The videos I watched became popular in ancient times

Chapter 291 Science Sage Zhang Heng
Su Chen highly praised Lu Ban, which can be clearly felt by ancient people from all dynasties.

This moved countless people from all dynasties and generations, and they did not expect that those craftsmen were so important.

You must know that in terms of the class division of scholars, farmers, industry and commerce, the social status of craftsmen is very low.

But now, listening to the meaning behind the anchor's words, future generations have great respect for master craftsmen like Lu Ban.

Many people don't understand why the anchor attaches great importance to Lu Ban, but there are also some smart people in various dynasties who can roughly guess the reason.

Judging from what later generations have shown, the role played by craftsmen is self-evident, especially master craftsmen like Lu Ban are even more important.

It is not difficult to understand why the anchor was extremely respectful when introducing Luban.

Not everyone has this level of attention from the anchor. Some princes and generals introduced by the anchor before were not like this.

Seeing that the anchor valued Luban so much, many skilled craftsmen from various dynasties were quite excited.

Although they are good at their craftsmanship, they are not respected by the people.

In other words, Zhang Heng is the only four representative Fu of the Han Dynasty.

In terms of scientific and technological inventions, it is recorded that Mozi also built flying wooden kites, invented many city-defending machines, and had considerable attainments in optics, mechanics, geometry, mathematics, etc.

"Zhang Heng was born in 78 AD and was from Xi'e County, Nanyang County."

Ying Zheng: If we want Da Qin to develop rapidly, we need master craftsmen like Lu Ban.

Su Chen hoped that through his attention, ancient people from all dynasties could clearly understand the importance of scientists.

"Not only that, Zhang Heng also studies very hard."

These big guys did not have a high status in ancient times, but they became household names in later generations.

"It would be better for Zhang Heng to just disappear. Even though the court called him several times, he didn't go."

It can be said that Zhang Heng's achievements in literature are no less than his achievements in science and technology.

"As the saying goes, it is better to travel thousands of miles than to read thousands of books."

They didn't pay much attention to craftsmen before, and they never looked at even highly skilled craftsmen.

Looking at the simple language of "Mozi", more importantly, it pioneered the reasoning method of argumentative articles, which had a significant influence on the articles of pre-Qin scholars.

"But Zhang Heng is very noble, and he doesn't care at all about the messy things in the court."

"The motto is just one sentence, and you will be invincible in the world."

For the development of the empire, we must start to pay attention to these master craftsmen.

"What a great iron rice bowl job, but some people want to go there."

He naturally knew that the status of craftsmen in ancient society was not high, and he hoped that by attaching great importance to Lu Ban, ancient people of all dynasties would realize the importance of craftsmen in the process of social development.

"Zhang Heng is a famous inventor and an all-around player who is proficient in everything."

Throughout his life, Zhang Heng achieved many achievements. Not only was he good at science, he was also good at writing articles. He was simply a rare genius in a thousand years.

He personally thinks that the only one who can compare with him is Mozi in the Spring and Autumn Period.

"Zhang Heng stayed in Luoyang for five or six years and often went to Taixue to study as a teacher. These experiences accumulated a profound foundation of knowledge for him."

Song Yingxing of the Ming Dynasty: There has never been such a versatile person after Zhang Heng. Zhang Heng can be said to be unprecedented and a figure who deserves to be canonized.

This was not only Ying Zheng’s idea, but also the true idea of ​​wise monarchs in other dynasties.

"In AD 93, Zhang Heng, who was only 15 years old, went on a study tour. A child just carried a bag that was heavier than him and traveled a long distance."

"Zhang Heng is a writer among scientists and a mathematician among writers."

If you compare Zhang Heng and Mozi together, you will find that they are very similar.

"Speaking of which, Zhang Heng is from a well-known family, and the surname Zhang has been a popular local surname for generations."

Moreover, in addition to Zhang Heng's impressive achievements in the field of science, he also made great achievements in the field of literature. Zhang Heng's representative work "Er Capital Fu" is the most ambitious fu.

"In 95 AD, Zhang Heng traveled to Luoyang."

"So Zhang Heng had good economic conditions when he was a child, and he was winning at the starting line since he was born."

Since we are talking about Lu Ban, the founder of craftsmanship, Su Chen would like to introduce a few big guys of the same level to the ancients from various dynasties.

Even if he has achieved something in the field of science, it is far less than the achievements of science sage Zhang Heng.

Su Chen felt very happy when he saw everyone discussing the status of craftsmen on the barrage.

At this moment, they had secretly made up their minds.

"People say that there are specialties in martial arts, but Zhang Heng is an all-rounder."

"During the reign of Emperor Yongyuan of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng was elected as a court official."

"In fact, in addition to Lu Ban, there are several ancient scientists who are deeply admired by future generations in China's five thousand years of history."

But now that they see the anchor attaching so much importance to the master craftsmen, they instantly understand the importance of the master craftsmen to the development of the country.

Moreover, Zhang Heng also created a new literary form of lyrical fu. He is as famous as Sima Xiangru, Yang Xiong, and Ban Gu, and is known as the four masters of Han Fu.

But now Lu Ban has gained the respect of the anchors as the master craftsman, and they are also proud of it.

Mozi founded the Mohist school and put forward the ideas of universal love and non-aggression.

In addition, Zhang Heng also had unique achievements in astronomy.

At the age of forty, an armillary sphere was made to observe the movement of celestial bodies.

In the next fifteen years, a wind-predicting seismometer was made to detect earthquakes.

It is no exaggeration for him to say that Zhang Heng is a very rare comprehensive master in history who combines humanities and technology.

"During the period from AD 89 to AD 105, there was peace and no war, so the entire court lived a very luxurious life from top to bottom."

"Zhang Heng couldn't stand it. He took out "Liangdu Fu" written by Ban Gu, put it on his desk, and started to imitate it."

"Zhang Heng thought hard for ten years and finally completed "Er Capital Fu"."

""Ode to Two Capitals" describes how prosperous and luxurious Chang'an and Luoyang were during the Eastern Han Dynasty, and satirizes the lives of those bureaucrats and nobles."

"The Fu on Two Capitals, which was conceived by Zhang Heng ten years ago, is regarded by later generations as a masterpiece of fu. It is grander, more detailed and more distinctive than Ban Gu's fu."

"In 100 AD, Zhang Heng was 22 years old."

"Bao De, the prefect of Nanyang, asked Zhang Heng to be his chief bookkeeper and in charge of clerical work. Zhang Heng worked there for eight years."

"In 108 AD, Bao De was transferred to work in the capital, and 30-year-old Zhang Heng simply resigned and returned to his hometown."

"Zhang Heng was an angry young man when he was young, relatively out of the mud and untainted."

"But as he grows older, Zhang Heng has to bow to reality and find a way to make some money."

"In 111 AD, Zhang Heng became famous in the capital because he was very educated. The Empress Dowager Deng, who was in power at the time, summoned Zhang Heng to the capital."

"Zhang Heng got a job in the capital when he was 41 years old."

"In the following years, Zhang Heng's research shifted from Confucian classics and literature to philosophy, astronomy, and calendar calculation."

Su Shi: "Ode to Two Capitals" written by Zhang Heng, while praising the prosperity of the Han Dynasty and society, also criticized the fatuousness and decadence of the bureaucrats and gentry, and the pain and hatred of the common people.

As a literary master, he highly praised Zhang Heng's "Er Capital Fu".

The so-called two capitals refer to Chang'an, the western capital, and Luoyang, the Tokyo capital of the Han Dynasty.

Due to the rigorous and precise structure of its articles, he considered "Er Jing Fu" to be one of the fine works of Han Fu.

"Ode to the Two Capitals" is a fuss depicting the two capitals, imitating Ban Gu's "Ode to the Two Capitals". It is divided into two parts, "Ode to Xijing" and "Ode to Tokyo".

The previous chapter, "Ode to Xijing," exaggeratedly depicts the prosperity, splendor and extravagance of Chang'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty. It shows people's attitude towards life that is greedy for pleasure, and reveals Zhang Heng's criticism of this lifestyle.

"Xijing Fu" contains a section about the development of urban industry and commerce, listing many specific phenomena and practical examples.

It describes the prosperity of Chang'an Commercial City and the development of commercial economy, and angrily accuses the immoral behavior of those profiteers who deceive farmers for their profit.

This section vividly reproduces the shopping malls, streets, abundant goods and lively business activities of buyers and sellers at that time.

The next chapter "Tokyo Fu" denies the extravagant life in Chang'an, Xijing, and instead describes the city construction and palace construction in Luoyang, Tokyo, as well as the monarch's achievements in etiquette and rule of law that are not extravagant and extravagant, frugal but not shabby.

"Tokyo Fu" describes the magnificence of Luoyang's palaces, flying pavilions, pavilions, and lake gardens, as well as its prosperous commerce, and depicts a picture of extreme luxury, beauty, and ingenuity.

The description of the magnificence of palaces, towers, gardens, lakes and mountains, with stillness in movement and movement in stillness, shows a high level of achievement in artistic skills.

From these descriptions, it can be seen that the architectural art of the capital and palace of the Han Dynasty has reached a very high level.

It also objectively reflects the prosperity of the people and the strength of the country caused by the long-term rule of the Han Empire and the further development of material production.

"Er Capital Fu" is a literary work with realistic satirical significance. By borrowing from the past to describe the present in the Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties, it exposed the corruption of the royal family at that time and reflected certain social realities.

At the same time, Zhang Heng stated his political ideals in the article, praising the etiquette of the Eastern Han Dynasty and criticizing the extravagance of the Western Han Dynasty.

"In 115 AD, Emperor An of the Han Dynasty heard that Zhang Heng was very good in astronomy."

"It happened that many natural disasters happened at that time, and talents like Zhang Heng were needed, so Zhang Heng was appointed as the Taishi Ling."

"So Zhang Heng has a formal position where he can study astronomy with pay. He has made great achievements in this position."

"The armillary sphere invented by Zhang Heng is an instrument that can demonstrate the movement of the celestial sphere. It is used for observing stars, determining solar terms and understanding other astronomical phenomena."

"Its shape is a hollow copper ball eight feet in diameter, with an iron shaft running through the center of the ball."

"The ball is placed on the shelf at an angle that is exactly the direction the Earth is rotating."

"The surface of the copper ball is engraved with various important constellations and scales, representing the constellations in the sky and the movement of celestial phenomena."

"The entire elephant is connected to a mechanism equipped with a set of gears, and the mechanism is connected to the clepsydra that tells the time."

"The water dripping from the clepsydra can drive the gear, and the gear will drive the universe to rotate around the iron axis."

"One day and one week can more accurately reflect the movement of celestial phenomena."

""Lingxian" is also a very powerful book written by Zhang Heng. It contains major topics about the evolution of the universe, the structure of heaven and earth, the nature and movement of the sun, moon and stars, etc. It will be of great significance to the study of astronomical phenomena in later generations. "Later, Zhang Heng was affected by politics and was demoted."

"But from 126 to 132, he still returned to the Taishi Order. Many of Zhang Heng's major scientific research work were completed during this stage."

"In addition to what the anchor just said, Zhang Heng also invented the Solitary Flying Wood Carving, the Sharp Shield Clamp, the Jili Drum Cart, the Compass Cart, etc."

Xu Guangqi of the Ming Dynasty: "Lingxian" is the most outstanding astronomical work in the history of astronomy. My research on astronomy comes from this.

Although there are still some errors and deficiencies in the "Lingxian", its significance in the history of astronomy is not less significant because of this.

He also benefited a lot from the achievements in astronomy in "Lingxian" and provided him with a lot of convenience in his astronomical research.

There are many astronomical achievements in the article "Lingxian", such as the universe, lunar eclipses, sun and moon, meteorites, star catalogs, and planetary movements.

Regarding the generation of heaven and earth, "Lingxian" believes that all things in heaven and earth developed from the original chaotic undivided vitality.

The vitality was initially chaotic and indistinguishable, but later it began to distinguish between turbidity and turbidity.

The interaction between pure air and turbid air forms the universe.

This idea of ​​celestial evolution explains the formation of the universe from the movement of matter itself.

It is believed that the structure of the universe is not eternal, but is constantly developing and changing.

Although Zhang Heng compared the sky to an egg shell and the earth to the yolk in the egg shell, Zhang Heng did not think that the hard shell was the boundary of the universe.

Zhang Heng also scientifically explained the causes of lunar eclipses based on the theory of Huntian.

Zhang Heng wrote in "Lingxian" that the moon itself does not shine.

But when the sun's rays shine on the moon, the moon refracts the light, and there is a lack of light in places where the sun does not shine. As the saying goes, the moon waxes and wanes.

If the moon enters the Earth's shadow, a lunar eclipse occurs.

Judging from the astronomical knowledge he learned, the explanation of the causes of lunar eclipses in "Lingxian" is very scientific.

"Lingxian" also mentions meteorites, which are believed to be formed by the fall of decayed stars. They are meteors when they fall and meteorites when they fall to the ground.

Meteorites bring information about the stars in the sky, but the stars are not stones.

Regarding the movement of the five stars of metal, wood, water, fire, and earth, Zhang Heng proposed that the sun, moon, and five stars move between the sky and the earth, rather than on the wall of the celestial sphere.

Moreover, the speed of movement of these seven celestial bodies is different. The speed closer to the earth is faster, and the speed farther from the earth is slower.

Although Zhang Heng still doesn't know that planets, including the earth, orbit the sun.

But Zhang Heng has indeed discovered that the speed of planetary motion is related to the distance from the central body.

It is a pity that this correct idea did not attract enough attention from later generations, and it restricted the development of astronomy to a great extent.

It was only now that he learned about Kepler's three laws of planetary motion from Western missionaries.

One of them is that the planet's speed and revolution period are determined by the distance between the planet and its central body, the sun.

"In addition, Zhang Heng is also a mathematical genius who is good at mathematics, physics and chemistry and is not afraid of traveling all over the world."

"Zhang Heng named the cube as Prime and the sphere as Hun."

"Zhang Heng has studied the circumscribed cubic volume and inscribed cubic volume of the ball, and was the first person in China to theoretically calculate the value of π."

"However, Zhang Heng has been in this position for fourteen years and is still standing still."

"Zhang Heng saw that the court had no intention of giving him a promotion or a salary increase, so he wrote an article "In Response to Questions" to express his thoughts."

"It is not a matter of disrespect for position, but a matter of disrespect for virtue."

"It's not shameful to be a person who doesn't have a good partner, but it's a shame not to be knowledgeable."

"It means don't worry about your position not being high enough, but think about whether your morals are perfect."

“Don’t feel ashamed that your income is not high enough, but think about whether you are knowledgeable enough.”

"In 132 AD, Zhang Heng, who was 54 years old, invented the world's first instrument for measuring the direction of earthquakes - the seismometer."

"This is because earthquakes were frequent at that time, and the ancients could not understand the principles of earthquakes, so they made some pretentious remarks to explain earthquakes. So Zhang Heng wanted to build an instrument that could measure earthquakes."

"In 133 AD, 55-year-old Zhang Heng was promoted to the rank of Attendant."

"Emperor Shun appointed him by his side to provide opinions on state affairs."

"Zhang Heng often thinks about how to behave, and thinks that it is difficult to understand good, bad, and bad luck."

"So I wrote "Si Xuan Fu" to express and express my emotions."

"Heng often thinks about things about his body, thinking that good or bad luck depends on the support, which is dim and difficult to understand, so he writes a mysterious poem to express his emotions."

Zhang Heng: The cruel earthquake disaster caused great harm to the people, so I was determined to overcome this problem.

In the era he lived in, large-scale earthquakes occurred frequently.

The earthquake disaster caused the displacement of thousands of people, and many people died because of the earthquake disaster.

Therefore, he thought that if people could know in advance that an earthquake was about to happen, they could take shelter in advance and avoid disasters.

Because of this, he decided to research an instrument to help people predict earthquakes.

Since then, he began to study hard and read all his father's books.

As long as it was about the earthquake, he carefully recorded it in his notebook.

In order to find information, he would often travel long distances to borrow books from others.

In addition, he will visit local people in places where earthquakes have occurred, ask about the situation before and after the earthquake, and seek advice from experienced elderly people.

Through these efforts, he collected a large amount of information about earthquakes.

From the information he collected, he learned that when earthquakes occur, there are usually slight vibrations that are difficult for ordinary people to detect.

But inverted objects will fall down with the vibration, and these details are often overlooked.

It's not until the earthquake actually strikes that people realize it's too late to escape.

After learning this, he began to develop seismic instruments.

After countless deliberations and modifications, he finally succeeded in inventing the world's first instrument that could accurately measure the time and direction of earthquakes - the seismometer.

The seismometer has eight directions, namely east, south, west, north, southeast, southwest, northeast and northwest.

There is a dragon head with a dragon ball in its mouth at each position, and under each dragon head there is a toad corresponding to it.

If an earthquake occurs in any direction, the dragon ball contained in the dragon head in that direction will fall into the toad's mouth, and the direction of the earthquake can be determined.

"In 136 AD, Zhang Heng was transferred to serve as the Prime Minister of Hejian King Liu Zheng."

"Liu Zheng has made that place a mess, and there are many people who don't abide by the rules and laws."

"After Zhang Heng took office, he immediately rectified the situation and cured it immediately. He also gained a good reputation for governing cleanly."

"After three years in office, Zhang Heng handed in his resignation letter and wanted to go home, but he was recruited to become minister again."

"In 138 AD, Zhang Heng was 60 years old."

"Zhang Heng wrote another "Fu on Returning to the Fields", indicating that he must return to this family and that it is imperative to abandon his official position and return to the fields."

"Zhang Heng said at the beginning of his poem that traveling to the capital is a matter of eternity. When there is no clear strategy to support him, he only comes to the river to admire the fish. It is almost impossible to wait until the river is clear."

"At this time, Zhang Heng no longer wants to pursue anything. He just wants to return to himself and not be burdened by the world."

"Perhaps chasing fishermen to play together, transcending the dust to escape, and saying goodbye to the world forever, is Zhang Heng's ideal life."

"In 139 AD, it was the winter of the second year after Zhang Heng wrote "Guitian Fu"."

"Zhang Heng passed away peacefully at the age of 61."

"Looking back at Zhang Heng's life, he has more than just talents and abilities that are proficient in various fields, and he has more than just various inventions and achievements."

"It is also the courage and wisdom of human beings in exploring the mysteries between heaven and earth, as well as the perseverance and creativity of human beings in the pursuit of technological progress."

"And in later generations, Zhang Heng's shadow will also be found in the vast universe."

"To commemorate Zhang Heng's achievements, the United Nations Astronomical Organization named a crater on the far side of the moon Zhang Heng Crater in 1970."

"Later, in 1977, the asteroid 1802 in the solar system was named Zhang Hengxing."

"In 2003, the International Minor Planet Center named asteroid 9092 Nanyang Star in memory of Zhang Heng and his birthplace, Nanyang, Henan."

Li Shimin: Such a comprehensively developed character is rare in the entire history of the world.

Zhang Heng created the theory of Hun Tian, ​​which explained the operation principle of celestial phenomena.

The structure of the armillary sphere is unprecedentedly exquisite.

Scholars in the Han Dynasty visited this instrument, and some expressed their willingness to stay with the armillary sphere for the rest of their lives, which shows the greatness of Zhang Heng and the exquisiteness of the armillary sphere.

Zhang Heng not only made great achievements in astronomy, but also invented the wind-waiting seismometer.

At the same time, Zhang Heng is also a rare writer and artist.

There is no doubt that a person like Zhang Heng can become a rare person in any era.

Throughout his life, Zhang Heng studied hard, never felt tired or complacent, and strived for excellence.

No matter which aspect of the field of knowledge, Zhang Heng's attainments are extensive and profound.

There are excellent works in literature and art, comprehensive research in astronomy and calendar, and special skills in mechanical manufacturing.

Moreover, in terms of academic thought, Zhang Heng once persisted in the struggle against prophecy books, and in terms of political practice, he also had active and progressive activities.

Especially in the natural sciences, Zhang Heng made unprecedented inventions such as the armillary sphere and the seismometer.

These rich and precious achievements occupy a lofty position in the history of Chinese science and are worthy of learning by the people of the Tang Dynasty.

(End of this chapter)