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Duan Xing's ancestor was Gong Shuduan of Zheng State. Duan Xing was the great-great-grandson of Duan Huizong, the Protector General of the Western Regions.

When he was young, he learned horse riding and archery, liked to travel and did not care about money and bribes. When he grew up, he changed his ambitions and became interested in ancient studies.

"Duan Xing was initially recommended as a filial and honest official, and served as Xianlingyuan Cheng and Yangling Ling. During his tenure, he demonstrated his ability to govern."

"He was later transferred to be the commander of a vassal state in Liaodong. When the Xianbei invaded the border, Duan Xing led his troops to the border."

"Because they were worried that the Xianbei would flee out of fear, they sent post riders to deliver a fake imperial edict ordering Duan Xing to withdraw his troops. Duan Xing pretended to retreat on the road and secretly set up an ambush on the retreat route."

"The Xianbei believed that Duan Xing was really retreating, so they led their troops in pursuit."

"Duan Xing then gathered his troops to fight back, and all the Xianbei who had invaded the border were killed."

"Duan Xing should have been severely punished for forging the imperial edict, but because of his meritorious service, after discussion, he was punished to go to the border to defend against the enemy."

"After serving his sentence, he was conscripted as a councilor."

"At that time, Dongguo Dou and Gongsun Ju of Taishan and Langya gathered 30,000 people to revolt and attacked counties. The imperial court sent troops to suppress them, but they could not quell the rebellion for several years."

"In the second year of Yongshou, Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty ordered the ministers to select men with both civil and military talents as generals. Si Tu Yin Song recommended Duan Jiong, so Duan Jiong was appointed as the General of the Central Army."

"Duan Jiong led his army to attack Dongguo Dou, Gongsun Ju and others, and won a great victory. He killed Dongguo Dou and Gongsun Ju and captured more than 10,000 heads. Some of the remaining troops fled, and some surrendered."

"The court conferred Duan Jiong the title of Marquis, gave him 500,000 yuan, and appointed one of his sons as a doctor."

"In the second year of Yanxi, he was promoted to the position of Protector of the Qiang."

"At that time, eight Qiang tribes including Shaodang, Shaohe, Dangjian and Lejie invaded the border of Longxi and Jincheng. Duan Xing led his troops and 12,000 cavalrymen from Huangzhong Yiqiang out of Huanggu and defeated them."

"They also pursued the remaining troops who had fled south across the Yellow River. They ordered the military officers Tian Yan and Xia Yu to recruit brave warriors to go ahead and use ropes to pull them up. They fought again at Luoting and won a great victory. They killed a total of 2,000 people including the leader and captured more than 10,000 people. The rest all escaped."

"In the spring of the third year of Yanxi, the remaining Qiang people, together with General Shao He, led an army to invade Zhangye, captured Juluwu, and killed officials and civilians of the vassal state."

"They also gathered more than a thousand tribes of the same kind and concentrated their forces to attack Duan Xing's troops at dawn."

"Duan Jiong dismounted and fought with them. The battle lasted until noon, when his swords were broken and his arrows were exhausted. The Qiang people also retreated."

"Duan Xing pursued, fighting as he went, fighting day and night, cutting flesh and swallowing snow."

"It lasted for more than 40 days until we reached Jishishan, the source of the Yellow River, and traveled more than 2,000 miles beyond the Great Wall. We killed and burned General He, and captured more than 5,000 people."

"We also divided our forces to attack the Shicheng Qiang, killing or drowning 1,600 of them. We also burned more than 90 Dang Qiang who surrendered to Duan Xing."

"The mixed Qiang people were stationed at Baishi, and Duan Xing sent troops to attack them, beheading and capturing more than 3,000 people."

"In winter, the Lejie and Lingwu tribes surrounded Yunjie, killing and looting officials and civilians. Duan Xing set up a camp to rescue them and captured hundreds of people."

"In the winter of the fourth year of Yanxi, the Shendi tribe of Shangjun, the Laojie tribe of Longxi, the Wuwu tribe and other Qiang tribes jointly invaded Bingzhou and Liangzhou. Duan Xing led the Huangzhong Yiqiang tribe to fight against them."

"Liangzhou Governor Guo Hong wanted to share the military achievements with Duan Xing, so he deliberately delayed and stopped Duan Xing, preventing the army from advancing."

"The Yi Qiang had been with us in the war for a long time and missed their hometown, so they rebelled together."

"Guo Hong pushed the blame onto Duan Ying, who was arrested, imprisoned and sentenced to hard labor."

"The Qiang barbarians became even more rampant, attacking the camps and wharves, and colluding with each other to disrupt the counties."

"Thousands of officials and people came to the court to appeal for Duan Xing. The court knew that Duan Xing was framed by Guo Hong, so Emperor Huan issued an edict to inquire about Duan Xing's situation."

Zhao Kuangyin: Duan Xing only pleaded guilty and did not dare to say that he was wronged. Everyone in the capital called him an elder.

He was then pardoned, appointed as a counselor, and promoted to the governor of Bingzhou.

At that time, five to six thousand Qiang tribes including the Diannah tribe invaded Wuwei, Zhangye and Jiuquan and burned people's houses.

In the sixth year of Yan Xi, the power of the Qiang people became even stronger, and Liangzhou was almost lost.

In winter, the court appointed Duan Xing as the commander of the Huqiang Army and sent him to his post on a post horse.

In the spring of the seventh year of Yan Xi, 355 Qiang generals including Fengming, Liangduo, Dianna and others led 3,000 tribesmen to surrender to Duan Xing's army.

Dang Jian and Le Jie retreated and gathered to station.

In winter, Duan Xing led an army of more than 10,000 to defeat them, beheaded their commander, and took more than 4,000 prisoners.

In the spring of the eighth year of Yan Xi, Duan Xing attacked the Le Jie clan again, beheaded more than 400 of them, and more than 2,000 of them surrendered.

In the summer, he attacked Dang Jianzhong in Huangzhong, but was defeated. After being besieged for three days, Duan Xing adopted the strategy of the hermit Fan Zhizhang, quietly sent out troops in the dark, beat drums to fight back, and defeated the Qiang army, killing thousands of prisoners.

Duan Xing pursued the enemy relentlessly, moving through the valleys and mountains from spring to autumn, fighting every day. The enemy became hungry and tired, so they fled and invaded the Wuwei area to the north.

Duan Xing defeated the Western Qiang, beheaded 23,000 people, captured tens of thousands of people, captured 8 million horses, cattle and sheep, and more than 10,000 tribes surrendered.

The court conferred on him the title of Marquis of Duxiang, with a fief of 500 households.

In the first year of the Yongkang period, Dangjian and other tribes rebelled again, gathered more than 4,000 people and wanted to attack Wuwei. Duan Xing pursued them to Luanniao and completely defeated them, beheaded their leader and beheaded more than 3,000 people. From then on, the Western Qiang was pacified.

Since the defeat of General Ma Xian, the General of the Western Expedition, the imperial court had no power to suppress the Eastern Qiang Xianrong tribe, and they frequently invaded the Three Auxiliary Provinces.

Later, General Huangfu Gui and General Zhang Huan tried to persuade the Liao army to surrender again and again, but the surrendered army always rebelled again.

In the spring of the first year of Jianning, Duan Xing led more than 10,000 soldiers, carrying 15 days of food and fodder, from Pengyang straight to Gaoping, and fought with the Xianrong tribes at Fengyi Mountain.

There were many Qiang soldiers, and Duan Xing's troops became afraid.

Duan Xing ordered the army to tighten bowstrings, sharpen swords and spears, carry three layers of spears, and use powerful crossbows. He also deployed light cavalry on the left and right wings and encouraged the soldiers.

Now we are thousands of miles away from home, and if we move forward, our career will be successful;

Running away will lead to death, so let’s work hard together to achieve fame and honor!
So they shouted loudly, and the army jumped into the battle in response. Duan Xing rode his horse beside them and launched a sudden attack. The Qiang army was defeated, and they beheaded more than 8,000 people and captured 280,000 cattle, horses and sheep.

At this time, Empress Dowager Dou was in power and issued an edict saying that the Xianrong and Dongqiang tribes had been causing harm for years. Duan Xing had described the situation in the past and believed that they must be wiped out.

He walked on frost and snow, marched quickly day and night, and was personally attacked by arrows and stones, which inspired the soldiers.

In less than ten days, the enemy fled and scattered, leaving many bodies hanging together. Many were captured alive, and the number of captives could not be counted.

He avenged a hundred years of defeat and comforted the souls of loyal generals. His contributions were remarkable and the court rewarded him highly.

When the Eastern Qiang are completely pacified, his meritorious service should be recorded together. For the time being, Duan Xing is granted 200,000 yuan and one of his family members is appointed as a doctor.

At the same time, he ordered the Central Tibetan Government to allocate money and treasures to increase military expenses. He appointed Duan Xing as the General who Defeats the Qiang. In the summer, Duan Xing pursued the Qiang out of Qiaomen again and reached Zoumashui.

Soon, he heard the news that the enemy was in Sheyan Lake, so he led a light and agile army and advanced quickly, covering more than 200 miles in one day and one night. In the morning, he caught up with the enemy and defeated them. The remaining bandits fled to Luochuan and gathered together again.

Duan Jiong then sent the Cavalry Sima Tian Yan to lead 5,000 men to attack the east, and the Acting Sima Xia Yu to lead 2,000 men to go around the west. The Qiang soldiers were divided into 6,000 to 7,000 men to besiege Tian Yan and others. Tian Yan and others fought with them, and the Qiang people fled in disarray.

"Duan Xing led his army to advance rapidly, and together with Tian Yan and others, they pursued the enemy on the Lingxian River."

"Duan Xing's soldiers were hungry and thirsty, so he ordered his troops to advance together and seize the water. The Qiang people were defeated and fled again."

"Duan Xing pursued them, and the Qiang people fought and retreated all the way to Lingwu Valley."

"Duan Xing put on his armor and led the way. No soldier dared to stand back. The Qiang were badly defeated and fled, abandoning their weapons."

"After three days and three nights of pursuit, the soldiers' feet were covered with thick calluses."

"We chased them all the way to Jingyang. The remaining 4,000 tribes of Qiang people all dispersed into the valleys of Hanyang."

"At this time, Zhang Huan said that although the Eastern Qiang had been destroyed, the remaining tribes were still difficult to eliminate. Duan Jiong was frivolous and reckless. I was worried that he would be defeated and would not be able to win all the time. We should use kindness and trust to persuade him to surrender, so as not to regret it."

"The imperial edict was sent to Duan Xing, who then said that he knew that although the Eastern Qiang had many soldiers, they were weak and easy to subdue, so he presented his humble opinion and hoped to find a strategy for permanent peace."

"And General Zhang Huan said that the Qiang barbarians were strong and difficult to defeat, and should be persuaded to surrender."

"Your Majesty is wise and trusted and adopted my short-sighted words, which enabled my plan to be realized without Zhang Huan's strategy."

"The facts were contrary to what Zhang Huan said, so Zhang Huan became suspicious and resentful."

"I believed the words of the rebel Qiang, but I changed their original meaning, saying that my soldiers had been defeated many times, and that the Qiang were also born from the energy of heaven, and they could not be killed. The mountains and valleys are vast and cannot be left alone. Blood flowing everywhere will damage harmony and bring disaster."

"I remember that during the Zhou and Qin dynasties, the Rong and Di tribes were a threat. Since Emperor Guangwu's restoration, the Qiang bandits have been very strong and could not be completely killed. They have surrendered but have rebelled again."

"Now the Xianling bastards are capricious, they have captured counties, robbed people, dug up graves and dumped corpses, regardless of whether they were alive or dead, all of them are suffering from their scourge. The heavens are angry and have used me to punish them."

"In the past, Xing State was wicked, and Wei State attacked it. The army was dispatched, and heavy rain fell from the sky, alleviating the drought.

"I marched through a hot summer, and good rains continued, resulting in a good harvest, and the people were free from disease."

"He can understand the will of heaven and avoid disasters; he can understand the human affairs and win the hearts of the people, so he can win the battle."

"From the west of Qiaomen to the east of Luochuan, the original government and county towns are continuous and not deep, dangerous or remote. Soldiers and cavalry can move safely without any casualties."

"Zhang Huan, as a Han official and a general, has been stationed for two years, but he has been unable to quell the rebellion. He only wants to cultivate culture, not use force, and persuade the fierce enemy to surrender. His nonsense is absurd and useless."

"Why do you say that? In the past, the Xianling invaded the border, and Zhao Chongguo moved them to the interior;"

"Jian Dang disturbed the border, Ma Yuan moved them to Sanfu, and they initially submitted, but eventually rebelled, and have been causing trouble ever since."

“So people with a long-term vision think this is the most worrying thing.”

"Now the border counties have few households and are repeatedly invaded by the Qiang people. The captives who want to surrender live together with the civilians. It is like planting thorny trifoliate oranges and thorn trees in good fields or raising poisonous snakes indoors. How dangerous it is!"

"So I obey the prestige of the Han Dynasty and establish a long-term strategy. I must cut off the root and not let them reproduce and grow again. The original plan was to spend 5.4 billion in three years. Now, only one year has passed and less than half of the cost has been spent. The remaining bandits have become remnants and will be eliminated soon."

"Every time I receive an imperial edict, the army is outside and cannot be commanded from inside. I hope that it will be exactly as this sentence says, and that I will be able to take charge of the situation and respond to it as needed without losing the upper hand."

Zhu Yuanzhang: In the second year of Jianning, the court sent envoy Feng Chan to persuade the scattered Qiang in Hanyang to surrender.

Duan Xing believed that it was the spring planting time and the people were working in the fields. Although the Qiang people had surrendered temporarily, the government had no food and the Qiang captives would definitely become thieves again. It would be better to take advantage of the situation and attack, and they would surely be destroyed.

In the summer, Duan Xing went into camp himself, forty or fifty miles away from the Fanting Mountain where the Qiang were stationed, and sent Tian Yan and Xia Yu to lead five thousand people to guard the mountain.

The entire Qiang army launched an attack, and asked sternly, "Are Tian Yan and Xia Yu here? Where are all the Qiang who surrendered in Huangzhong? Today we have to fight to the death."

The army was frightened, so Tian Yan and others encouraged the soldiers to fight desperately and defeat the Qiang people.

The Qiang army was defeated and fled eastward, then gathered in Shehu Valley and divided their troops to guard the upper and lower gates of the valley.

Duan Xing planned to wipe them out in one fell swoop and prevent them from escaping, so he sent a thousand men to build a wooden fence in Xi County, which was twenty steps wide and forty miles long, to stop them.

Tian Yan and Xia Yu were assigned to lead 7,000 men to quietly climb the western mountain in the dark of night and build a position about a mile away from the Qiang people.

He also sent Sima Zhang Kai and others to lead 3,000 people to the east mountain. The Qiang people discovered this and attacked Tian Yan and others, blocking the water channels.

Duan Xing himself led the infantry and cavalry to attack on the water.

The Qiang people retreated, so Duan Xing and Zhang Kai and others took control of the East and West Mountains and led their troops to attack. The Qiang people were defeated and scattered.

Duan Xing pursued his troops to the upper and lower gates of the valley and into the deep mountains and valleys, where he was defeated everywhere.

They killed their commander and his 19,000 men, and seized countless cattle, horses, mules, donkeys, felt, furs, tents and other items.

The 4,000 people surrendered by Feng Chan were settled in the three counties of Anding, Hanyang and Longxi respectively. At this point, the Eastern Qiang were completely pacified.

Duan Xing fought 180 battles since he went out to fight, beheaded more than 38,600 enemies, captured more than 427,500 cattle, horses, sheep, mules, donkeys and camels, spent 4.4 billion, and more than 400 soldiers died in the battle. The court changed Duan Xing's title to Marquis of Xinfeng County, with a fief of 10,000 households.

Duan Xing’s military campaigns were based on benevolence and kindness. When soldiers were sick, he would always visit them and bandage their wounds personally.

He has been on the border for more than ten years and has never had a good night's sleep. He has shared the joys and sorrows with the soldiers, so the soldiers are willing to fight to the death for him.

In the spring of the third year of Jianning, the court summoned Duan Xing back to the capital, and brought with him more than 50,000 Qin and Hu infantry and cavalry and Ferghana horses, and captured more than 10,000 prisoners.

Emperor Lingdi sent the Grand Herald to welcome and comfort the troops in Gao. After the troops arrived, Duan Ji was appointed as the Palace Attendant and later promoted to the position of the Prefect of the Imperial Guards and the Governor of Henan.

Later, because thieves dug up the tomb of Concubine Feng, Duan Xing was convicted and demoted to the position of Counselor, and then promoted to the position of Inspector of the Imperial Guards.

Duan Xing relied on the eunuchs, so he was able to keep his wealth and status. He also formed a clique with the eunuch Wang Fu and others, and unjustly killed the eunuchs Zheng Sa, Dong Teng and others. As a result, his fief was increased by 4,000 households, making a total of 14,000 households.

In the second year of Xiping, he replaced Li Xian as the Grand Commandant. In the winter of the same year, he was dismissed due to illness and became the Inspector of the Imperial Capital again.

A few years later, he was transferred to be the prefect of Yingchuan and was appointed as Taizhong Daifu.

In the second year of Guanghe, he succeeded Qiao Xuan as the Grand Commandant.

After being in office for more than a month, he impeached himself because of a solar eclipse. The relevant departments reported the case to the emperor, and the emperor ordered to take away his seal of the Grand Marshal and send him to the Court of Justice for trial.

At that time, the Inspector of the Imperial Capital, Yang Qiu, submitted a memorial to the emperor to execute Wang Fu, which implicated Duan Xing. Duan Xing was then interrogated and rebuked in prison. Duan Xing then committed suicide by taking poison, and his family was exiled to the border.

Later, the eunuch Lu Qiang submitted a memorial to the emperor, citing Duan Xing's merits. Emperor Ling then issued an edict to return Duan Xing's wife and children to the county. (End of this chapter)