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Liu Chan (207 AD - 271 AD), whose courtesy name was Gongsi and nickname was Adou, was a native of Zhuo County, Zhuojun (now Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province).

The son of Liu Bei, Emperor Zhaolie of Shu Han, and the last emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He reigned from 223 to 263 AD, a total of forty years.

Liu Chan was born in Xinye during turbulent times and fell into difficulties many times. Fortunately, he was rescued by the Shu general Zhao Yun.

He was the eldest son of Liu Bei. Liu Bei became emperor in the first year of Zhangwu (220 AD) and Liu Chan was named crown prince.

Three years later, Liu Bei died and left a will for Zhuge Liang and Li Yan to assist in governing the country. Liu Chan succeeded to the throne in Chengdu.

In the early period of Liu Chan's reign, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang set up a government office to handle affairs, and all the major and minor political affairs of Shu were decided by Zhuge Liang.

At that time, Shu was facing internal and external troubles. Zhuge Liang sent envoys to make peace with Sun Wu, put down the rebellion in the south, closed the country to take care of the people, and prepared for the Northern Expedition.

From the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD) to the twelfth year of Jianxing (234 AD), Zhuge Liang launched five northern expeditions against Cao Wei, and Liu Chan firmly supported and endorsed him.

After Zhuge Liang passed away, Liu Chan appointed Jiang Wan to preside over state affairs. Internally, he advocated recuperation; externally, he no longer insisted on the Northern Expedition, and promoted Dong Yun and Fei Yi to assist in governing the country.

Later, the three died one after another. Liu Chan favored the eunuch Huang Hao, and the government became increasingly neglected. Jiang Wei led troops outside and launched several northern expeditions, but with little success.

In the sixth year of Jingyao (263 AD), the Cao Wei army divided into three routes to attack Shu. In October of the same year, Deng Ai arrived in Chengdu, Liu Chan surrendered the whole country, and Shu Han was destroyed.

Liu Chan went to Luoyang and was granted the title of Duke of Anle. He died in the seventh year of Emperor Wu of Jin's Taishi reign (271 AD) at the age of . His posthumous title was Duke Si.

At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, Liu Yuan of Han Zhao proclaimed himself emperor and posthumously named Liu Chan as Emperor Xiaohuai.

People at that time had many praises and criticisms for Liu Chan. Zhuge Liang and Zhang Wen praised Liu Chan generously.

However, people like Meng Da and Wang Chong of Shu Han, Xue Wei and Lu Kai of Sun Wu, and Sima Zhao, the powerful official of Cao Wei, all believed that Liu Chan was mediocre and his talents and virtues were not enough to match his position, which led to the downfall of the country.

In the Jin Dynasty, historian Chen Shou and minister Li Mi believed that Liu Chan was deceived by the eunuch Huang Hao and thus led the country astray;

Historians of the Jin Dynasty such as Chang Qu, Zhang Fan and Sun Sheng believed that although Liu Chan was mediocre and cowardly, he was loyal by nature and had no intention of harming talented people.

Later generations, such as the late Song poet Chen Shichong and the Yuan scholar Zheng Yu, had many disparaging remarks about Liu Chan, believing that he was foolish and immoral, and had no shame in destroying his country.
Fang Bao, a scholar in the early Qing Dynasty, believed that people had many criticisms of Liu Chan, but the fall of Shu was actually due to the end of the Han Dynasty, and it was not Liu Chan's fault.

Liu Chan was Liu Bei's eldest son, and his mother was Empress Zhaolie Gan.

When Liu Bei was the governor of Yuzhou, he was stationed in Xiaopei (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province) and married a local woman named Gan as his concubine, calling her Madam Gan.

In the 207th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, when Liu Bei was in Jingzhou, Lady Gan gave birth to Liu Chan.

The following year, Cao Cao marched south to Jingzhou. At that time, Liu Bei was stationed in Fancheng (now Fancheng District, Xiangyang City, Hubei Province) and was pursued by Cao's army.

Cao's army caught up with Liu Bei's troops at Changbanpo in Dangyang. Liu Bei abandoned Mrs. Gan and his son and fled. Fortunately, his general Zhao Yun was by their side to protect them, and the mother and son survived.

Liu Bei once married Sun Quan's sister, Lady Sun. Lady Sun was arrogant and allowed the soldiers of Sun Wu she brought with her to violate the law repeatedly.

Liu Bei thought Zhao Yun was dignified and serious, so he appointed Zhao Yun to take charge of the family affairs. Later, Liu Bei was invited by Liu Zhang, the governor of Yizhou, to lead his army westward into Sichuan.

When Sun Quan heard that Liu Bei was marching into Yizhou, he sent people to Gong'an to welcome Lady Sun back to Wu. Lady Sun secretly took the young Liu Chan away. Zhuge Liang sent Zhao Yun to lead his troops in a boat to the Yangtze River to intercept her, and finally took Liu Chan back.

In the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Bei was promoted to King of Hanzhong and Liu Chan was appointed Crown Prince.

In May of the first year of the Zhangwu reign (221 AD), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, appointed Liu Chan as the crown prince, and sent an envoy with imperial seal and Prime Minister Zhuge Liang to grant him the seal of the crown prince.

In April of the third year of Zhangwu (223 AD), after the defeat in Yiling, Liu Bei died in the palace in Yong'an County.

Before his death, Liu Bei entrusted his son to the care of his parents and ordered Prime Minister Zhuge Liang and Secretary of State Li Yan to assist in governing the country.

In May of the same year, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne in Chengdu at the age of 17. Liu Chan honored Liu Bei's queen Wu as the empress dowager, made Zhang the queen, changed the reign title to Jianxing, and issued a general amnesty.

Zhuge Liang was promoted to the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, Li Yan was promoted to the title of Guanglu Xun and was given the title of Marquis of Duxiang; other civil officials and generals such as Zhao Yun, Wu Yi, Wei Yan, Wang Lian, Yang Hong, etc. were all promoted to higher positions.

After Liu Shan ascended the throne, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang formally established the Prime Minister's Office to govern state affairs. All Shu Han affairs, no matter how big or small, were decided by Zhuge Liang.

Shu was plagued by internal and external troubles, and the southern counties were in constant rebellion. First, Yong Kai, a powerful family in Yizhou County, rebelled, arrested the governor Zhang Yi and exiled him to Sun Wu, and then occupied his own county and rebelled.
At the same time, Gao Ding, the leader of the barbarian tribe in Yuexi County, also rebelled; soon, Zhu Bao, the prefect of Zhang County, occupied the county and rebelled; and after the Battle of Yiling, the alliance between Shu Han and Sun Wu was on the verge of breaking down.

At that time, the country was in mourning and it was not appropriate to use military force. Zhuge Liang did not immediately suppress the rebellion in the southern counties.

Instead, he sent Shangshu Deng Zhi to Sun Wu to restore the alliance. Wu's ruler Sun Quan also sent an envoy, and the relationship between Wu and Shu was restored.

At the same time, Liu Chan ordered the closure of border checkpoints, intensified agricultural production within the country, and rested and recuperated in preparation for the subsequent southern expedition.

In March of the third year of Jianxing (225 AD), Zhuge Liang led a large army to the south to quell the rebellions in the four counties of Yuexi, Jianning, Yongchang and Zangke within the territory.

After the rebellion was quelled, Yizhou Prefecture was renamed Jianning Prefecture, and parts of Jianning and Yongchang Prefectures were separated to establish Yunnan Prefecture, and parts of Jianning and Zangke Prefectures were separated to establish Xinggu Prefecture. In December of the same year, Zhuge Liang led his army back to Chengdu.

In the spring of the fifth year of Jianxing (227 AD), Zhuge Liang led his army north and stationed in Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition.

Before leaving, Zhuge Liang wrote "The Memorial on Starting the Northern Expedition" requesting a northern expedition against Cao Wei, and Liu Chan issued an edict to commend him.

After that, from the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD) to the twelfth year of Jianxing (234 AD), Zhuge Liang launched five northern expeditions against Cao Wei, and fought against the Wei army with both victories and defeats.

During this period, Liu Chan always firmly supported and endorsed Zhuge Liang's decision to launch the Northern Expedition.

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228 AD), Zhuge Liang's first Northern Expedition failed, and he submitted a petition requesting to be demoted three ranks.

Liu Chan then issued an edict to demote Zhuge Liang to the position of Right General, making him act as Prime Minister; he also appointed Jiang Wei, a surrendered general of Cao Wei, as General Fengyi and conferred him the title of Marquis of Dangyangting.

The following year, Zhuge Liang led a northern expedition to capture Wudu and Yinping counties of Cao Wei. Liu Chan believed that Zhuge Liang had made great contributions and ordered him to resume his position as prime minister.

In April of the same year, Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu, proclaimed himself emperor. Liu Chan sent envoys to congratulate him. The two countries of Wu and Shu became friendly and signed an alliance.

In the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing (230 AD), Cao Wei sent Sima Yi, Zhang He, and Cao Zhen to attack Hanzhong in three directions, but they had to retreat because heavy rain blocked the roads.

Soon, Wei Yan and Wu Yi defeated Wei general Fei Yao and Yongzhou governor Guo Huai at Yangxi. Liu Shan issued an edict to promote Wei Yan to the rank of former military advisor, general of the Western Expedition, and conferred him the title of Marquis of Nanzheng.
He also promoted Wu Yi to the position of Left General and conferred him the title of Marquis of Gaoyang Township. In the same year, Liu Chan issued an edict to change the title of King of Lu Liu Yong to King of Ganling and King of Liang Liu Li to King of Anping. The following year, because Protector General Li Yan failed to supervise the transportation of military rations, Zhuge Liang's northern expedition was forced to retreat. Liu Chan issued an edict to depose Li Yan as a commoner and exiled his family to Zitong County.

In August of the 234th year of Jianxing ( AD), Prime Minister Zhuge Liang died of illness at Wuzhangyuan (now in Qishan County, Baoji, Shaanxi) on his way to the Northern Expedition. Liu Chan ordered Zhuge Liang to be buried at Dingjun Mountain and posthumously named him Zhongwu Hou.

After Zhuge Liang passed away, Wei Yan and Yang Yi, the chief secretary of the Prime Minister's Office, fought for power and attacked each other.

The two men submitted memorials to Liu Chan accusing each other of treason. Liu Chan asked the attendant Dong Yun and the chief secretary of the Prime Minister's Office Jiang Wan, and they both vouched for Yang Yi and suspected Wei Yan.

Wei Yan was defeated and killed by General Pingbei Ma Dai, and the army returned to Chengdu.

Liu Chan issued an edict to grant amnesty to the whole country, promoted Wu Yi to General of Chariots and Cavalry, and gave him the title of General of Imperial Guards, commanding the military affairs in Hanzhong.
He appointed Jiang Wan as the Minister of the Chancellery, Yang Yi as the Central Military Advisor, Fei Yi, the Prime Minister's Sima, as the Rear Military Advisor, and Jiang Wei, the General Who Conquers the West, as the Right Military Inspector and General Who Assists Han.

In the 235th year of Jianxing ( AD), Yang Yi was convicted for his words, and Liu Chan issued an edict to depose Yang Yi as a commoner and exiled him to Hanjia County.

Soon, Liu Chan promoted Jiang Wan to the rank of general. The following year, Fu Jian, the leader of the Di tribe in Wudu County, led more than 400 tribesmen to surrender. Liu Chan issued an edict to appease them and relocate them to Guangdu County.

In the third year, Empress Zhang died, and Liu Chan issued an edict to posthumously name her Empress Jingai.

After General Wu Yi died of illness, Liu Chan appointed General Anhan Wang Ping as the prefect of Hanzhong to succeed Wu Yi in commanding the military affairs of Hanzhong.

After Empress Jingai passed away, the harem was left without a leader. In the first month of the first year of Yan Xi (238 AD), Liu Chan made Empress Jingai's sister the empress, announced a general amnesty, and appointed Prince Liu Xuan as the crown prince and Prince Liu Yao as the King of Anding.

Liu Chan promoted Jiang Wan to the position of Grand Marshal and allowed him to set up a government office and take charge of national affairs.

From the fourth year of Yanxi (241 AD) to the eleventh year of Yanxi (248 AD), Shu Han was exhausted after Zhuge Liang's five northern expeditions.
After Jiang Wan took charge of state affairs, he advocated recuperation and protection of the country and the people; externally, he no longer insisted on the Northern Expedition, but adopted a defensive strategy. He and Jiang Wei were stationed in Hanzhong and Fu County successively to guard against the invasion of Cao Wei.

While Jiang Wan was stationed abroad, the government affairs of the court were mainly handled by Fei Yi.

In November of the sixth year of Yan Xi (243 AD), Liu Chan announced a general amnesty and appointed Shangshu Ling Fei Yi as the general.

In February of the following year, Cao Wei's general Cao Shuang led a large army to attack Hanzhong. General Wang Ping, the general who guards the north, held his ground against the enemy. Liu Chan ordered Fei Yi to lead an army from Chengdu to rescue, and the Wei army retreated.

In November of the ninth year of Yan Xi (246 AD), Grand Marshal Jiang Wan died, and Liu Chan issued an edict to posthumously confer the title of Gonghou on him.

After Jiang Wan's death, the political structure of Shu Han changed. General Fei Yi took charge of internal affairs and assisted in defending Hanzhong.
Jiang Wei took over Jiang Wan's responsibility for foreign military affairs and inherited Zhuge Liang's will to launch a northern expedition.

Before Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition, two barbarian tribal rebellions broke out within Shu, which were quelled by Jiang Wei and Deng Zhi.

From the 249th year of Yan Xi (253 AD) to the th year of Yan Xi ( AD), Jiang Wei led troops to the north three times, but each time he returned without success.

During this period, General Fei Yi was assassinated and Liu Chan issued an edict to posthumously title him Jinghou.

After Jiang Wan and Fei Yi died one after another, there was no one to succeed the emperor, and Jiang Wei was leading troops outside. Liu Chan favored the eunuch Huang Hao, and the government became increasingly neglected.

From the 254th year of Yanxi (262 AD) to the th year of Jingyao ( AD), Jiang Wei led several expeditions to the north. During one of the expeditions, he relocated the people of Didao, Heguan and Lintao counties of Cao Wei to live in Mianzhu and Fan counties.
Another time, he defeated Wang Jing, the governor of Yongzhou, but the rest were unsuccessful. Liu Chan was relatively supportive of Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition in the early stage;
But later on, under the influence of his ministers, Liu Chan's position of supporting Jiang Wei's Northern Expedition began to waver.

In the internal affairs of Shu, in the 252th year of Yanxi ( AD), Liu Chan appointed his son Liu Cong as the King of Xihe;
In the 256th year of Yan Xi ( AD), Jiang Wei was promoted to general; in the same year, Liu Chan appointed his son Liu Zan as King of Xinping.

After that, Liu Chan announced amnesty twice, changed the reign title from Yan Xi to Jing Yao, and the eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize power.

In June of the second year of Jingyao (259 AD), Liu Chan appointed his sons Liu Chen as King of Beidi, Liu Xun as King of Xinxing, and Liu Qian as King of Shangdang.

In September of the following year, Liu Chan issued edicts to posthumously confer titles on the deceased generals Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Ma Chao, Pang Tong, Huang Zhong and Zhao Yun.

In October of the fifth year of Jingyao (262 AD), Jiang Wei's last northern expedition failed and he retreated to Dazhong (now west of Zhouqu, Gansu).

The court officials believed that Jiang Wei was warmongering but had achieved nothing and that the country was exhausted, so they submitted a petition to Liu Chan requesting that Jiang Wei be recalled to serve as the governor of Yizhou and that his military power be stripped away.

The eunuch Huang Hao planned to depose Jiang Wei and support the Right General Yan Yu as the General. When Jiang Wei learned about this, he submitted a petition to Liu Chan asking him to execute Huang Hao, but Liu Chan did not obey.

Jiang Wei was worried about being harmed by Huang Hao, so he requested to lead his troops to Dazhong to garrison and never return to Chengdu to meet the emperor again.

As a result, the relationship between Liu Chan and Jiang Wei as emperor and subject began to become strained.

In February of the sixth year of Jingyao (263 AD), Sima Zhao ordered Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu and Zhong Hui to attack Shu in three routes.

Jiang Wei submitted a petition requesting to send the left and right generals Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to garrison at Yangping Pass and Yinping Pass respectively, but Liu Chan was deceived by the eunuch Huang Hao and ignored the request.

In October of the same year, Deng Ai sneaked across Yinping (Wen County, Longnan City, Gansu Province) and arrived at Jiangyou (now Nanba Town, Pingwu County, Sichuan Province), approaching Chengdu, shocking the Shu Kingdom.

Liu Chan ordered General Zhuge Zhan to lead his troops north to stop Deng Ai. Zhuge Zhan was first defeated in Fucheng (now Mianyang, Sichuan) and then died in Mianzhu Pass (now Huangxu Town, east of Mianzhu, Sichuan).

After Mianzhu fell, Deng Ai's army marched straight into Chengdu.

Deng Ai's troops were at the gates of the city. At the suggestion of Guanglu Dafu Qiao Zhou, Liu Chan surrendered the whole country to Deng Ai, and Shu Han was destroyed.

Liu Chan's fifth son, King Beidi Liu Chen, was filled with grief and anger. He first killed his wife and children, and then committed suicide.

Liu Chan had people carry his coffin, tied himself up with ropes, and surrendered at the gate of Deng Ai's military camp.

Deng Ai ordered Liu Chan to be untied and his coffin burned, and on behalf of the Wei emperor, he appointed Liu Chan as General of Cavalry.

After Liu Chan surrendered, he issued an imperial decree ordering the troops still holding out in Shu to surrender to Wei.

At that time, Jiang Wei, Zhang Yi, Liao Hua, Dong Jue and others were stationed in Jiange (now northeast of Jiange, Sichuan), and were in a stalemate with Wei general Zhong Hui.

When Jiang Wei and others heard that Zhuge Zhan was defeated and did not know where Liu Chan was, they led their troops eastward into Ba County, while Zhong Hui's army arrived at Fu County (now Mianyang, Sichuan).

At this time, Jiang Wei and others received an imperial edict from Liu Chan asking them to surrender, so Jiang Wei led the entire army to surrender to Zhong Hui.

In the first month of the first year of the Xianxi reign of the Cao Wei Dynasty (264 AD), Zhong Hui conspired with the military supervisor Wei Guan to arrest Deng Ai and put him in prison. (End of this chapter)