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Han Sui (?-215 AD), originally named Han Yue, courtesy name Wenyue, was a native of Jincheng County, Liangzhou (present-day Lanzhou, Gansu Province). He was one of the warlords at the end of the Han Dynasty.

He first gained fame in Xizhou, where he was kidnapped by the Qiang and Hu rebels and elected as their leader. Under the pretext of eliminating the eunuchs, he raised an army of 100,000 and rebelled. He successively defeated famous generals such as Huangfu Song, Zhang Wen, Dong Zhuo, and Sun Jian, causing turmoil throughout the land. Later, he was granted amnesty by the imperial court and held power in one region for more than 30 years.

Han Sui and Ma Teng had once become sworn brothers, but their relationship later broke down. During the struggle between Yuan Shao and Cao Cao, Ma Teng and Han Sui were persuaded by Zhong Yao to submit to Cao Cao. After Ma Teng entered the capital, his son Ma Chao took command of the troops, elected Han Sui as commander-in-chief, and launched a rebellion against Cao Cao.

In the Battle of Weinan in 211 AD, Cao Cao accepted Jia Xu's advice and used a counter-espionage tactic to sow discord among the generals in Guanzhong. Ma Chao, Han Sui, and their troops fell for the trap, fighting independently without mutual support, and were thus defeated piecemeal by Cao Cao's army.

Afterwards, Ma Chao and Han Sui led their armies to a defeat and fled to Xiliang. Han Sui, after his defeat at the Battle of Wei River against Cao Cao, never recovered, but he still managed to roam freely in the Longxi region, clashing with Cao Cao's army multiple times until his death in Longxi. His head was cut off by his subordinates and sent to Cao Cao. Han Sui's descendants, who were taken hostage, were all executed by Cao Cao.

His original name was Han Yue, and his courtesy name was Wenyue. In September of the first year of Guanghe (178 AD), Yin Hua, the prefect of Jincheng, died in office. Because Han Yue was Yin Hua's former subordinate, he and Jiang Ying and others escorted Yin Hua's remains to Xiaqiu and erected a stone tablet to commemorate his merits.

In the first year of Zhongping (184 AD), Han Yue went to the capital Luoyang to handle official business. General He Jin had long heard of him and specially met with him. Han Yue advised He Jin to eliminate the eunuchs, but He Jin did not listen. Han Yue then requested to return Liangzhou.

In the winter of the first year of Zhongping (184 AD), the Qiang people Beigong Boyu and Li Wenhou rebelled, declared themselves generals, and killed the Protector of the Qiang, Ling Zheng. Han Yue and Bian Yun (Bian Zhang), the military supervisor of the same prefecture, were famous in Xizhou. Beigong Boyu and others kidnapped Bian Zhang and Han Yue, put them in charge of military and political affairs, and together they caused chaos in Longyou.

Zuo Chang, the governor of Liangzhou, dispatched Gai Xun to garrison Ayang County. Seeing that Ayang County could not be captured, the rebels turned their attention to Jincheng Commandery, killing its governor Chen Yi and coercing Bian Zhang and Han Yue to join them, electing Bian Zhang as their leader. Bian Zhang then led his army to besiege Ji County, the capital of Liangzhou. Zuo Chang then requested aid from Gai Xun.

Gai Xun led reinforcements to Ji County and rebuked Bian Zhang and others for betraying the court. Bian Zhang and Han Yue both said, "If Zuo Chang had listened to you earlier and sent troops to rescue Jincheng County, perhaps we could have reformed. Now our sins are too grave to be surrendered."

Bian Zhang and his men then left in tears, lifting the siege of Ji County. They then besieged the forces of Xia Yu, the Protector-General of the Qiang. Bian Yun changed his name to Bian Zhang, and at this time officially changed his name to Han Sui.

In March of the second year of the Zhongping era (185 AD), he led tens of thousands of cavalrymen under the pretext of killing the eunuchs and invaded the Three Auxiliary Regions, threatening the imperial mausoleum. Emperor Ling of Han sent General of the Left Chariots and Cavalry Huangfu Song and General of the Central Army Dong Zhuo to suppress them, but they were both unsuccessful. Meanwhile, the power of Bian Zhang, Han Sui and others further expanded, and they had an army of 100,000, causing turmoil throughout the land.

In July of the same year, Huangfu Song was dismissed and returned home due to lack of merit. In August, the court once again appointed Zhang Wen, the Minister of Works, as General of Chariots and Cavalry, with the authority to act on behalf of the emperor, and appointed Yuan Pang, the Commander of the Imperial Guard, as his deputy. Dong Zhuo was appointed General Who Destroys the Enemy, and he and Zhou Shen, the General Who Pacifies Bandits, were both placed under Zhang Wen's command.

Together with troops from various prefectures, totaling over 100,000 infantry and cavalry, they were stationed at Meiyang to protect the imperial mausoleums. Han Sui also advanced his troops to Meiyang. Zhang Wen and Dong Zhuo fought against Han Sui and his forces, but suffered defeats.

In November, a meteor streaked across the night sky, over ten zhang long, illuminating Han Sui's camp. Even the donkeys and horses neighed. Han Sui and Bian Zhang's army considered this an ominous sign and considered retreating to Jincheng.

Upon hearing this, Dong Zhuo was overjoyed. The next day, he joined forces with Bao Hong, the Right Governor of Fufeng, and others to launch an attack, inflicting a major defeat on the armies of Han Sui and Bian Zhang, and beheading thousands.

Han Sui and his forces fled to Yuzhong. Zhang Wen then dispatched Zhou Shen with 30,000 troops in pursuit, besieging the city of Yuzhong. However, Han Sui and Bian Zhang divided their forces to garrison Kuiyuan Gorge, cutting off Zhou Shen's supply lines. Panicked, Zhou Shen abandoned his baggage and retreated.

In the winter of the third year of the Zhongping era (186 AD), Han Sui killed Bian Zhang, Beigong Boyu, and Li Wenhou, and with an army of over 100,000, he marched and besieged Longxi. In April, Geng Bi, the governor of Liangzhou, led troops from six commanderies to attack Han Sui.

Li Xiangru, the governor of Longxi, and Huang Yan, the governor of Jiuquan, rebelled and allied with Han Sui. Geng Bi was killed by the governor's assistant. Wang Guo, a man from Hanyang, proclaimed himself General of the United Army and joined forces with Han Sui. They then besieged Hanyang, and Fu Xie, the governor of Hanyang, was killed in battle.

Geng Bi's Sima and Ma Teng from Fufeng also rebelled with troops. Han Sui and others jointly supported the kingdom as their leader and attacked and plundered the Sanfu region.

In November of the fifth year of the Zhongping era (188 AD), the kingdom besieged Chencang. Emperor Ling dispatched General Huangfu Song and General Dong Zhuo, each leading 20,000 men, to resist.

In February of the sixth year of the Zhongping era (189 AD), Wang Guo had besieged Chencang for over eighty days, but due to the city's strong defenses, he was unable to breach it. Taking advantage of this, Huangfu Song led his army in pursuit, achieving a great victory and beheading over ten thousand enemies.

Han Sui and others jointly deposed the kingdom and coerced Yan Zhong, the former magistrate of Xindu County and a renowned scholar from Liangzhou, to become its leader and command the various tribes. Yan Zhong died of illness in resentment, and Han Sui and others gradually vied for power, eventually turning on each other and killing one another, thus weakening their forces.

In the second year of the Chuping era (191 AD), Dong Zhuo entered Chang'an and invited Han Sui and Ma Teng to jointly plan an attack on the generals in Shandong. Seeing that the world was in chaos, the two also wanted to rely on Dong Zhuo to raise an army.

In June of the third year of the Chuping era (192 AD), Han Sui, Ma Teng, and others surrendered and led their troops to Chang'an. The court under Li Jue's control appointed Han Sui as General Who Guards the West and sent him back to Liangzhou, while Ma Teng was appointed General Who Conquers the West and stationed his troops at Mei.

In March of the first year of Xingping (194 AD), Ma Teng came to the capital from Liangzhou and stationed himself at Baqiao. However, he was furious because his personal request to Li Jue was not fulfilled. He mobilized his troops to prepare to attack Li Jue. Emperor Xian sent an envoy to mediate, but Ma Teng refused to listen.

Han Sui led his army from Jincheng to mediate the dispute between the two, but ended up joining forces with Ma Teng. Zhong Shao, the Grand Counselor, Ma Yu, the Attendant-in-Ordinary, and Liu Fan, the Left General of the Palace Guard, plotted to have Ma Teng attack Chang'an, with themselves acting as inside agents, to eliminate Li Jue and others.

Soon after, Ma Teng and Han Sui led their troops to Changpingguan. Zhong Shao and others' plans were exposed, so they fled from Chang'an to Huaili. Li Jue sent Fan Chou, Guo Si, and his nephew Li Li to attack Ma Teng and Han Sui. The two were defeated, and more than 10,000 people were killed or wounded.

Han Sui and Ma Teng fled back to Liangzhou, and Fan Chou led his army in pursuit. Han Sui sent someone to Fan Chou and said, "The affairs of the world are unpredictable and ever-changing. You and I are from the same hometown. Although we have had some minor friction today, we will probably come together again. I would like to have a talk with you."

The two then rode arm in arm, chatting and laughing for a long time. In April, Li Jue issued an edict pardoning Ma Teng and others, appointing Ma Teng as General of Andi and Han Sui as General of Anqiang.

They became sworn brothers and were very close. However, later, due to conflicts among their subordinates, Ma Teng and Han Sui became enemies. Ma Teng attacked Han Sui, who was defeated and fled. Han Sui then joined forces to attack Ma Teng, and the two became bitter enemies. Han Sui killed Ma Teng's wife and children, and the two fought for years. Eventually, Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao and Wei Duan to mediate a peace.

In 199 AD, Cao Cao submitted a memorial appointing Zhong Yao as Attendant-in-Ordinary and Acting Commandant of the Capital Region, granting him the authority to oversee the armies in Guanzhong and entrusting him with rear affairs. He also granted Zhong Yao special powers that allowed him to be unbound by the established system. After arriving in Chang'an, Zhong Yao wrote to Ma Teng, Han Sui, and others, explaining the advantages and disadvantages to them. Ma Teng and Han Sui each sent one of their sons to the court as hostages.

In the seventh year of Jian'an (202 AD), Yuan Shang sent Gao Gan and Guo Yuan with tens of thousands of troops to attack Hedong Commandery with Luan Ti Huchuquan, the Chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu. He also sent envoys to join forces with Han Sui and other generals in Guanzhong. Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to resist, while Zhong Yao sent Zhang Ji to persuade Ma Teng to support Cao Cao.

Ma Teng dispatched Ma Chao with over 10,000 elite troops, who, together with Han Sui and others, joined forces with Zhong Yao to decisively defeat Guo Yuan and his allies. Emperor Xian appointed Ma Teng as General Who Conquers the South and Han Sui as General Who Conquers the West, allowing them to establish their own offices and recruit officials.

In the tenth year of Jian'an (205 AD), Cao Cao sent Zhang Ji to gather Ma Teng, Han Sui and others to defeat the army of Gao Gan and Zhang Sheng, and kill the rebellious Wei Gu and others.

In the fourteenth year of Jian'an (209 AD), Han Sui sent his son-in-law Yan Xing to pay homage to Cao Cao. Cao Cao treated Yan Xing well and submitted a memorial to the court appointing Yan Xing as the governor of Jianwei.

Taking advantage of the opportunity, Yan Xing requested that his father be allowed to serve in the court. Yan Xing then traveled west to see Han Sui and told him about Cao Cao's advice to Han Sui to come to court. He also took the opportunity to persuade Han Sui to submit to Cao Cao, suggesting that he first send one of his sons to court as a hostage. Han Sui said, "Let's wait and see for a few more years!" Later, he sent his own son to court along with Yan Xing's parents.

In 210 AD, Han Sui personally led an army to attack Zhang Meng, the Prefect of Wuwei, who had previously rebelled after killing Handan Shang, the Governor of Yongzhou. Han Sui left Yan Xing to guard the old camp, while Zhang Meng sent troops eastward to resist. His officials and the people feared Han Sui, so they attacked Zhang Meng instead. Zhang Meng climbed a tower and set himself on fire, dying in the process.

In March of the sixteenth year of Jian'an (211 AD), Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu. He ordered Xiahou Yuan and others to lead troops out of Hedong to join forces with Zhong Yao. However, Ma Chao and nine other tribes intended to rebel and elected Han Sui as their commander.

Han Sui had just returned from defeating Zhang Meng when Ma Chao urged him to join forces with Ma Chao. Yan Xing advised Han Sui against this, not wanting him to ally with Ma Chao. Han Sui refused to listen and instead marched east to Huayin.

Han Sui and his army of 100,000 advanced to Tongguan. In July, Cao Cao launched a western expedition and confronted the allied forces of Ma Chao at Tongguan. Cao Cao's army was stationed at Puban and wanted to cross the river to the west. When Ma Chao heard this, he said to Han Sui, "We can hold our position on the north bank of the Wei River. In less than twenty days, the enemy will run out of food on the east bank and leave on their own."

However, Han Sui refused. Cao Cao was attacked by Ma Chao and almost could not cross the river. Fortunately, his subordinate Ding Fei released a large number of cattle and horses on the riverbank, causing Ma Chao's army to chase after them. Ma Chao could not control them, and Cao Cao was able to successfully cross the river.

In September, Cao Cao adopted Jia Xu's strategy to sow discord among the allied forces. At that time, Han Sui requested to meet with Cao Cao. Cao Cao and Han Sui were old friends, so the two came to the front lines, met on horseback, and talked for a long time. They did not talk about military affairs, but only about the past in the capital and old friends. When they were happy, they clapped and laughed.

At that time, the Guanzhong people and Hu people in Ma Chao's army came to watch, crowding around him. Cao Cao smiled and said to them, "Do you want to see Cao Cao? I am just a man, I don't have four eyes and two mouths, I just have more wisdom."

After the meeting, Ma Chao and the others asked Han Sui, "What did Cao Cao say?" Han Sui replied, "He didn't say anything." Ma Chao and the others became suspicious. The next day, Cao Cao wrote another letter to Han Sui, with many corrections and alterations, seemingly made by Han Sui himself. Ma Chao and the others became even more suspicious of Han Sui.

Cao Cao then agreed on a date for a decisive battle with Ma Chao and his allies. Cao Cao first sent a lightly armed force to challenge them, engaging in a prolonged battle with Ma Chao and his forces. Only then did he dispatch his elite cavalry to launch a pincer attack, inflicting a crushing defeat on Ma Chao and his allies, killing Cheng Yi, Li Kan, and others. Han Sui and Ma Chao fled to Liangzhou.

In May of the seventeenth year of Jian'an (212 AD), Cao Cao executed all of Han Sui's descendants in the capital. He then personally wrote a letter to Yan Xing, explaining that Yan Xing's father was imprisoned and threatening Yan Xing.

When Han Sui heard that Yan Xing's father was still alive, he wanted to kill him along with Yan Xing to strengthen Yan Xing's resolve. Therefore, he forced his youngest daughter to marry Yan Xing, who had no choice but to marry Han Sui's daughter. Cao Cao indeed became suspicious of Yan Xing.

In the spring of the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214 AD), Han Sui entered the Di King Qianwan tribe and occupied Xianqin. Xiahou Yuan wanted to seize Xianqin, so Han Sui fled.

Xiahou Yuan seized the military provisions of Sui Han Sui and pursued them to Lueyang City. He left his subordinate general in charge of supervision to guard the supplies, while he personally led his elite infantry and cavalry in a surprise attack to burn down the Changli Qiang camp, beheading many.

Upon hearing the news, the Qiang soldiers in Han Sui's army rushed back to reinforce their respective tribes. Han Sui, left with no other choice, indeed led his army to their aid, and they faced off against Xiahou Yuan. Seeing the overwhelming strength of Han Sui's army, the generals were greatly troubled and prepared to set up camp, dig trenches, and wage a protracted war. Xiahou Yuan beat the drums and launched a fierce attack, inflicting a major defeat on Han Sui's army.

In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214 AD), Yan Xing was appointed to govern Xiping Commandery. Yan Xing gathered his troops, intending to kill Han Sui and surrender, in response to Xiahou Yuan. They attacked Han Sui at night but failed to capture him.

Han Sui was extremely disappointed and told Cheng Gongying that he planned to retreat from Qiangzhong to Shu and rely on Liu Bei. Cheng Gongying objected, arguing that Han Sui had been building an army for decades, and although he had failed now.

However, they should not abandon the prestige they have established in Xizhou and turn to other places. Instead, they should suggest to Han Sui that they first hide among the Qiang and Di tribes to recruit new followers and wait for an opportunity to make a comeback.

Han Sui followed the plan and retreated to the Qiang region with several thousand followers. Because Han Sui had once been kind to the Qiang people, he was protected by them.

In the twentieth year of Jian'an (215 AD), Xiahou Yuan returned to Hanzhong, leaving Yan Xing behind. Han Sui then gathered tens of thousands of Qiang and Hu troops and attacked and defeated Yan Xing.

Soon after, Han Sui died of illness. Tian Le, Yang Kui, Qu Yan, Jiang Shi and others cut off Han Sui's head and sent it to Cao Cao (some say he was killed by his subordinates). He was over seventy years old.

In his early years, he raised an army in Liangzhou, killing Fu Xie and defeating Zhang Wen. Famous generals such as Dong Zhuo, Sun Jian, and Huangfu Song also suffered defeats at his hands. Later, he joined forces with Ma Teng to control Guanzhong, suppressing Ma Teng. When Yuan Shang sent Gao Gan to attack Hedong Commandery, Han Sui sent troops to help Cao Cao.

In the novel *Romance of the Three Kingdoms*, Han Sui's character differs somewhat from historical records. He served as the governor of Bingzhou, became sworn brothers with Ma Teng, and jointly governed Xiliang. He once followed Ma Teng to defend the emperor and attacked Li Jue and others, but was defeated due to insufficient military supplies.

Later, Ma Teng was lured to the capital by Cao Cao and killed. Out of brotherhood, Han Sui joined forces with Ma Teng's son, Ma Chao, and launched an attack on Cao Cao, seeking revenge for Ma Teng.

After several battles, Ma Chao and Han Sui fell for Cao Cao's divisive tactics. Ma Chao became suspicious of Han Sui, and Han Sui's subordinates secretly plotted to surrender to Cao Cao. Ma Chao discovered this, cut off Han Sui's left hand, leaving him crippled. Ultimately, Ma Chao was defeated and fled, while Han Sui surrendered to Cao Cao and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xiliang. (End of Chapter)