History live broadcast: My audience is the ancestors

Chapter 252 Cuju
My charming and short-lived ancestor: Ahhhhhhhhh! That is to say, Go looks really elegant, but I really can’t learn it!

Who in the clouds sent a brocade book: I have a question, is there a chess master like Liu Qi?
Jiangnan is already experiencing mist and rain: it shouldn’t be a problem, right? There should be only one such chess master in China for five thousand years.
I send my thoughts to you and Mingyue: Yes, but there should still be other ways to die. After all, there are too many things that can be done on the chessboard.
I didn’t think about using this as my online name first: For example?
Hurry and the pig comes to the bowl: the incense is poisoned! There will be incense every time you play chess, and a little poison on the chess pieces, perfect!
My charming but short-lived ancestor: Have you read too many novels upstairs? But this is really a good method, but it only hurts others and yourself.
Wudu refuses: Agree!
Seeing them getting more and more outrageous, Su Yue was afraid that the live broadcast room would not be safe, so she had to say: "Okay, let's take a look at the next sport. This one is Cuju!"

The "Ju" used in Cuju can be traced back to the stone ball.

Shiqiu was first unearthed from the Dingcun cultural site about 100,000 years ago, and a large number of Xujiayao cultural sites from 40,000 years ago appeared.

Stone balls were first used as hunting tools. In the late primitive society, stone balls kicked with feet and hollow pottery balls appeared.

Cuju is said to have been written by Huangdi: "Cuju is said to have been written by Huangdi (Liu Xiang's "Bielu").

"Taiping Qinghua" of the Ming Dynasty also records: "Taju began in Xuanhou. It was a drama of martial arts training in the army. Leather was used as a sac, but hair was actually used."

It is said that Cuju originated from the Yellow Emperor and began to be used for military training. Ju is made of leather into a round shape and filled with hair.

There is a record in the silk books of the Warring States Period that after the Yellow Emperor killed Chiyou, he "filled his stomach with bows and made people hold them, and those who hit more were rewarded".

Warring States Cuju
The word Cuju was first seen in "Historical Records: Biography of Bian Quecang Gong". The book records: During the Western Han Dynasty, Xiang Chu, who was a public servant in Anling Banli, was obsessed with "Cuju" and continued to go out despite being seriously ill. He played Cuju and died.

Later, the word Cuju appeared many times in the "Book of Han".

However, during the Warring States Period before the Han Dynasty, ancient football was called "Taju".

"Warring States Policy·Qi Ce" records the life of the people in Linzi, the capital of Qi State: "The 70,000 households in Linzi... are very wealthy and real, and their people all play the yu, the harp, build, play the harp, fight cocks, and walk. Dog, Liubo, and Taju.”

This passage later also appeared in "Historical Records: Biography of Su Qin".

It means that in Linzi, which has become prosperous, the citizens have many cultural and sports activities, including playing, percussion, plucked instruments, cockfighting, dog racing, chess and football.

These historical materials show that in Linzi, the capital of Qi State during the Warring States Period, Cuju had developed into a popular form of entertainment among the people.

Cuju from the Two Han and Three Kingdoms
During the Han and Three Kingdoms periods, Cuju developed rapidly.

First of all, the entertainment Cuju was inherited. There are records of "racing in the prosperous villages and playing juju in the poor alleys", "at high school, bowing and horse riding are the main business, and at home, Cuju is the main learning." Secondly, performative Cuju appeared. Performative Cuju is performed to the accompaniment of drum music.

Performance of ball control skills with feet, knees, shoulders, head and other parts.

Judging from the Cuju performances depicted on the stone portraits of the Han Dynasty, there are forms such as single player Cuju, single player Cuju two, and two players playing drums while Cuju. There are foot kicks, knee tops, both legs flying together, one foot stop, Jumping back hook and other technical moves.

Some people call it "Cuju dance", which is an important program in hundreds of operas.

Third, competitive Cuju appeared.

This kind of Cuju usually has a court, which is rectangular in shape, generally oriented east-west, with a main hall facing south and north for viewing, and surrounded by walls, which is called "Ju City".

The specific method of Cuju is explained in "Ju Cheng Ming" written by Li You of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Round and square walls resemble yin and yang. The moon and the law are in opposition, and two and six are equal. To build long and flat, the examples are as follows: not to be close or distant, not to be distant. If you have a selfish attitude, don’t blame others for your mistakes.

Fourth, Cuju began to be used in military training.

Liu Xiang said in "Bie Lu": "Taju means military strength. Therefore, when practicing warriors, you will know that you have talents. They are all taught and practiced because of play."

In addition to symbolizing "military strength" and training warriors, Cuju is also used to enrich military life and keep soldiers in good physical and emotional condition.

"If the army has nothing to do now, let's play Cuju" is a reflection of the latter.

Ban Gu of the Han Dynasty included ancient football in the category of military skills and said: "The winner is to establish offense and defense."

An ancient note by Yan Shi of the Tang Dynasty said: "Cuju is a matter of Chen Li, so it is attached to the art of war."

Cuju of Tang and Song Dynasties
If the Han Dynasty was the first climax of the development of Cuju culture, then the Tang and Song Dynasties were the second climax of the development of Cuju culture.

First, the emergence of inflatable balls. Cuju originally used solid balls stuffed with hair, and after the Tang Dynasty, inflatable balls appeared (it is said that inflatable balls appeared after the Southern Dynasties).

"Qi Fu" written by Zhong Wupo of the Tang Dynasty: "Qi is a ball, which combines to form a substance. It jumps and makes profit, and boasts and gets the truth. Try your best to follow the rules, and you will be round because of the square at first; you will fill the gaps with your fake hands, and finally it will be full and not full." overflow.

It's easy to make an effort, but you don't need to know how to get started.

It's spring time in the square, and the scenery is beautiful when it's cold.

Fighting and competing, rushing and tumultuous.

Or it may take a pill to move slightly on the ground, or it may fly up to the full moon in the sky. "

Second, the appearance of the goal.

Ma Duanlin said in "Wenwen Tongkao Lekao 20": "The Cuhu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty. Two bamboos were planted, several feet high, and a network was built on top as a door to measure the Cuhu. The Cuhu was divided into left and right friends, with corners Win or lose."

Cuju games with goals are usually played with a single goal and are mostly held during palace banquets. This is a step back from the previous direct confrontation, but the requirements for accurate kicking are higher.

When building the ball, two three-foot-high cue sticks were erected in the center of the court. The upper goal was about one foot in diameter, which was called the "Fengliu Eye." The left and right armies (two teams) with different colors of clothes stand on both sides. Each team has 12 or 16 people. They are called ball head, Xiaoqiu, zhengzhao, toujia, left pole net, right pole net, Sanli, etc. The ball head and the player's hat are also slightly different.

During the game, whistles and drums are used as trumpets. Members of the left team kick the ball first, bump the ball to each other several times and then pass it to the vice-captain. The vice-captain tosses the ball until it is stable, and then passes it to the captain, who kicks the ball towards Fengliuyan. The one who passes wins. The same goes for the right-hander getting the ball.

At the end, the victory is determined by the number of balls passed. The winner is rewarded, and the loser is punished. The captain has to be whipped and his face painted with white powder.

Third, Cuju activities have become more popular.

In the Song Dynasty, Cuju was enjoyed by everyone from the inner courtyard of the palace to ordinary families.

"The Picture of Song Taizu Cuju" painted by Qian Xuan of the Yuan Dynasty depicts the scene of Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin playing football with Zhao Jiong, Zhao Pu and others.

Citizens also often play Cuju in Yujie and Hengjie: "When you raise your eyes, you will smile cleverly on the swing, but when you touch it, you will play Cuju wildly."

Cuju activities were also practiced among women. Many Song Dynasty bronze mirrors have patterns of men and women playing football against each other. Song Dynasty pottery pillows also depict scenes of folk girls playing football.