish his authority, he used Yuan Shikai's help to kill Zhang Zhenwu, the leader of the Wuchang Revolutionary Army. As a result, his reputation was ruined."

"During the second revolution, the Kuomintang forced Li Yuanhong to take sides, and Yuan Shikai also forced Li Yuanhong to take sides."

"Li Yuanhong weighed the pros and cons and chose Yuan Shikai, who is more powerful."

"But Yuan Shikai had other plans. He had long been eyeing Hubei, the thoroughfare to nine provinces."

"Taking advantage of the opportunity to defeat the Kuomintang, Yuan Shikai sent Duan Qirui to lead his army to attack Wuchang."

"Li Yuanhong couldn't twist his thigh with his arm, so he had to hand over military power and went to Beijing to become a puppet vice president."

Ying Zheng: I guessed it right away. Once Yuan Shikai dies, everyone will be leaderless, and the final result will be civil strife.

When Yuan Shikai was alive, naturally no one under his command had any objections. They all behaved themselves and behaved honestly.

But once Yuan Shikai died, his men would inevitably enter the whirlpool of power struggle.

Although there are still external threats from the National Defense Army, the temptation of power is not that great. It is impossible for the people under Yuan Shikai to give up their power.

In this way, he also understood the four stages of chaos in the Beiyang period.

If his predictions are correct, there will definitely be a power struggle between Li Yuanhong as president and Duan Qirui as prime minister.

Duan Qirui saw that Li Yuanhong was just a vice president without military power, so he specifically made Li Yuanhong the president so that he could be easily controlled.

But he deeply understood that since there were so many stages in the Beiyang period, it meant that Li Yuanhong must have defeated Duan Qirui in the end.

"Since he is a puppet with no troops and no power, Li Yuanhong's life will naturally be difficult after he succeeds as president."

"Duan Qirui relied on the troops at his disposal and claimed that Li Yuanhong was only acting as president."

"According to the "Provisional Constitution", I, the prime minister of the cabinet, am the de facto head of state."

"Li Yuanhong has been a puppet for a long time, and he didn't want to compete with Duan Qirui for power."

"But he couldn't stand Duan Qirui, who kept calling him around all day without giving him any respect, so Li Yuanhong slowly started to have a dispute with Duan Qirui."

"On February 1917, 2, Duan Qirui advocated joining the Allied Powers in order to expand his army. Li Yuanhong expressed opposition to this."

"If it is a trivial matter, Duan Qirui will not pay attention to Li Yuanhong's objection at all."

"But a major event like declaring war requires the presidential seal. If Li Yuanhong doesn't seal it, Duan Qirui will not be able to achieve his goal."

"Seeing that Li Yuanhong was sincerely working against him, Duan Qirui announced his resignation and ran away to Tianjin."

"Of course, Duan Qirui is not ill-minded. His resignation is just to retreat in order to advance."

"Soon after, Duan Qirui encouraged more than a dozen military governors to form a military governor's army and go to Beijing to put pressure on Li Yuanhong."

"Li Yuanhong couldn't withstand the coercion of the local bosses, so he had to hold his nose and express that he would not object or refuse to seal the resolutions drawn up by the cabinet in the future, and invited Duan Qirui back."

"In this round of competition, Li Yuanhong was completely defeated."

Li Yuanhong: If Duan Qirui hadn't bullied others too much, I wouldn't have gone against him.

Although he was the vice president of the Republic of China before and had no troops or power, at least Yuan Shikai did not humiliate him.

Moreover, Yuan Shikai was so powerful and well-established that he would have no problem even if he were to be the puppet vice president.

Duan Qirui asked him to be president. He naturally knew what was going on, but he just wanted to evade him.

He didn't think it was a big deal. Anyway, he had no intention of competing for power with Duan Qirui.

Therefore, when working with Duan Qirui, he never argued with Duan Qirui and always chose to tolerate it.

But his compromise did not earn Duan Qirui's respect, but instead he yelled at him.

No matter what, he is still the president, and he still needs face.

But Duan Qirui didn't give him face, and kept calling him around in front of everyone, which made him lose his face.

Since Duan Qirui disrespected him, there was no need for him to continue to compromise.

But in the end, it was a pity that he had no troops and had to choose to compromise with Duan Qirui.

But even so, he would not give up.

"But not long after, it was revealed that Duan Qirui secretly borrowed money from Japan."

"Out of revenge, Li Yuanhong saw the right opportunity to reasonably and lawfully remove Duan Qirui."

"After being tricked by Li Yuanhong, Duan Qirui once again used retreat to advance and went to Tianjin to convene a meeting with his confidants."

"Then he claimed that according to the provisional agreement, the president has no power to remove the prime minister from office, and did not recognize Li Yuanhong's removal order."

"As a result, the Presidential Palace represented by Li Yuanhong and the State Council represented by Duan Qirui officially started a war. This incident is known as the battle between the government and the government."

"In June 1917, Duan Qirui once again notified the military governor to start reorganization."

"Suddenly, the governors declared independence one after another."

"When Li Yuanhong saw that the region was completely independent, he had no choice but to treat Zhang Xun, the nominal leader of the military governor's army, as a lifeline and ask him to come to Beijing to mediate."

"But unexpectedly, Zhang Xun had other plans. After entering Beijing, he forced the dissolution of Congress, supported Puyi's restoration, and drove away Li Yuanhong."

"Li Yuanhong issued two orders before leaving. One was to appoint Feng Guozhang in Nanjing to act as president in the name of vice president, and the other was to re-appoint Duan Qirui as prime minister."

"When Duan Qirui saw that his official was restored to his original post, he immediately held high the banner of protecting the country and sent troops to drive away Zhang Xun."

"After the incident subsided, Li Yuanhong announced his resignation."

"This time, the two tool men Li Yuanhong and Zhang Xun were eliminated, and Duan Qirui won the battle between the government and the court."

"Feng Guozhang followed Zhan Guang and ran from Nanjing to Beijing to become acting president."

Liu Che: Without military power, no matter how hard you try, it will be in vain.

The most important thing in the power struggle is to control the military power, otherwise you will be easily overthrown.

Just like the struggle between Duan Qirui and Li Yuanhong, the fundamental reason for Li Yuanhong's defeat was that he had no military power, and he was easily ousted.

Perhaps Li Yuanhong should not have competed with Duan Qirui for power from the beginning. After all, without military power in hand, the outcome was already doomed.

Before Li Yuanhong left, he gave the position of president to Feng Guozhang. He guessed that he might want Feng Guozhang to deal with Duan Qirui for him.

After all, Li Yuanhong was persecuted by Duan Qirui, and he definitely didn't want Duan Qirui to have an easy time.

Now that Li Yuanhong named Feng Guozhang to take over as president, it already shows that Feng Guozhang has the leverage to vent his anger on Li Yuanhong's behalf.

"Before and after Zhang Xun's restoration, Sun Yat-sen, who was already in a semi-retired state, was completely disappointed with the Beiyang Department."

"Decided to go out and restart the revolutionary struggle in the south to protect the sanctity of the Provisional Law."

"The first step in the struggle is of course to select a base area. Sun Yat-sen chose Guangdong. The second step is to establish a new government."

"But establishing a government requires legitimacy, so Sun Yat-sen mobilized more than 150 members of Congress to go south to Guangzhou and convene an extraordinary national meeting."

"Announced Sun Yat-sen as the Grand Marshal of the Military Government of the Republic of China, Guangxi Governor Lu Rongting and Yunnan Governor Tang Jiyao as Marshals."

“Once a government is formed, the next step is struggle.”

"On October 1917, 10, Sun Yat-sen ordered a crusade against Duan Qirui."

"Subsequently, the French Protector Army and the Beiyang Army fought in Hunan. As a result, the Beiyang Army retreated and lost Hunan."

"With the strength of the Beiyang Army, it would not be a problem to defeat the French Protectorate Army, but because Wang Ruxian sent by Duan Qirui is Feng Guozhang's subordinate."

"The relationship between Feng Guozhang and the southern warlords has always been good. In addition, after Feng Guozhang became acting president, the issue of the division of power between the president and the prime minister within the Beiyang government was still unclear."

"One of Feng Guozhang and Duan Qirui believes that power belongs to the president, and the other believes that power belongs to the prime minister."

"So this defeat was actually intentional by Feng Guozhang, with the intention of truce between the north and the south and demolish Duan Qirui's power."

"Seeing that Feng Guozhang is deliberately causing trouble, he wants to start a dispute between the government and the court."

"Duan Qirui took the initiative to resign for the third time in order to retreat."

"I heard that Duan Qirui resigned again, and Feng Guozhang immediately approved it."

"Because of this incident, the Zhili clique represented by Feng Guozhang and the Anhui clique represented by Duan Qirui gradually developed dissatisfaction."

Duan Qirui: Feng Guozhang, an old man, fought for power and ignored the safety of the Beiyang government. It is really hateful. In the face of the foreign enemies of the French Protectorate, they also engaged in internal fighting, deliberately causing trouble and losing the war.

He was filled with anger just thinking about it, but he had nowhere to vent it, and could only accumulate depression in his heart.

No matter how hard you fight, you must distinguish the right time and occasion, and you must not let the enemy laugh at you.

But in order to undermine him, the old man Feng Guozhang deliberately let the Beiyang Army retreat, lost Hunan, and damaged his reputation.

After all, it was all Li Yuanhong's fault for causing him so much trouble.

Without Li Yuanhong's recommendation, how could Feng Guozhang come to power? How could he be controlled by Feng Guozhang?
Unlike the polished commander Li Yuanhong, Feng Guozhang actually had troops at his disposal.

Although Feng Guozhang's troops are not enough to pose a threat to him, they are still a big trouble.

The power struggle has reached a critical moment. Only by using force can he completely defeat his opponents and seize the final power.

"Just when the Beiyang system was experiencing internal strife, the Feng system, which was a branch of the Beiyang system, quietly emerged in Baishan and Heishui, that is, the Northeast region."

"Zhang Zuolin, the leader of the Feng clique, served in Song Qing's Yi army in his early years. Later, he felt that he had no future and fell into the army."

"In 1902, Zhang Zuolin accepted the recruitment and served as the leader, that is, the battalion commander."

"A few years later, he gained a good reputation for leading troops and was successful in suppressing bandits."

"Zhang Zuolin was promoted by Xu Shichang and became the commander of the patrol battalion, that is, the brigade commander."

"The nature of the patrol camp is roughly between the new army of the Qing Dynasty and the old army. The Qing government did not have that much money to build a standard new army."

"But we couldn't abandon a large number of soldiers, so we selected and organized old armies such as Yongying, Fangjun, Green Camp, and Tuanlian into patrol battalions. Their main responsibility was to defend the place and contain the new army."

"Originally, the patrol battalions in the Northeast did not belong to the Beiyang system. When Yuan Shikai sorted out his basic situation, he reorganized some local troops into army divisions, including Zhang Zuolin's troops."

"So Zhang Zuolin became the commander of the 27th Army Division and became a branch of the Beiyang Clan."

"In 1916, when Yuan Shikai's restoration failed, Zhang Zuolin took the opportunity to squeeze out Duan Zhigui, the Fengtian Inspector who supported Yuan Shikai, in the name of protecting the country."

"In 1917, Zhang Zuolin took advantage of the feud between the government and the academy to squeeze away his top brother Feng Delin."

"By the end of 1917, when the conflict between Feng Guozhang and Duan Qirui reached its peak, Zhang Zuolin's strength enabled him to intervene in the struggle between the two major factions in Zhizhi and Anhui."

"Faced with Zhang Zuolin who was eager to get out of the circle, both the Zhijiang and Anhui factions expressed their intention to win over."

"In the end, Duan Qirui gave Zhang Zuolin the bargaining chip to become vice president, and Zhang Zuolin turned to the Anhui clique."

Li Shimin: This Zhang Zuolin, who kept his integrity, turned out to be a profiteer in the end.

The four stages of the Beiyang period, after the Yuan Shikai period were the Anhui clique, the Zhili clique, and the Fengcian clique.

Now that he heard it, he probably understood the various factions.

The Anhui clique is Duan Qirui, the Zhili clique is Feng Guozhang, and the last Zhang Zuolin is the Feng clique.

According to the development stage of the Beiyang period, you don’t need to guess.

After the struggle between Duan Qirui and Feng Guozhang, the final winner was the direct Feng Guozhang.

It's a pity that the snipe and the clam competed for the fisherman's profit, but in the end Zhang Zuolin of the Feng Dynasty came out on top.

"With Zhang Zuolin's support, Duan Qirui decided to fight back against Feng Guozhang."

"Before taking action, Duan Qirui sent Xu Shuzheng to win over Cao Kun."

"In terms of factions, Cao Kun is directly connected, but his relationship with Duan Qirui is not bad. He is a character that can be enjoyed by both sides within the Beiyang faction."

"Xu Shuzheng told Cao Kun that you are a marginalized figure in the immediate family. Feng Guozhang usually doesn't play with you, so you might as well play with us. By then, the position of vice president will be yours."

"Cao Kun was deceived by Xu Shuzheng and immediately rebelled. He led 18 Beiyang system governors to electrify and asked Duan Qirui to come back and lead the Beiyang system to the whole country."

"Feng Guozhang saw that Duan Qirui was supported by the Feng clique, but Duan Qirui was behind the Zhizhi clique. He had been hasty and only brought two divisions to the capital. This was definitely unbeatable, so he decided to run away."

"Feng Guozhang originally planned to go to Nanjing to discuss with Li Chun and others, and then gather direct forces to counterattack."

"However, what I never expected was that when Feng Guozhang's special train passed through Anhui, it was forcibly stopped by Anhui governor Ni Sichong."

"Ni Sichong threatened Feng Guozhang to either return to Beijing or be detained on the spot."

"Feng Guozhang was too strong to defeat the local snake, so he returned to Beijing in despair and reappointed Duan Qirui as prime minister."

"After Duan Qirui came back, he immediately formulated a three-way southbound plan and planned to push it forward."

"Under heavy pressure, Lu Tingrong and Tang Jiyao rebelled and squeezed out Sun Yat-sen, and the movement to protect the law failed."

"Although the Dharma Protector Movement failed, the war was not over. Cao Kun's troops were always fighting against the Dharma Protector Army in Hunan."

Yuan Shikai had a headache when he heard it. What he was most worried about finally happened.

He has been worried about what happened after his death, and he has already guessed that his subordinates will definitely fight for power once he dies.

It's just that things were a little beyond his expectations. He didn't expect that the two sides would fight so fiercely, almost to the point of fighting to the death.

But there was nothing he could do, it was inevitable.

He is still here, his men are still safe, and he doesn't have any thoughts.

But without his suppression, and without someone who can carry the cauldron, we can only fall into endless battles until the final victory or defeat is decided.

It's just that the final outcome made him more or less regretful, as his Beiyang era perished amid infighting.

After the four stages of the Beiyang period, there was the Nanjing National Government period.

This also means that the Beiyang Army faction did not achieve final victory, but was defeated by Sun Yat-sen's Nanjing National Government.

He couldn't help but guess that if the Beiyang faction had not been fighting among themselves, they might not have been benefited by the Revolutionary Party.

But it was a sigh of relief, and he didn't feel particularly disappointed.

After all, he couldn't even protect his reputation in his later years, and the end of the Beiyang era was not something he could worry about.

"In September 1918, it was time for a general election in Yihao."

"Yuan Shikai officially became president in 1913 for a five-year term. It was time to hold an election."

"Before the election, Feng Guozhang knew very well that Duan Qirui would definitely not let him be elected."

"In order not to be embarrassed, he directly gave up his position, and then Xu Shichang, the military advisor of the Beiyang faction, was elected president with a high vote."

"After electing the president, the next step is to elect the vice president."

"Previously, Duan Qirui wrote a bad check to both Cao Kun and Zhang Zuolin. As a result, it was embarrassing during the election. The vice president just couldn't be elected."

"After Cao Kun heard about it, his heart suddenly became unbalanced. His soldiers are now fighting Tang Jiyao and Lu Rongting on the front line. You, Duan Qirui, can't even bear to be the vice president."

"Immediately, Cao Kun ordered a ceasefire and asked Wu Peifu to send electricity across the country to attack Duan Qirui."

"Duan Qirui had no choice but to call Cao Kun and Zhang Zuolin together for a meeting, planning to make Cao Kun the vice president."

"Zhang Zuolin is the economic envoy of the three eastern provinces. This kind of stinky chess, which was like giving away money, made Zhang and Cao slam the table on the spot and part ways with Duan Qirui."

"In December 1919, Feng Guozhang died of illness."

"With the death of Feng Guozhang, Zhili entered the Cao Kun era."

"Both Cao Kun and Wu Peifu have bad tempers, especially Wu Peifu. They start fighting whenever they disagree, which makes him angry, and he will start a fight at any time."

"Duan Qirui didn't respect martial ethics before and resorted to petty tactics to deal with Feng Guozhang."

"Feng Guozhang thinks he is a gentleman and doesn't care, but Cao Kun and Wu Peifu can't bear it."

"So for a while, the two factions of Zhizhi and Anhui were at war with each other."

Zhu Di: A great situation was ruined by Duan Qirui. It was really a bad move.

He actually felt sorry for Duan Qirui. The situation was obviously very good, but he made one wrong step and then lost the whole game.

Winning over two powerful factions, Cao Kun and Zhang Zuolin, could have greatly increased Duan Qirui's strength.

It's just that Duan Qirui was extremely stupid and wrote two bad checks, offending two people at the same time for no reason.

If he had predicted correctly, when the Zhili clique led by Cao Kun fought against Duan Qirui's Wan clique, Zhang Zuolin's Feng clique must have joined forces with Cao Kun.

Only by joining forces can they defeat the powerful Duan Qirui.

If the final battle situation is really like this, then it can only be said that Duan Qirui's original behavior was quite desperate.

If it weren't for Duan Qirui's part, the result might be very different.

"Seeing that the Beiyang Department had turned from a cold war to a hot war, Xu Shichang had no choice but to intervene."

"But after a long period of mediation, it was of no use at all."

"In addition, at this time, Zhang Zuolin held an eight-province alliance meeting in Fengtian in the name of celebrating his birthday to form an anti-Anhui alliance and publicly support Cao Kun."

“With the support of the Feng clique, on July 1920, 7, the Zhili clique and the Anhui clique fought fiercely, which was known as the Zhili-Anhui War in history.”

"Both sides deployed more than 20 troops in this battle, which took place in the Zhuozhou and Gaobeidian areas of Hebei Province."

"The Zhili attacked in three directions: Wu Peifu on the west, Wang Chengbin on the middle, and Cao Ying on the east, with a total force of 5."

"The Anhui faction's battle is also very neat, with Zhigui in the west, Chen Wenyun in the middle, and Xu Shuzheng in the east, with a total force of 6."

"The first two days of the war were just tentative attacks and defenses. Each side had its own victory or defeat. On the third day, real fighting began."

"Wu Peifu on the west road lured the enemy deeper. Duan Zhigui got hot and fell into Wu Peifu's trap. He encountered Wu Peifu's ambush at Songlindian and the entire army was wiped out."

"Chen Wenyun in the middle was seriously injured by Wang Chengbin's artillery fire and left the battlefield under the escort of the guards."

"The Central Army of the Anhui Clique, which lost its commander, was quickly wiped out by the Zhili Clique."

"On July 7, Zhang Zuolin also led his army to the Zhuozhou area. When the victory of the Zhili clique was already determined, he joined the Zhili clique to defeat the Anhui clique."

"At this time, only Xu Shuzheng's troops are left in the Anhui army. The next battle will naturally be one-sided."

"Xu Shuzheng's troops were quickly defeated by the overwhelming superiority of the Zhili and Feng cliques. The Zhili-Anhui war ended with a disastrous defeat for the Anhui clique."

"And with the military defeat, Duan Qirui had to choose to step down."

"After that, the Zhili clique and the Fengcian clique took control of the Beiyang government. At this point, the Anhui clique era ended, and Beiyang entered the Zhili clique era."

Ancient people from all dynasties knew very well that the biggest winner in the Zhi-Wan War was not Cao Kun, but Zhang Zuolin.

From the beginning to the end, Zhang Zuolin did not make any effort. He did not take action until the victory was determined, preserving as much strength as possible.

Even some scholars know very well that the instigator of this war was Zhang Zuolin.

If it weren't for Zhang Zuolin's support, Cao Kun from the Zhili clique and Duan Qirui from the Anhui clique would never have been able to fight.

From the beginning to the end, Zhang Zuolin encouraged Cao Kun to start the war with the idea that the snipe and the clam would compete for the fisherman's profit.

Zhang Zuolin instigated Cao Kun, who was directly affiliated with him, to take action behind his back. He chose to retain his strength during the battle between the two sides, and finally came out to clean up the mess as the biggest gainer.

The common people in the Beiyang period felt like crying when they thought about the war ahead.

When the Qing government fell, they were overjoyed, thinking they had ushered in a peaceful and stable life.

But not long after Yuan Shikai came to power, he aroused the anger of the people and war broke out across the country again.

The lives of their people have just settled down, and now they are facing the threat of war between Anhui and Zhizhi.

This is not the most desperate thing. There will be the Zhili period and the Feng period later, which means that war will break out.

And counting the time, I am afraid that the turmoil will continue for several more years.

Their common people have been tortured physically and mentally by the turmoil, and they hope that the turbulent era will pass soon.

(End of this chapter)