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Chapter 267 Zhuge Liang governs Shu
He died before leaving the teacher, which made the hero burst into tears.

Zhuge Liang was a famous statesman and military strategist in the Three Kingdoms era, the most outstanding intellectual and wise minister in history.

With the unfinished ambition of the Northern Expedition to the Central Plains and the revival of the Han Dynasty, he left this chaotic world.

Zhuge Liang was born in troubled times and saw with his own eyes the various disasters that troubled times brought to people.

The rejuvenated Han Dynasty that Zhuge Liang pursues is not the dark and fragmented Han Dynasty at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but the unified, vigorous, and prosperous Han Dynasty that Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiuchu established in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Zhuge Liang died for his ideals, his beliefs, and his promises.

This is one of the most valuable qualities no matter from the perspective of ordinary people or great politicians.

Since Zhuge Liang's death, hundreds of poems have eulogized him, and countless people have praised him. Cultural relics and historic sites scattered all over the country are the best memorial to him.

Group after group of people with lofty ideals have followed his footsteps, inherited his legacy, and dedicated themselves to the Chinese nation until their death.

Compared with Zhuge Liang's military talents, his talents during his time in power in Shu were even more eye-catching.

"As prime minister, Zhuge Liang not only takes the lead in clean government and raises a flag."

"At the same time, clean government is also regarded as an important political and legal construction, which has had a significant impact on all aspects of Shuhan's politics, economy, military, and culture."

"The construction of clean government during the Zhuge Liang period was first reflected in the strict control of the scale of the Shuhan palaces."

"Zhuge Liang created a political atmosphere of honesty and integrity among the upper class of the Shu Han Dynasty. Shu officials followed Zhuge Liang's example and were frugal in their official duties and refrained from luxury, creating an entire era of clean government."

"Zhuge Liang's legislation was open and his law enforcement was fair, which was different from the feudal legal thought of the same era."

"In the first year of Zhangwu of the Shu Han Dynasty, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu."

"Yizhou was formerly ruled by Liu Zhang, so the laws were abolished and local factions became stronger and stronger."

"The strong intervention of Liu Bei's ruling group destroyed the attempts of a considerable number of people to dominate the southwest."

"In this case, the Shu Han regime faced obstruction from the old forces in Yizhou. Faced with this situation, Zhuge Liang believed that this was not a public complaint left by harsh laws and punishments."

"The Shu Han Dynasty was founded on the long-term laxity of laws and regulations, which led to chaos among the officials and the people, the ruler and the ministers were dishonest, and the rules and regulations were disrupted."

"Zhuge Liang said that if the Three Cardinal Guidelines are not correct and the Sixth Discipline is ignored, great chaos will arise."

"The Three Cardinal Guidelines means that the king guides the ministers, the father guides the sons, and the husband guides the wife."

"The six disciplines mean that all fathers are kind, uncles are righteous, clan members have relationships, brothers have relatives, teachers have respect, and friends have old friends."

"Different from the Confucian view of advocating etiquette for governing the world, Zhuge Liang believes that the root cause of the rise and fall of a country's governance lies in law."

"Therefore, Zhuge Liang repeatedly warned and emphasized the importance of law in governing the country."

"Not only that, Zhuge Liang also further emphasized the serious consequences of not governing the country by law."

Ying Zheng: This Zhuge Liang is a great talent. It would be great if he could help me.

The better he got to know Zhuge Liang, the more he found Zhuge Liang's appetite for him.

Zhuge Liang was great at leading troops in battles, but he didn't expect to be so great at governing a country.

A comprehensive talent like Zhuge Liang made him extremely coveted and eager to get it.

What valued him even more was Zhuge Liang's outstanding performance in character.

There is no shortage of talented people in his Qin Dynasty, but it is rare to be talented and honest at the same time.

In short, no matter how you look at it, Zhuge Liang is the prime minister candidate he dreams of.

What is even more commendable is that Zhuge Liang has the same governing philosophy as him, which is to rule the country by law.

As far as he knew, since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, the rule of law advocated by Confucianism became popular in later dynasties.

The fact that Zhuge Liang was able to break this framework and realize the importance of ruling the country by law shows the viciousness of Zhuge Liang's vision.

"In terms of border governance, Zhuge Liang re-divided administrative districts, increased the number of counties, and vigorously promoted the system of counties and counties."

"And further weakened local power through the strategy of moving local powerful people with bad attitudes to Chengdu."

"At the same time, Zhuge Liang also won over local ethnic leaders and clans with big surnames, and promised to assist the Shu Han regime in ruling the southern region of Shu with privileges."

"Zhuge Liang implemented the exchange system between ethnic minorities and Han officials to strengthen the Shu Han regime's management of the southern region."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang also promoted advanced Han agricultural technology in minority areas, improved local living standards, and allowed Han people to go and live in minority areas."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang not only respected the beliefs of local ethnic minorities, but also used the local people's customs of believing in ghosts and gods to promote the feudal relationship between monarch and ministers and strengthen the legitimacy of the Shu Han regime."

"There are two ethnic groups, Di and Qiang, living in the northwest of Shuhan. Since this is the border between Shuhan and Cao Wei, Zhuge Liang hopes to establish a more effective connection with this place."

"For this reason, Zhuge Liang implemented a border management policy that focused on military suppression and supplemented by pacification."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang also strengthened the relationship between the Di and Qiang people and the Shu Han by reusing two generals, Ma Chao and Jiang Wei, who were more prestigious among the Di and Qiang people."

Liu Che: Zhuge Liang's border management strategy is indeed unique, and perhaps we can learn from it.

Although the biggest enemy on the border of the Han Dynasty was the Xiongnu, it did not mean that the ethnic minorities in other parts of the country were content with themselves.

Nowadays, the Han Dynasty is using troops against the Xiongnu, and it is temporarily unable to take into account the disturbances caused by other ethnic minorities.

The riots of ethnic minorities in border areas do not threaten the Han Dynasty. For the Han Dynasty, they are just some troubles.

But now Zhuge Liang's strategy for dealing with ethnic minorities has inspired him. Perhaps he can also follow suit and completely solve the problem of border turmoil.

As far as the Han Dynasty is concerned, its strategy towards border ethnic minorities is relatively mild and it implements a high degree of autonomy policy in ethnic minority areas.

As long as there is no trouble in these border areas, he will not pay much attention to it.

But now it seems that this laissez-faire policy has not achieved the desired results.

Thinking of this, he ordered his ministers to formulate their Han strategy based on Zhuge Liang's border management policy.

"In terms of national governance, Zhuge Liang took the Prime Minister's Office as the core and commanded the military and political power of the country."

"At the same time, Zhuge Liang selected talented people based on the principles of governing the country and appointed Guo Youzhi and Dong Yun as his ministers."

"Replacing the posts of Zhongchangshi and other positions held by eunuchs since the Eastern Han Dynasty, to manage various affairs in the palace and prevent eunuchs from exercising power."

"Zhuge Liang severely cracked down on people with double-minded intentions, preventing political divisions and maintaining the stability of the Shu Han regime."

"At the same time, Zhuge Liang was ordered by Liu Bei to work with others to fabricate "Shu Ke" to strengthen the rule of law and maintain social stability."

"When he first entered Shu, Zhuge Liang no longer continued the lenient practices of his predecessor, Liu Zhang, the lord of Shu. Instead, he adopted harsh punishments in order to suppress the lawless local tyrants and restore social order to normal."

“In diplomacy, we made peace with the Rong in the west, and the Yi and Yue in the south, and adopted a cooperative development strategy for surrounding ethnic minorities.”

“The core diplomatic idea of ​​fighting for the world is to unite with Wu to resist Wei, and to unite with the relatively weak Wu State to jointly resist the military attack of the powerful Wei State.”

Yang Jian: Compared with military diplomacy, Zhuge Liang is obviously better at managing internal affairs.

In terms of national governance, Zhuge Liang advocated governing the country with virtue, which he also admired.

Zhuge Liang's idea of ​​governing the country by virtue is first reflected in his advocacy of people-oriented thinking.

In "Longzhong Dui", Zhuge Liang believed that the basis for victory in the Northern Expedition was to allow the people to live and work in peace and contentment.

For this reason, Zhuge Liang proposed that the court should understand the people's suffering and provide relief to the people.

As for the second point, it advocates promoting talents and appointing talents.

Zhuge Liang said in "Sixteen Cheap Strategies" that recruiting talented people is related to the security of the country and the country. The monarch must learn to appoint talented people and stay away from treacherous people.

Zhuge Liang's strategy was of great help to him in selecting wise ministers in the Sui Dynasty.

At the same time, Zhuge Liang advocated granting corresponding official positions according to talents and giving full play to talents.

Zhuge Liang believed that to govern the country according to law, we must first formulate and clarify the content of relevant laws so that society has laws to abide by.

Zhuge Liang opposed amnesty without reason and believed that whoever broke the law should be punished accordingly.

Zhuge Liang also upheld the concept of peace in state affairs and focused on unity within the ruling group.

As the founding emperor of the Sui Dynasty, Zhuge Liang naturally learned from Zhuge Liang's policies in governing the country.

"In order to ensure the supply of food and grass for the army, Zhuge Liang implemented self-sufficiency in farming. There are two types of farming: civilian villages and military villages."

“The civilian settlements allocate ownerless wasteland to immigrants for farming, while the military settlements allow the army to cultivate large quantities of farmland for production.”

"The army adopts a rotation system. Even if the fighting at the front is very tight, it insists on replacing some soldiers every month to serve as the rear labor force."

"Ensuring sufficient supply of labor in the rear areas to engage in farming and production, and also ensuring the supply of grain, grass, and weapons."

"The Shu army was neat and orderly, thanks to Zhuge Liang's strict military discipline."

"Zhuge Liang formulated the military law regulations "Eight Enlightenments", "Seven Commandments", "Six Fears", etc., and governed the army according to the organized military laws."

"First, organize officers and soldiers to comprehensively study the content and standards of military law rewards and punishments, then appoint honest and fair people to preside over rewards and punishments, and use rewards to promote strict compliance with military discipline and laws throughout the army."

"Zhuge Liang pays attention to military practice in peacetime and believes that whether he pays attention to military practice in peacetime is the key to winning or losing a war."

"Zhuge Liang has several characteristics for being good at running an army. The first is to run an army with clarity."

"Zhuge Liang set forth clear moral requirements in his military conduct, such as clearly stating the requirements for courage, integrity, fairness, tolerance, tolerance, trust, respect, Ming, benevolence, loyalty and other related moral requirements."

"At the same time, generals are required to possess the talents of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness."

"Zhuge Liang's brilliance in governing the army is also reflected in the strict regulations and serious handling of the seven situations of disobedience, arrogance, theft, bullying, betrayal, chaos, and mistake."

"Secondly, based on trust, Zhuge Liang valued trust in his army."

"Zhuge Liang believes that words must be followed, actions must be resolute, and words must be followed."

"Those who are dishonest break their promises. If you don't know how to keep your word, your battle will definitely fail."

“If there is a law but cannot be enforced, even if there are millions of people, it will be of no use.”

"On the other hand, if you use faith to encourage soldiers, there will be no soldiers who will not work hard."

"Therefore, Zhuge Liang emphasized that running an army should be based on trust."

"Zhuge Liang believes that rewards and punishments must be kept true, because by using rewards and punishments to determine merit and demerit, the soldiers will know to keep their promises."

Li Shimin: I admire Zhuge Liang's talent and conduct. Zhuge Liang can definitely serve as a benchmark for ministers and let officials of the Tang Dynasty follow suit.

When it comes to which character from the Three Kingdoms period he likes best, there is no doubt that it is Zhuge Liang, who is the ceiling of his ministers.

The reason why he made great military achievements was that he absorbed the wisdom of many ancestors, among which Zhuge Liang's military thinking had a profound influence on him.

Zhuge Liang believed that the most important thing in combat was to learn to observe the situation, that is, to observe the weather, terrain conditions and conditions of the combatants.

If you do a good job of observing the situation, you can know yourself and the enemy, and you can adopt effective response strategies in time according to the changes in the war.

At the same time, Zhuge Liang believed that the commander of an army should be good at summarizing military lessons in order to prepare for the next war.

For example, several Northern Expeditions were plagued by insufficient food supply, so Zhuge Liang came up with a way to make wooden oxen and flowing horses to transport food.

Preserving the country and safeguarding the country is Zhuge Liang's very important military theoretical thought, and he also strongly agrees with this.

In Zhuge Liang's view, the value of soldiers is closely related to the life and death of the country and the nation. Soldiers must be loyal to the country, be beneficial to the people, and aim to revive the Han Dynasty. This is also the fundamental criterion for whether soldiers and wars are just.

He also advocated suppressing cruelty through just war and protecting the country and loving the people.

At the same time, attention is paid to the ideological education of the military, especially the generals.

Zhuge Liang believes that generals are in charge of human lives and are great weapons for the country, so they must accept stricter constraints and higher requirements.

Not only must they have outstanding military talents and the ability to employ people, but they must also have profound moral cultivation, and generals are required to be considerate of soldiers and lead by example.

Regarding Zhuge Liang's military thinking and strategies, he was very familiar with them.

"Zhuge Liang has also been highly recognized by military strategists of all ages as a military strategist. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi saw Zhuge Liang's camp and praised him as a genius in the world."

"Taizong of the Tang Dynasty and Li Jing mentioned Zhuge Liang's army management methods and eight formation diagrams many times in "An Question and Answer between Emperor Taizong and Li Wei Gong", and they spoke highly of it and were highly respected."

"The eight formations diagram was derived by Zhuge Liang from the eight formations of ancient warfare, using infantry, crossbowmen, chariots and cavalry to form military combat square formations."

"Several small combat teams form a large military formation around the command center in the middle of the formation, and can flexibly adjust the scale of combat according to combat scenarios."

"Due to Zhuge Liang's military achievements, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty selected Zhuge Liang as one of the Ten Philosophers of the Martial Arts Temple, sharing the same status with nine military strategists of the past dynasties, including Zhang Liang, Han Xin, and Bai Qi."

"Zhuge Liang also wrote many military works, such as "Southern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", "Northern Expedition", etc., which made certain contributions to the Chinese military community."

"Zhuge Liang also showed dexterity in technological inventions, improving and inventing military weapons, such as improved repeating crossbows."

"Zhuge Liang also invented the wooden cow and the flowing horse, which are an improved version of the wooden cow."

"But the method of making a wooden cow and flowing horse has not been handed down. It is said that Zu Chongzhi of the Northern and Southern Dynasties copied the wooden cow and flowing horse, but the production method has not been handed down."

"So, people still don't know how it is made."

Zhuge Liang: I didn’t expect that future generations would be so interested in my wooden cow and flowing horse. In that case, I will record the production method.

Speaking of which, his inventions in military weapons have never been considered a big deal.

I remember that during the Northern Expedition, he encountered insufficient food supply.

In order to solve the problem of grain transportation, he made a wooden cow and a flowing horse.

He was quite proud of the method of making wooden cows and flowing horses that would be remembered by future generations.

After all, judging from the prosperity of future generations, there are many things that are a hundred times more powerful than wooden cows and flowing horses.

But now, later generations have not restored the wooden cow and the flowing horse, which makes him feel proud.

"After Zhuge Liang followed Liu Bei to Yizhou, he began to take a series of economic measures to stabilize his political power and improve people's livelihood."

"The first thing is to open up the source and strengthen the financial base."

"In terms of production, Zhuge Liang built water conservancy, promoted agricultural technology, took care of agricultural production, and vigorously developed sideline industries such as silkworm grazing and fish farming."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang also attached great importance to industrial development and advocated people to weave brocade to become rich."

"Zhuge Liang actively developed the Shu brocade trade between Shu and Wu, making the economy an important pillar of the Shu-Wu alliance."

"Not only that, Zhuge Liang also standardized household registration, organized immigrants to reclaim wasteland, and increased national fiscal revenue."

"Zhuge Liang also implemented a national monopoly on salt and iron to ensure fiscal revenue."

"In addition to increasing revenue, Zhuge Liang also attaches great importance to reducing expenditure."

"At the beginning of the establishment of the Shu Han regime, it encountered a severe drought."

"Zhuge Liang issued a ban on alcohol in order to save food for the needs of the people."

"Zhuge Liang also reduced the military and government establishment and reduced fiscal expenditures."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang also asked some of the troops to cultivate fields and clear up wasteland to make the army self-sufficient in food so as to reduce financial expenses."

"In addition, Zhuge Liang set an example by emphasizing that officials and soldiers should live frugally and at the same level as ordinary people."

"At the same time, Zhuge Liang also reformed extravagant funeral customs, emphasizing light burials to reduce the people's economic burden."

"Zhuge Liang assisted Liu Bei in promoting the straight hundred and five baht coins throughout Shu, replacing the old Han five-baht coins with new coins of larger denominations."

"That is, the purchasing power of a similar weight is many times higher, so it is actually a kind of plunder of wealth from the people."

"After quelling the rebellion of the ethnic minorities in southern Shu, Zhuge Liang adopted the policy of not retaining troops or transporting grain to reduce the financial burden on the country."

When the common people in Chengdu from various dynasties after the Three Kingdoms period heard this, their admiration for Zhuge Liang was beyond words.

Don't suffer from lack and inequality, and don't suffer from poverty and anxiety.

During his tenure as prime minister, Zhuge Liang appeased the people, observed etiquette, restrained officials, used power with caution, treated people with sincerity, and acted fairly.

Anyone who serves the country loyally and helps the world and the people, even Zhuge Liang's enemies, will be rewarded.

Those who violate national laws and neglect their duties, even Zhuge Liang's cronies, will be punished.

Zhuge Liang is proficient in all matters and is good at finding the crux and key of problems.

Moreover, Zhuge Liang pays attention to being worthy of his name, consistent with his words and deeds, and will never hire those who are hypocritical and cunning.

Although the criminal laws and decrees implemented were very severe, no one resented him. This was because he was fair in his actions and gave clear advice and warnings.

Because of this, Zhuge Liang won widespread awe in the entire Shu Kingdom, and even won the love of his fellow citizens in Chengdu.

"In "Longzhong Dui" of more than 300 words, Zhuge Liang brilliantly analyzed the development trend of the three-part world."

"And he specifically put forward his own strategic propositions, reviving the Han Dynasty and establishing the Shu Han regime, which became the foundation of the later Shu Han regime."

""Shi Shi Biao" is a masterpiece of ancient Chinese prose. It sincerely persuades Liu Chan, the later master, to inherit the grand ambition of his ancestor Liu Bei to revive the Han Dynasty."

"I hope that the later master, Liu Chan, will work hard to govern and select talents, so that the Shu Han regime can conquer the Central Plains and unify the world."

"The "Edict to Defeat Wei for the Later Emperor" is an edict written by Zhuge Liang in the name of Emperor Liu Chan during his first northern expedition."

"It shows that the Northern Expedition is a just war. I hope that the monarchs and ministers of Cao and Wei will obey the law of heaven, abandon darkness and surrender to the light, and surrender to the righteous army."

"The purpose is to encourage the morale of the Shu Han soldiers and civilians for the Northern Expedition, so that the whole country will share the same hatred and fight against foreign enemies."

"The "Book of Commandments" is to persuade your son to be determined to learn, to be indifferent to his ambitions, and not to be lazy and impetuous."

""The Book of Commandments" has also been included in the seventh-grade Chinese language curriculum of the Chinese People's Education Press. It is a must-learn ancient Chinese for primary and secondary school students."

"In addition, there are hundreds of chapters such as "Departure List", "Southern Expedition List", "Playing Li Yan Biao", "Jieting Self-Deprecation", "Book with Sun Quan", "Calling Dong Jue", "Sima Jizhu's Tombstone", etc. work."

"The writing style is natural and eloquent, the emotions are sincere, and the language is concise and clear."

"Zhuge Liang left behind a large number of excellent written works, showing the unique literary achievements of the Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period."

Zhuge Liang: "The Book of Commandments" has become a must-read article for future generations of students. I never expected that my summary of my life would become a famous article for future generations of students to cultivate their moral integrity and resolve.

"Book of Commandments" was a letter he planned to write to his eight-year-old son Zhuge Zhan, but he did not want to be remembered forever, which somewhat flattered him.

Through these wise, rational, concise and rigorous words, he expresses his earnest teachings and infinite expectations for his son, and deeply expresses the love for his son among fathers all over the world.

"During the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Wu of Jin Sima Yan expressed his appreciation for Zhuge Liang's letter of reward and punishment when discussing with Fan Jian in the early days of his rule to attack the Sun Wu regime."

"He also said that if he could get Zhuge Liang's help, he would not be so tired from running the country."

"At the same time, Sima Yan also ordered people to compile "The Collection of Zhuge Liang" and use it as a national political code."

"Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, was also deeply influenced by Zhuge Liang. He regarded Zhuge Liang as a model for ministers and asked other ministers to follow suit."

"It can be seen from this that the governance of some emperors in later generations was influenced to some extent by Zhuge Liang."

"Later generations of ministers often imitated Zhuge Liang when assisting emperors in governing the country."

"For example, when Wang Meng, a minister favored by Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty among the Sixteen Kingdoms, was the prime minister, people at the time said that Wang Meng was a figure like Zhuge Liang."

"Pang Ji, the minister of the Northern Song Dynasty, also admired Zhuge Liang and advised Song Renzong that the country should be governed by Zhuge Liang's philosophy of power and law."

"In addition, in the practice of governing the country, some of the official positions created or transformed by Zhuge Liang became custom-made by later generations."

"For example, the highly flexible military advisor general and other official positions created by it were continued by the Jin Dynasty."

"In addition, the powers of the Prime Minister's Office Chief Shi began to expand during the Zhuge Liang period, and he began to hold other positions concurrently."

"The chief historians of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties inherited the powers of the Shu-Han period and further expanded them, and even the phenomenon of the chief historian serving as a local governor concurrently appeared."

"Zhuge Liang's promotion of clean government had a profound impact on later generations of Chinese politics and encouraged generations of virtuous and honest officials."

Zhu Di: Zhuge Liang is a talented person who is proficient in governing the country, and can rival outstanding politicians such as Guan Zhong and Xiao He.

In fact, not only him, but other emperors of the past dynasties also respected Zhuge Liang.

The reason for this is that in addition to Zhuge Liang being good at governing the country and the military, he is diligent in managing politics and is an honest official.

The most important thing about Zhuge Liang that these emperors valued was Zhuge Liang's loyalty to the emperor.

He admired Zhuge Liang in order to establish Zhuge Liang as a model for the world to learn from, and to tell scholars all over the world.

No matter whether the emperor is a heroic or a mediocre emperor, a wise or a cowardly king, his ministers must be as unconditionally loyal as Zhuge Liang.

"After Zhuge Liang pacified the southern part of Shu, he implemented a mild appeasement policy for the area, making it popular among local ethnic minorities."

"During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, ethnic minorities in southwestern China began to deify Zhuge Liang, and it reached its peak in the Tang Dynasty. At this time, many local Wuhou temples were established one after another."

"During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, almost every county and town in southwest China had a Wuhou Temple, and Zhuge Liang's related deeds were recorded in local annals in southwest China."

"Ethnic minorities in southwest China also circulate various legends about Zhuge Liang. For example, the Wa people have stories about Zhuge Liang teaching them how to build houses and grow rice."

"It can be seen that Zhuge Liang has penetrated deeply into the history and culture of southwest China and has become an important part of Chinese cultural identity, thereby maintaining the great unity of the Chinese nation."

"In 1934, when the British invaded Zhaotong and Lincang, Yunnan, Banhong Lao Wa King organized armed forces to resist, and they jointly vowed to resolutely resist the invasion and be loyal to their ancestor Zhuge Liang."

“Under Zhuge Liang’s influence, southwest China and mainland China gradually formed an interdependent Chinese national community.”

Zhuge Liang's ability to govern Shu is certainly admirable, but Su Chen believes that Zhuge Liang's character is even more valuable.

It can be said that Zhuge Liang's character is a concentrated expression of the excellent character of our Chinese nation.

The first is loyalty, which means loyalty to ideals and career.

To sublimate it means to be loyal to the country and the nation.

The second is wisdom, which is great wisdom.

This wisdom also includes military wisdom, technological wisdom, and more profound life wisdom.

Loyalty, dedication, self-improvement, fairness, incorruptibility, diligence, and indifference, all the virtues of ancient Chinese intellectuals and wise ministers were combined in Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang's great personality and spiritual charm have been achieved, and he has become the yardstick for measuring the virtue, stupidity, loyalty and treachery of officials in all eras.

Although Zhuge Liang's physical life is long gone, his spiritual life will shine forever.

Zhuge Liang's name has become a cultural symbol, an integral part of the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and the common spiritual wealth of the entire nation, deeply affecting today's and even tomorrow's Chinese society.

(End of this chapter)