The six-dimensional pictures of emperors of all dynasties were exposed, and the ancestors panicked

Chapter 761: Treaty of Guangzhou

｛The Humen Bridge connecting Nansha and Dongguan today flies across the upper and lower cross-islands, and the remains of the severely damaged artillery positions are still on the islands.｝
{In the Battle of Humen, nearly 500 Qing soldiers died. No British soldiers died!}

{Ah, a 25-year-old youth beats a 2.5-year-old child}
{No need to fight, they are all "dispersed"}

{It was just a complete beating, and the output was not enough.}
{It can be said to be an effortless and crushing victory. How can people today not feel sad and angry when reading this?}

……

Ming Dynasty Yongle Period
Zhu Di looked at the situation map in the sky without saying a word.

Zhu Zhanji took the opportunity to analyze the problems of both sides.

"The British army adopted the tactic of avoiding the strong and attacking the weak in the horizontal line."

"The main force was not placed on the eastern waterway where the Qing army had stronger defenses, but on the western waterway where the defenses were relatively weak."

"Most of the British ships fighting in the Western Channel turned to attack the northwest of Upper Hengdang Island, which had weaker defenses."

"The forts on Hengdang Hill and Hengdang Battery in the east of the island, like the Sand Point Battery, were breached from behind by the British."

“Even the British warships that attacked the East Waterway did not penetrate deep into the enemy’s territory, but only focused their attack on the Weiyuan Fort, thus avoiding the powerful firepower of the Hengdang, Zhenyuan, and Jingyuan Forts.”

"It is precisely because of this that the British army was able to prevail in this war."

Zhu Di shook his head, looked at the leafless peach tree beside him, and sighed:
"The tactics designed by Guan Tianpei before the war were intended to block the enemy ships from entering the city layer by layer, especially by forcing their way through the East Channel."

"But when faced with this enemy force that had no intention of crossing over and actually attacked directly, he actually had no tactics to rely on."

"Although he built sandbag batteries and added soldiers before the battle, these temporary facilities were almost useless in actual combat."

"The defeat at Humen had nothing to do with who was in command. Changing anyone in command would not change the fate of defeat."

"There is a huge gap in strength. No matter how tactical or brave you are, it will be useless and will only increase waste."

"Even a hundred Lin Zexus and Guan Tianpeis could not save the Qing Dynasty."

……

[At this point, all six artillery batteries of Humen Fortress were lost, and the gate to the Pearl River Estuary was wide open.]

【After Guan Tianpei died for his country, the Guangdong front was left without a commander, and could no longer organize an effective resistance against the British troops invading the Pearl River.】

[On February 2 (February 27), the British fleets set out for the Pearl River. They encountered no resistance along the way and reached the river near Wuchung Fort at noon.]

【Wuyong Fort is only 60 miles away from Guangzhou and is the second gateway to the provincial capital Guangzhou. 】

[The fort had a total of 2 defenders. Among them, 22 were Hunanese soldiers, led by Acting Hunan Admiral Xiangfu, who arrived hastily on February and hastily deployed defenses.]

【The remaining 700 were Guangdong soldiers.】

[In addition, a sand ship equipped with ten cannons, a warship "Jie Sha" equipped with thirty-four cannons, and forty navy ships were deployed on the river upstream of the fort, and nearly fifty heavy guns were mounted on the river bank of the fort.]

[When the British warship arrived, it fired at the fort, and Xiangfu commanded the defenders to fire back.]

【However, since the Hunan soldiers led by Xiangfu had just arrived, the fortifications they had built were not yet ready, and the river water rose sharply, most of the gun positions on the river bank were submerged in water. Only one gun in the southeast corner could be fired, but because the gun body was heavy and the soil on the gun base was soft, the muzzle could not be turned, so it could not hit the target.】

[Soon after the battle, the British army took the opportunity to change sampans and land, and headed straight for the fort.]

[Xiangfu led his troops to fight the enemy bravely, but they ran out of gunpowder and were defeated by the British offensive, and Wuyong Fort fell.]

【Xiangfu, guerrilla Shen Zhan'ao, garrison commander Hong Dake and others all died fighting for their country, and more than 500 Qing soldiers were killed.】

……

Song Shenzong Period
"This is really... devastating."

Zhao Xu looked at the smoke filling the sky and muttered to himself.

Wang Anshi pondered in silence.

At that time, everyone felt that they were the "Golden Empire".

What is actually constrained is not only the mind, but also the stagnant military power.

They locked themselves in a space, and only slowly saw the gap until the war came.

But this lesson was learned with the blood of countless people, and even if some lessons are learned, there may be nothing we can do about it.

This was the case in the Qing Dynasty.

The same was true in the Song Dynasty.

This is the case at the end of every dynasty.

……

[After the British army captured Wuchong Fort, they sank the warship "Interceptor" and several navy ships anchored upstream.]

[The rest of the Qing navy ships scattered.]

[On February 28 (th), the British army cleared the rafts and sunken ships on the Wuyong River.]

[On February 3 (March 1), the British warship HMS Vengeance sailed up the river, explored the waterways along the north bank of Huangpu, and scouted the military situation along the coast without encountering any resistance.]

[On February 3 (rd), the British army captured the Pazhou Fort, and then headed straight for the Liede Fort at the western end of Huangpu. The provincial capital Guangzhou was already under the threat of British warships.]

……

Datang.

Four words suddenly appeared in Li Shimin's mind.

"An alliance under the city."

Several ministers listened in silence.

It would be good enough to sign an alliance at this time.

Now no one knows what the British army’s food supply is.

We don’t even know if we have the ability to capture Guangzhou before our food and supplies run out.

The facts of the Battle of Humen have been made clear.

The Qing army will be defeated if it refuses to fight.

……

【On February 1841, the 3st year of Daoguang’s reign (March 3, ), Elliot proposed the “Articles of Agreement on the Restoration of Arms” to Qishan】

[In addition to ceding Hong Kong, Tsim Sha Tsui must also be ceded and a customs office must be set up in Kowloon.]

[Repay 12 million yuan in foreign silver. The debt is to be repaid within three years.]

[Abolish the system of merchants monopolizing Sino-foreign trade, grant Britain most-favored-nation treatment, resume trade within three days, etc., and require Qishan to sign before the 5th. ]

【At this time, Qishan had been dismissed from his post and arrested. On February 3 (March 5), the Minister of Counsellor Yang Fang arrived in Guangzhou.】

【On February 3 (March 6), Elliot did not receive a reply from Qishan, so he ordered the British army to continue the attack.】

[On that day, the British army captured Ershawei and Liede Fort, and Guangzhou City lost its last barrier.]

[After that, the British army successively captured Huangpu, Dahuangjiao, Fenghuanggang and other forts, entered the trading houses, and blockaded Guangzhou.]

【At this time, the trade season had arrived. In order to promote the goods that were piled up on British and other foreign ships, Elliot and Yang Fang signed the Guangzhou Truce and Trade Agreement on March 3 (March 20), temporarily resuming trade.】

……

{In addition to using force to force the Chinese to agree to his demands for ceding territory and paying compensation, Elliot's urgent goal was to use force to threaten the Guangdong authorities to resume Sino-British trade, which had been severed for two years.}
{Elliot, who had served as the Commercial Supervisor in China for a long time, was well aware of the importance of Sino-British trade. At that time, the trade season had already begun, and Guangzhou, as the only port for Sino-foreign trade, had been closed to British merchants for two years. British and American merchants and opium dealers were eager to start trade with China and sell their goods or opium stocks.}
{At the same time, the trade between China and Britain had been cut off for two years, and the demand for tea in the British domestic market had become urgent. The British government also needed to levy tea taxes, but its stock was running out at this time.}
{As soon as Guangzhou opened for business, British merchant ships swarmed in to sell their long-accumulated stocks and purchase tea, which was urgently needed in Britain.}
{By June of that year, British merchants had purchased 6 million pounds of tea alone. Elliot later proudly declared that the British government could collect million pounds of tea tax from this item alone.}
{Although the agreement explicitly prohibits the smuggling of opium and other substances, in fact, this provision is completely a lie.}
{The so-called trade war.}
……

Qing Dynasty and Qianlong period
Qianlong's face was as calm as water.

The opium ships must have followed closely behind the flagship.

As soon as the British army arrived in Guangzhou, opium smuggling ships would gather in Huangpu.

As for the Guangdong Navy, which was responsible for suppressing smuggling...

They were all so frightened by the British army that there was no question of banning opium.

The question now is how to ensure local power while maintaining it.

Let them plunder overseas.

Qianlong looked at the four words "trade war" and had an idea in his mind.

The Qing Dynasty was obviously different from Britain.

They make money by fighting wars, but the Qing Dynasty doesn't.

Once the troops are sent overseas, the financial pressure will definitely not be able to be sustained.

Unless...it's profitable.

Qianlong subconsciously rubbed the ring on his thumb.

Then there is no need to save face.

……

[On March 1841, 3 (March 31, ), Admiral John Boehm, the commander-in-chief of the British army, sailed to India on the Queen and asked the Governor-General of India Auckland to send reinforcements to China.]

【On March 4 (April 14), General Yishan, who was appointed by Emperor Daoguang to suppress rebellion, and another minister of counselor, Longwen, arrived in Guangzhou.】

[On the 5th day of the intercalary March (May 4th), Yishan received the imperial edict issued by Emperor Daoguang on April 4th, ordering him to "divide the route to suppress the barbarians" and "follow the routes of the barbarians from front and back, and attack them with all our strength to prevent them from escaping."]

[As soon as Yishan arrived in Guangzhou, Elliot sent him a note, asking him to abide by the ceasefire and trade agreement. Elliot himself also went to Guangzhou many times to find out the truth.]

[On the 5nd day of the intercalary March (May 12th), Elliot arrived in Macau and issued a preparation order to the British Army Commander, Victor F., and the Acting Navy Commander, Simon H. Simpson.]

[On the 5th day of the intercalary March (May 18th), Hines led the British fleet and Guo Fu led the army, departing from Hong Kong and heading for Guangzhou.]

[The next day, the British warships entered the Pearl River again. At this time, Yishan prepared to launch a night attack on the British army.]...

{Yishan seems to think highly of Lin Zexu, who was tough on Britain.}
{Before entering Guangzhou, he wrote a letter to Lin Zexu, asking him to meet and ask for advice.}
{On April 4, the two met in Foshan. After that, they had two long meetings in Guangzhou on April 13 and 4.}
{There are some revelations in historical records about the content of these talks, saying that Lin Zexu proposed six suggestions to Yishan.}
{1. Try to induce the British army to withdraw from the key artillery positions at Liede and Dahuangjiao, and then take the opportunity to fill up the river, station elite troops along the coast, and build fortifications.}
{2. Check all naval vessels on the ocean and deploy them in a unified manner for war preparation.}
{3. Quickly gather more than 600 old and new artillery pieces of various sizes from various places to Guangzhou, inspect them one by one, and equip the warships of various camps.}
{Fourth, "Foreign ships on the inland river are best attacked with fire." Build more fire-attack ships and rafts, select water warriors, and use fire to attack British ships at night.}
{5. “The battle on the ocean is the British’s forte”, so we need to build strong warships as soon as possible to resist the enemy and win the battle.}
{6. In places like Macau, we will secretly send capable and reliable people to investigate the enemy situation and use it as a reference for decision-making.}
……

The period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty
"Lin Zexu is still practical."

Huo Qubing analyzed these six suggestions.

"He has a relatively high grasp of the enemy's situation."

"From the above suggestions he made, we can see that they were based on the reality that British warships were gathering on the provincial river and approaching the provincial capital of Guangzhou."

"All six suggestions were for Yishan to first try to get rid of the passive position of the Qing army, reorganize the navy, equip it with weapons, find out the enemy's movements, mobilize the people, and take the initiative to attack in order to achieve victory."

Liu Che smiled, patted Huo Qubing on the shoulder, and said nothing.

Huo Qubing was completely confused.

Little Liu Ju seemed to be thinking about something, then he stuck his head out from behind Liu Che and pointed at the sky to Huo Qubing.

……

{In fact, Lin Zexu's tactics were not new. He used sweet words to induce the British army to withdraw from the provincial river, and then blocked the river in the Liede and Ershawei areas east of Guangzhou and the Dahuangjiao area south of Guangzhou, built sandbag artillery forts, and sent heavy troops to garrison.}
{After these two places are completed, we will focus on Huangpu, and finally prepare for the defense of Humen.}
{However, based on the actual situation at the time, this proposal had two operational difficulties.}
{At that time, the Pearl River in the Liede area was about 660 meters wide and more than 6 meters deep, and the river in the Dahuangjiao area was about 350 meters wide and about 10 meters deep.}
{If it is just a simple blockage, it will be useless, because in the previous battle on the Guangzhou River, Liede and Dahuangjiao were blocked, but the obstacles in the water were cleared by the British army.}
{If the "huge rocks" required by Lin Zexu were used to block the river, it is not difficult to calculate the amount of rocks in the two places, and it seems that it will be difficult to complete in the short term. Taking a step back, even if the Pearl River is blocked, it will only prevent British warships from approaching Guangzhou by water, but how can it stop the British army's land attack? }
{The blocked Liede was about five kilometers away from Guangzhou City at that time. If the British army launched an attack from here, the attack route would only be three kilometers longer than the later attack route.}
{In addition, the premise for Lin Zexu to block the river was that the British troops withdrew from the provincial river. But how to make the British troops withdraw from the provincial river was another difficult matter. Lin used the four words "sweet words and inducements" here, that is, falsely agreeing to certain conditions of the British side. }
{Not to mention Daoguang’s strict order of “never mentioning the word trade”, which made Yishan dare not agree to trade with Britain. Even if he made such a promise, it would not be attractive to the British side because Yang Fang and Yi Liang had already issued a note and notice. As for making promises in other aspects, it was even more against the imperial order. }
{If we look at the imperial edict of Emperor Daoguang, we can see that Yishan would never dare to follow Lin Zexu's suggestion.}
{The tactics that Daoguang prescribed to Yishan were to lead a large army to suppress and capture the "barbarian chieftains", and his basic strategy was to attack, while Lin Zexu's tactics were just a conservative plan to preserve Guangzhou.}
{Although Daoguang's order was even more unrealistic, for the military commanders, not carrying out this order was another matter.}
{The examples of Qishan and Yilibu are still there.}
……

Qing Dynasty, Kangxi Period
Kangxi pinched his brows, looking worried.

The emperor is the one who makes the final decision. The emperor is the one who makes the final decision.

Okay, this time it’s broken.

And Lin Zexu's suggestion...

Kangxi thought about it carefully.

The British withdrawal from the Provincial River seems to be a necessary but not sufficient condition.

Only when this prerequisite is met can all fortifications be effective.

The Battle of Humen was a gamble that the British army would not attack from behind, but the result was just the opposite, and they attacked from the weakest part in one fell swoop.

When Guan Tianpei was building large-scale projects on Shanghengdang Island, he did not pay attention to Xiahengdang Island.

However, the British were caught off guard by the
Once they entered, the Qing army was defeated and dispersed.

There are no assumptions in war.

And Daoguang...

Kangxi couldn't help but sigh again.

……

{Lin Zexu suggested that fire attacks be carried out on British ships that entered the inland river. Fire ships were assembled in the Foshan area and lowered downstream in the middle of the night with the wind, and other warships and water warriors were used to cooperate in the battle.}
{This strategy was derived from the pre-war method of "attacking the front and rear and jumping into the middle cabin", fire attack, and traditional naval warfare tactics. Examples of the burning of Red Cliffs were deeply rooted in people's hearts.}
{Later, Yishan adopted this tactic.}
……

Cao Wei.

"From a tactical perspective, there is really no solution. There are generation gaps in weaponry, military theory, and military systems."

Cao Pi squinted at Cao Cao, who had a serious look on his face.

So you completely ignored the four words "The Burning of Chibi", right?

Cao Cao ignored all the strange looks and said to himself:

"But these six suggestions are still powerless to turn the tide."

……

【On the 5th day of the intercalary March (May 20th), Yishan had already learned the information that Elliot had ordered an attack on Guangzhou.】

[So, he decided to launch a counterattack against the British army on the first day of April (May 5st), regardless of the fact that other preparations for war had not been completed. Elliot had already discovered Yishan's counterattack plan before that.]

[On the first day of the lunar year (May 5), he notified the British merchants to evacuate the trading post immediately before sunset.]

【On the evening of the first day (21st), Yishan ordered an attack on the British ships.】

[At midnight, the Qing navy launched an attack, with the east and west artillery batteries simultaneously firing at the British ships in the river.]

[However, the British army had learned of the counterattack plan in advance, and most of the British ships were ready.]

【The Qing army's three-pronged counterattack failed, and the British army took advantage of the situation and began to attack Guangzhou. 】

……

{It should be mentioned here that around the end of April and the beginning of May, all 4 reinforcements dispatched by Emperor Daoguang from various provinces arrived.}
{Although several thousand of them were defeated in the battles of Wuchong and Fenghuanggang, they returned to the camp after the battles. Together with the Qing troops originally stationed in Guangzhou, the total strength should be more than 25,000.}
{Look at the defense of Guangzhou City deployed by Yishan.}
{From the East Water Gate to the West Water Gate of Xincheng, 4,300 soldiers were stationed on the city walls, 2,500 soldiers were stationed in the area around the Sifang Fort, and 1,000 soldiers were stationed on Guanyin Mountain (i.e. Yuexiu Mountain).}
{Five hundred soldiers were sent to Xiaobeimen. One thousand soldiers were left in Gongyuan. Four thousand five hundred soldiers were sent to Yantang area. One thousand three hundred soldiers were sent to Shimen area. Two thousand soldiers were sent to Foshan area.}
{Although the number of troops at his disposal was several times that of the British army, they were all land divisions and could not be used to attack British ships. Therefore, judging from his deployment of troops, he was still defending Guangzhou by land, which did not meet Daoguang's requirement of "dividing the route to suppress the enemy".}
{However, Emperor Daoguang, who was far away in the capital, ignored the tactical difficulties and issued orders to "attack" one after another as if to urge his death}
{From a military point of view, the attack organized by Yishan was ridiculous. The Qing army in Guangzhou had more than 20,000 soldiers, but they were useless in the attack.}
{According to Yishan's report, the troops used in the attack were 1,700 hired marines.}
{According to the Panyu County Chronicle, the force used for the attack was 400 Sichuan surplus soldiers and 300 water warriors, which was even smaller. The method used was the fire attack mentioned above. The target was the British warships anchored on the Pearl River.}
{The "encirclement and suppression" campaign that Daoguang had been looking forward to for months turned out to be nothing more than a harassing battle.}
{Liang Tingning, who was very close to the new Governor-General of Guangdong and Guangxi, revealed in his book that Yishan's order was issued very hastily, and he did not even discuss it with the Minister of Counsellor Yang Fang in advance.}
{Yang Fang, who still fantasized about exchanging trade for peace, was horrified upon hearing the news. He drew his sword and shouted, "We have already failed and the situation is hard to reverse!"}
……

[On the morning of April 5 (May 22), the British warships first bombarded the western fort, causing the defenders to flee.]

[On the fourth day (24th), more than British troops were divided into two groups. One group attacked the commercial district, and the other group landed in the Nicheng and Zengbu areas in the northwest of Guangzhou.]

[At 3:00 p.m., the right column easily occupied the commercial district. In the evening, the left column arrived at the designated landing site, but was stubbornly blocked by the local braves, resulting in dozens of casualties.]

[In the early morning of the fifth day (25th), all the British siege troops landed. ]

[Then, at Yuexiu Mountain in the north of Guangzhou, the British army attacked the Gongji, Baoji, Yongkang (Sifang Fort), Yuding and other forts that protected Guangzhou. More than 2,500 Guizhou soldiers stationed there put up a heroic resistance.]

[In the fierce battle, five hundred Qing army generals

More than 1,000 soldiers were killed and wounded. The British army suffered more than 70 casualties, and Lieutenant Commander Fox was also killed.

[At 2 p.m., all four forts fell into enemy hands.]

……

Qing Dynasty, Xianfeng Period
"It was a complete mess!"

Xianfeng paced back and forth in the hall.

Thinking about it now makes me so angry!
The Sifang Fort was built by Shang Kexi on Yuexiu Mountain in those days. This fort was not used for defending the city, but for attacking the city!

At that time, some people advised my father to remove all the heavy artillery from the four artillery forts and replace them with bird guns and portable rifles to prevent the criminals from using the artillery forts to attack the city.

Well, the British army directly placed cannons on the four-sided artillery batteries and bombarded Guangzhou city!

"From top to bottom, no one is reliable!"

……

On the canopy.

North gate tower.

The general stood on the city wall, his face pale.

Waves of smoke came along with roars.

An old man was also on the city wall, watching the foreign soldiers coming up one after another, unstoppable, and he could do nothing about it.

At this moment, a shell exploded not far away, covering the old man's face with dirt.

He remained calm, spat out the mud in his mouth and said:

"Damn it, the ugly captive is going to beat his father to death!"

The general seemed to wake up from a dream at this moment, looked at the old man and asked for advice:

"Counselor Yang, what should we do now?"

The old man looked at the British in the distance and said calmly:
"There is no other way except to negotiate peace."

……

[The fort was lost, and Guangzhou was surrounded by British troops from the south, north and west.]

[The British army was in a commanding position, firing artillery fire. Many shops on both sides of the Pearl River were reduced to ruins, and the area outside the South Gate was severely damaged. Shops and houses inside and outside the city were set on fire, burning for several hours.]

[Two gunpowder depots in Guangzhou were also destroyed by British artillery fire.]

【When the British army attacked, Yishan and others were helpless and at a loss as to what to do. 】

[On the sixth day of the fourth month (May 5), the British army prepared to launch a general attack on Guangzhou. Yishan immediately sent Yu Baochun, the governor of Guangzhou, out of the city to the British consulate to ask for peace from Elliot.]

【That evening, Elliot proposed conditions for a ceasefire. 】

[On the seventh day of the fourth month (May 5), Yishan again sent Yu Baochun out of the city to sign the Sino-British Guangzhou Armistice Agreement under the Guangzhou city wall in full accordance with the conditions proposed by Elliot.]

[The agreement stipulates that the three imperial envoys and all troops from other provinces must withdraw from Guangzhou within six days.]

[Six million dollars must be handed over within one week for the British to use. One million dollars must be handed over before sunset on the 27th.]

[After the above terms are paid, the British army will return to the area beyond Humen and return Hengdang and all other fortresses in the middle of the river. However, the Chinese side shall not rearm before the negotiations between the two countries are resolved.]

[Compensation for the loss of the trading house and the Spanish sailing ship "Mibayinu" of 300,000]

【Yishan collected 28 million silver dollars within a few days and paid it to the British as "ransom for the city". From the th, the Qing troops outside the province withdrew from Guangzhou in batches.】

[On April 6 (June 5), Yishan, Longwen and others moved by boat to Jinshan, miles northwest of Guangzhou City, to camp.]

[On April 6 (June 7), after the Qing side paid the ransom for the city, the British army returned the forts and retreated to Hong Kong.]

[Yishan and others reported to the emperor that they had concealed their defeat and claimed that the British army was "poor and begging for mercy" and "only asked to continue trading as before", and described the compensation as the repayment of commercial debts.]

[On May 6 (June 8), Emperor Daoguang issued an edict: "The barbarians are like dogs and sheep, not worth bothering with", "I understand your difficulties and allow you to trade"]

[Actually ratified the Treaty of Guangzhou]

[On June 7 (July 29) in the st year of Emperor Daoguang’s reign, Emperor Daoguang approved the “triumphant withdrawal” of the Guangdong reinforcements, and at the same time ordered the coastal provinces to reduce their troops as appropriate.]

[At this point, the Qing government mobilized nearly 20,000 soldiers from various provinces and spent millions of taels of silver to organize the "suppression of the British" campaign, but it ended with an unconditional surrender to the British army.]

(End of this chapter)