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Gongsun Yuan, courtesy name Wenyi, was later referred to as Gongsun Quan by Emperor Gaozu of Tang, Li Yuan. He was from Xiangping, Liaodong, the founder of the Yan state during the Three Kingdoms period, the grandson of Gongsun Du, the governor of Liaodong, and the son of Gongsun Kang, the Left General.

In the second year of the Taihe era (228 AD), Gongsun Yuan seized the position of his uncle Gongsun Gong and was appointed General Yanglie and Governor of Liaodong by Emperor Ming of Wei.

Later, he sent envoys to communicate with Sun Quan of Wu. Sun Quan appointed him as the King of Yan and sent 10,000 armored soldiers with treasures to Liaodong. Gongsun Yuan was afraid of being attacked by Wei, so he cut off the head of the Wu envoy and sent it to Luoyang, the capital of Wei. Emperor Ming of Wei then appointed him as Grand Marshal and enfeoffed him as the Duke of Lelang.

In the first year of Jingchu (237 AD), Gongsun Yuan rebelled against Wei and declared himself King of Yan, establishing the reign title Shao Han and setting up a hundred officials.

In the second year of Jingchu (238 AD), Emperor Ming of Wei sent Grand Commandant Sima Yi with an army of 40,000 to attack Liaodong. Gongsun Yuan and his son were defeated and killed, and their heads were sent to Luoyang.

Gongsun Yuan was the grandson of Gongsun Du, the governor of Liaodong, and the son of Gongsun Kang, the Left General. When Gongsun Kang died, his sons Gongsun Huang and Gongsun Yuan were still young.
The people then supported his younger brother, Gongsun Gong, as the governor of Liaodong. However, Gongsun Gong gradually became a eunuch due to illness and was unable to govern Liaodong.

In 228 AD (the second year of the Taihe era), Gongsun Yuan forced his uncle Gongsun Gong to relinquish his position. Emperor Ming of Wei ignored Liu Ye's advice and appointed Gongsun Yuan as General Yanglie and Governor of Liaodong.

In 233 AD (the seventh year of the Taihe era), Gongsun Yuan attempted to submit to Wu as a vassal state in order to gain external support. Sun Quan intended to enfeoff Gongsun Yuan as the King of Yan. However, the entire court of Eastern Wu, from Chancellor Gu Yong and General Zhang Zhao to others, advised against it, believing that Gongsun Yuan was doomed to defeat. Therefore, they opposed Sun Wu's support for Gongsun Yuan, but their advice was not heeded by Sun Quan.

Sun Quan then dispatched Zhang Mi, Xu Yan, and others, carrying gold, jade, and precious jewels, to establish Gongsun Yuan as the King of Yan. Gongsun Yuan had not expected Sun Quan to value him so highly, believing that Eastern Wu was far away while Cao Wei was closer.

Fearing an attack from Cao Wei and coveting the treasures sent by Eastern Wu, he lured and killed the Wu envoy, then presented his head to Emperor Ming.

Emperor Ming then appointed Gongsun Yuan as Grand Marshal, granted him the title of Duke of Lelang, and allowed him to continue serving as Governor of Liaodong, overseeing all the prefectures.

Emperor Ming sent envoys Fu Rong and Nie Kui to confer the title of Duke of Lelang upon Gongsun Yuan. Previously, the clerk Gongsun Yuan had sent to Luoyang told Gongsun Yuan, "There is a man in the delegation named Zuo Junbo who is extremely strong and is no ordinary person."

Gongsun Yuan was terrified, so he led his armored soldiers to surround the school where the envoy was staying before coming out to meet him. He also spoke ill of the accompanying guests from the country on several occasions. After the envoy returned to Luoyang, he explained the matter to Emperor Ming.

In 237 AD (the first year of Jingchu), Emperor Ming sent Guanqiu Jian, the governor of Youzhou, and others with letters and seals to summon Gongsun Yuan.

Upon hearing the news, Gongsun Yuan immediately dispatched troops to intercept Guanqiu Jian at Liaosui, engaging him in a fierce battle. Seeing that the situation was unfavorable, Guanqiu Jian withdrew his troops.

Gongsun Yuan then declared himself King of Yan, changed the era name to Shao Han, established a bureaucracy, sent envoys with imperial insignia to bestow seals and ribbons upon the Xianbei Chanyu, granted titles and ranks to the border minority groups, and lured the Xianbei to invade the north. He also once again submitted to Wu, hoping to gain external support.

In 238 AD (the second year of Jingchu), Emperor Ming recalled Grand Commandant Sima Yi and ordered him to lead 40,000 troops to attack Gongsun Yuan. In June, the troops arrived in Liaodong.

Gongsun Yuan dispatched Generals Bei Yan and Yang Zuo, leading over ten thousand infantry and cavalry, to garrison Liaosui, and dug trenches for over twenty li around it. When Sima Yi's army arrived at Liaosui, Gongsun Yuan ordered Bei Yan to challenge them.

Sima Yi dispatched Hu Zun to confront him, and Bei Yan suffered a major defeat. Sima Yi then ordered his soldiers to break through Bei Yan's encirclement and advance southeast, before suddenly turning northeast and heading straight for Xiangping.

Fearing that Xiangping was undefended, Bei Yan and his men rushed there overnight to reinforce it. Upon reaching Shouyang Mountain, Gongsun Yuan ordered another decisive battle against Sima Yi, and this time, Bei Yan suffered another crushing defeat.

Sima Yi then led his troops straight to the city of Liaosui and dug trenches. Coincidentally, it had been raining heavily for more than thirty days, causing the Liao River to swell, allowing Sima Yi's transport ships to sail directly from Liaokou to the city of Liaosui.

As soon as the rain stopped, Sima Yi immediately piled up earthen mounds around the city, built watchtowers, and prepared a large number of stones, which he then fired directly into the city with crossbows. Gongsun Yuan was both afraid and anxious.

When the city ran out of food, cannibalism broke out, and countless people died. Yang Zuo and others surrendered. One night in August, a large meteor, about ten zhang long, fell from the northeast side of Shou Mountain into the southeast side of Xiangping City.

Not long after, Gongsun Yuan's entire army was routed, and he and his son Gongsun Xiu led several hundred cavalrymen in a breakout to the southeast. Sima Yi's army pursued them relentlessly, and at the spot where the meteor fell, they killed Gongsun Yuan and his son.

Liaosui City was captured, and thousands of officials below the prime minister were beheaded. Gongsun Yuan's head was sent to Luoyang. Liaodong, Daifang, Lelang, Xuantu and other places were also pacified one after another.

Back then, several strange things happened in Gongsun Yuan's house: dogs dressed in official robes and hats went up to the roof; and a child was steamed to death in the pot while cooking.

In the northern part of Xiangping, a piece of flesh grew, several feet in circumference, with a head, eyes, and mouth, but no hands or feet, yet it could move. The diviner said, "It has form but is not fully formed, and has the organs of a head but cannot make a sound. Wherever this strange thing appears, that country will perish."

Gongsun Yuan rebelled against Wei and declared himself emperor, greatly alarming Emperor Cao Rui of Wei. Sima Yi, however, remained calm, counting on his fingers: "One hundred days to go, one hundred days to return, one hundred days to attack, two months to rest, and a year will be enough!"

What was Sima Yi calculating? That's right, it was the time it took him to travel from Luoyang to Liaodong to quell the rebellion and back.

The Gongsun family of Liaodong was the fourth state, surpassing Wei, Shu, and Wu. Why was Sima Yi so confident that he could quell the rebellion within a year?
The Gongsun family of Liaodong rose to power during the reign of Dong Zhuo, starting with Gongsun Du (Gongsun Yuan's grandfather). Through the painstaking efforts of Gongsun Kang (Gongsun Yuan's father) and Gongsun Gong (Gongsun Yuan's uncle), they consistently pursued a policy of maintaining friendly relations with Cao Wei while establishing their own independent regime.

However, in 228 AD, Gongsun Yuan forced Gongsun Gong to abdicate and placed him under house arrest on the grounds that Gongsun Gong had become a eunuch, had no children, and was too weak to govern the country.

Emperor Cao Rui of Wei turned a blind eye to Gongsun Yuan's rebellious behavior, because Cao Wei was busy resisting Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions and was powerless to deal with Gongsun Yuan.

Despite the advice of his strategist Liu Ye and Gongsun Huang (Gongsun Yuan's elder brother, who was being held hostage in Luoyang), Cao Rui appointed Gongsun Yuan as General Yanglie and Governor of Liaodong, effectively acknowledging Gongsun Yuan's new status.

The ambitious Gongsun Yuan was unwilling to accept his father and grandfather's peaceful existence and complacency, and intended to participate in the conflict between the Three Kingdoms. He was two-faced, accepting rewards from the Wei Kingdom on one hand, and colluding with the Wu Kingdom, which was thousands of miles away, on the other.

In 232 AD, Sun Quan, the Great Emperor of Wu, sent envoys north to forge an alliance. Gongsun Yuan immediately expressed his willingness to submit to Sun Quan and pay tribute. The following year, Gongsun Yuan sent people with the Wu envoys south to present Sun Quan with sable furs and fine horses.

Sun Quan was overjoyed and, disregarding the objections of his senior ministers such as Zhang Zhao, insisted on bestowing upon Gongsun Yuan the title of "King of Yan" and dispatched a large fleet to appoint him.

This time, the Wu army consisted of tens of thousands of naval troops and countless rare treasures. Gongsun Yuan originally only intended to use Wu as an ally, but unexpectedly, "Sun Quan's Ten Thousand" presented him with such a generous gift. Not wanting to offend Wei, and coveting Sun Quan's treasures, he sent a large army to kill the Wu envoy, capture Wu soldiers, and exile them to the frontier.

Upon hearing the news, Sun Quan was furious and vowed to personally lead an expedition to Liaodong and cut off Gongsun Yuan's head. This far-fetched and foolish plan was, of course, stopped by Lu Xun and others; otherwise, Wu would have been sent to their enemies again as a training ground for defeat.

Gongsun Yuan excitedly sent the Wu envoy's head to Luoyang to claim credit, unaware that Cao Wei had previously intercepted a secret letter from Gongsun Yuan colluding with Sun Quan and was already on guard against him.

Cao Wei originally wanted Tian Yu, the governor of Qingzhou, to launch a sea attack on Liaodong from the Shandong Peninsula, but this was not carried out due to the great difficulty involved.

Gongsun Yuan did not openly rebel, so Cao Rui still sent an envoy to bestow upon him the titles of Grand Marshal and Duke of Lelang.

Just as the Wei envoys arrived, Gongsun Yuan led his troops to surround the post station and verbally abused them, causing them to flee in panic. Cao Rui's hatred for Gongsun Yuan intensified as a result.

In 237 AD, Cao Ruiteng prepared to deal with Gongsun Yuan. He sent Guanqiu Jian, the governor of Youzhou, to Liaodong to summon Gongsun Yuan to the capital to take up a post. Gongsun Yuan saw through the scheme and immediately dispatched troops to engage Guanqiu Jian in a fierce battle. Gongsun Yuan had a large and powerful army, and fighting on his own territory, he quickly defeated the Wei army.

Since Cao Wei had turned against him, Gongsun Yuan simply declared himself "King of Yan," appointed civil and military officials, and sent envoys to Sun Quan to pledge allegiance again, hoping for external support. Sun Quan immediately agreed to a northern expedition in support and warned Gongsun Yuan to be wary of Sima Yi. Gongsun Yuan, arrogant and complacent, ignored the warning.

Cao Rui dispatched Sima Yi to lead the four provinces of Qing, Yan, You, and Ji, uniting with foreign tribes such as the Xianbei, Wuhuan, and Goguryeo to launch a simultaneous land and sea attack from all sides. Before Sima Yi set out on his campaign, Cao Rui still had some concerns and summoned him for advice.

Cao Rui asked Gongsun Yuan how he would respond, and Sima Yi replied: "Abandoning the city and fleeing beforehand is the best strategy, resisting stubbornly by relying on the Liao River is a middle strategy, and holding Xiangping is the worst strategy, which will surely lead to their capture by our army."

Cao Rui then asked Gongsun Yuan what strategy he would employ, to which Sima Yi coldly replied, "With his intelligence, he cannot assess the relative strengths of both sides. He will not abandon the city and flee; he will first resist at the Liao River and then retreat to Xiangping. In other words, he will employ a middle-tier or inferior strategy."

Cao Rui then asked how long it would take for the army to travel back and forth. Sima Yi quickly calculated and confidently replied that it would take a year. After this strategic calculation, Cao Rui had no further concerns.

In January of 238 AD, Sima Yi led his main force of 40,000 troops from Luoyang. In June, the two sides indeed met at the Liao River. Gongsun Yuan had already ordered his general Bei Yan to build strong walls and dig trenches for more than 20 li, preparing for battle.

Bei Yan's initial campaign was unsuccessful, and he retreated to his fortified camp. Sima Yi then decided to employ a feint attack. The Wei army first launched a decoy attack on the moat to the south to draw the enemy's attention, then secretly sent its main force across the river to attack Xiangping to the north. Fearing the loss of Xiangping, Bei Yan left his camp to pursue, but was soundly defeated by the Wei army and forced to retreat to Liaosui City.

Sima Yi won three battles in a row and besieged Liaosui, but then encountered torrential rains that lasted for more than 30 days. The rains caused the Liao River to swell, allowing Sima Yi to quickly transport grain to the city walls; the rains also made Gongsun Yuan complacent, thinking he could hold the city to the death.

Sima Yi was certain of victory, as he had more supplies than troops and the enemy had more troops than supplies. Even though torrential rains flooded many of his camps, he refused to retreat.

After the rain stopped, Sima Yi built mounds and towers, then threw large stones, arrows, and crossbow bolts into the city. Coupled with the city's depleted food supplies and the heavy casualties of the Yan army, the generals abandoned the city and surrendered. Gongsun Yuan was filled with regret and fear.

One night in August, a large meteor streaked across the sky and fell southeast of Xiangping. Sima Yi immediately spread rumors, which terrified Gongsun Yuan, who twice offered to surrender but was refused. Left with no other option, Gongsun Yuan led several hundred cavalry in a breakout attempt to the southeast, only to be caught and killed by Sima Yi's army at the spot where the meteor had landed.

After entering the city, Sima Yi, in order to eliminate the problem once and for all, massacred more than 7000 men over the age of 15 and beheaded more than 2000 officials and their families under Gongsun Yuan, displaying their heads as a display to the public. For a time, Xiangping City was filled with bloodshed and piles of heads.

司马懿又将辽东4万户、70万人口分批内迁（只比蜀国少20万人）。3代4人苦心经营50年的辽东繁荣不再，公孙家就此灭亡，只剩阉人公孙恭被释放生还。

While this battle brought Sima Yi great prestige, it also created a power vacuum in Liaodong, which was gradually annexed by foreign tribes such as Goguryeo and Xianbei. The Daifang and Lelang counties, which were originally conquered by the Gongsun family, fell into the hands of foreign tribes.

The Three Kingdoms period is a historical period between the Han and Jin dynasties, divided into three kingdoms: Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. In 220 AD, Cao Pi, the prime minister of Han, usurped the throne and became emperor. Luoyang became the capital, and the state was named "Wei," historically known as Cao Wei. The Han dynasty officially ended.

In 221 AD, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established his capital in Chengdu, historically known as the Shu Han dynasty. In 229 AD, Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established his capital in Jianye, naming his state "Wu," historically known as the Eastern Wu dynasty.

Although the Three Kingdoms period was primarily a contest between Wei, Shu, and Wu, Gongsun Yuan actually existed outside of these three kingdoms.

Gongsun Yuan was the grandson of Gongsun Du, the governor of Liaodong, and the son of Gongsun Kang, the Left General. When Gongsun Kang died, because his sons Trump and Gongsun Yuan were still young, everyone favored his younger brother Gongsun Gong to serve as the governor of Liaodong.

As for Gongsun Yuan's grandfather, Gongsun Du, as early as when Dong Zhuo usurped power in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Gongsun Du took the opportunity to establish himself as the Marquis of Liaodong and the Governor of Pingzhou.

Then he attacked Goguryeo in the east, Wuhuan in the west, the Liaodong Peninsula in the south, and Donglai County in the northern part of the Jiaodong Peninsula across the sea. He became one of the heroes of the late Han Dynasty.

After Gongsun Yuan ascended the throne, he first served as a subject of Cao Wei, but later betrayed Wei and declared himself King of Yan. So, the question arises: Gongsun Yuan betrayed Wei and declared himself King of Yan.

First, in the second year of the Taihe era (228 AD), Gongsun Yuan forcibly replaced his uncle Gongsun Gong in his position. Emperor Cao Rui of Wei, disregarding Liu Ye's advice, appointed Gongsun Yuan as General Yang Lie and Governor-General of Liaodong.

As a result, in 228 AD, Gongsun Yuan nominally surrendered to Cao Wei, or rather, became a vassal of Cao Wei. However, Gongsun Yuan was not content with being a vassal of Wei.

After seizing power, he began to establish relations with the State of Wu. In the seventh year of the Taihe era (233 AD), Gongsun Yuan, relying on Wu as an external ally, intended to submit to Wu. Sun Quan planned to enfeoff Gongsun Yuan as the King of Yan.

Wu Chancellor Gu Yong and Wu Assistant General Zhang Zhao, among others, advised Sun Quan that Gongsun Yuan was bound to fail, and therefore opposed Sun Wu's support for Gongsun Yuan.

However, Sun Quan did not heed the advice of Zhang Zhao and others. The stubborn Sun Quan sent Zhang Mi, Xu Yan, and others with gold and jade treasures to appoint Gongsun Yuan as the King of Yan.

Gongsun Yuan did not expect Sun Quan to value him so much. He thought that Eastern Wu was far away and Cao Wei was close. He was afraid of Cao Wei's attack and also coveted the treasures sent by Eastern Wu.

Against this backdrop, after making some choices, Gongsun Yuan lured the Wu envoy into beheading him, and then presented his head to Emperor Cao Rui of Wei. (End of Chapter)