Time Bandit

In 1918, Russia was just a backward agricultural country at that time, but only a dozen years later, the Soviet Union became a powerful industrial country, and in the subsequent anti-fascist war, with its overwhelming military power, conquered Europe.The mystery of this lies in the worldwide economic crisis in the 30s.

From scratch.

In the movie "Paul Korchagin", we can learn that in the ten years from the "October Revolution" to 19 (20), the new Soviet regime was still in a precarious state. The military invasion of foreign imperialists, the domestic white bandits The riots against counter-revolutionary forces, the resistance of rural landlords and rich peasants, coupled with the interference of Trotsky, Bukharin and other party opposition parties, and the assassination of Lenin and others have made the situation in the Soviet Union have been in sharp class. In the midst of struggle and war. It would not be an exaggeration to use "ten years of war" as a metaphor for this period. Therefore, in the [-]s, it was impossible for the Soviet Union to shift the focus of its work to economic construction. The task is also to consolidate the regime, eliminate reactionary forces and stabilize the domestic situation.

In the above-mentioned "ten years of war" that occurred in the Soviet Union, internal and external enemies mainly appeared as "counter-revolutionary" or "rightist" enemies.Therefore, Stalin has always emphasized "anti-rightist" and "struggle between socialism and capitalism".Under such circumstances, even though Lenin once advocated and promoted some "state capitalist" policies (such as adopting the "New Economic Policy" and encouraging the American oil tycoon Hammer to invest in the Soviet Union, etc.), after Lenin's death, with the With the further deepening of the struggle within and within the CPSU, the policy of "state capitalism" was no longer mentioned, or it became "can only be done, not talked about", so as not to be accused of "respecting capitalism and slandering socialism" hat of.

However, during the two "five-year plans" after 19), the Soviet Union achieved economic take-off and great achievements.

In the "Selected Works of Stalin", there is a speech he gave at the All-Soviet Industrial Representative Conference in 1931 "On the Tasks of Economic Workers".Stalin said: "The output value of any capitalist country did not grow in 1930. In this case, an increase of 2525 is already a big step forward. But we could have grown much more", "—this is Said that you will complete the five-year plan in three years in the basic and decisive industrial sectors". "The Bolsheviks should master technology. It is time for the Bolsheviks themselves to become experts. In the period of transformation, technology is everything." "We are 50 to 100 years behind the advanced countries. We should run this distance in ten years. Either we do this, or we are knocked down."

In the "Concise Course on the History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)", it is mentioned that when the Soviet Union completed the first five-year plan ahead of schedule in 1933, it had already changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country.The proportion of industrial products in the national economy has increased to 7025.

In the "History of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of China", there are several pictures that vividly reflect the above-mentioned economic achievements of the Soviet Union: (1) "Five-Year Plan Completed in Four Years" - reflecting the "Great Leap Forward" that the Soviet Union set off in economic construction " and the propaganda slogan of completing the five-year plan ahead of schedule. (2) "Achievements of the First Five-Year Plan" - It can be seen from this picture that in just four years, the Soviet Union has initially established its own Heavy industry system. It mainly includes metallurgy, agricultural machinery, automobiles, chemicals, machine tools, electric power, petroleum and coal. This is also a sign of the initial completion of industrialization in the Soviet Union. (3) "Comparison between the Soviet Union and Western industrial countries" - this picture is vivid It reflects that during the 133-year economic depression, the major western industrial countries experienced economic downturn without exception. However, the economic development level of the Soviet Union doubled. (4) "The Grand Blueprint of the Second Five-Year Plan" ——In the second "Five-Year Plan" from 1933 to 1937, the industrial layout on the territory of the Soviet Union was already "scattered". No matter in the west or the middle east, supporting industrial systems were established. Especially metallurgy And machinery manufacturing industry can be found everywhere. Undoubtedly, this kind of far-sighted industrial layout laid and provided a strong military industrial foundation and logistical support capability for the Soviet Union to successfully prevent and defeat Hitler's military offensive.

There is no mention of the introduction of technology and talents in various documents, and it is ridiculous to only attribute the economic leap of the Soviet Union at that time to the correctness of domestic policies and the superiority of the socialist system.

If you analyze it carefully, you will know why the Soviet Union became a powerful industrial country in more than ten years, defeated the Germans in World War II, and conquered Europe.

Since the end of the war in 1921, Western countries have unanimously adopted a hostile policy towards the nascent Soviet regime, and strictly blocked the economy to prevent any advanced equipment and technology from flowing to the Soviet Union.At that time, the modern industry of the Soviet Union was still very backward. Not only the production of steel and electricity was far from meeting the needs of the national economy, but also large industries such as automobiles, aircraft manufacturing, chemical synthesis, and large-scale machinery and equipment manufacturing were blank.Relevant data show that until 19, the industrial output value of the Soviet Union was less than half of that of Germany and one-eighth of that of the United States. There were only less than 1 tractors in the country, and 8% of farming was done by humans and animals. In addition, due to historical The reason is that the Soviet Union is extremely short of engineering technology and scientific research personnel, and the quality of labor is not high.

Faced with such a stark reality, Soviet leaders realized that without rapid industrialization, the nascent regime could be threatened. In December 19', the Allied Communist Party (Bolsheviks) held the No.12 Congress, and passed the instructions on formulating the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy (15 (19), followed by April 1933), the Allied Communist Party (B) No.19 Congress and the Fifth Congress of Soviets held in May of the same year approved the "First Five-Year Plan".

At this time, with the collapse of the Wall Street stock market, the worldwide economic crisis quickly spread to major capitalist countries such as the United States and Britain.Almost without exception, these countries faced severe capital and commodity surpluses during the contagion.In order to get rid of the immediate predicament, they do not hesitate to beggar their neighbors, launched a fierce economic war, and competed to dump goods and export capital.As long as they can win orders, they can no longer care about ideological differences.This undoubtedly gave the Soviet Union a large number of opportunities to introduce Western advanced equipment, technology and funds at low prices.

In order to seize this opportunity, in May 19), the Soviet Union set up a "Central Bureau of Foreign Consultation" under the Construction Committee of the Supreme National Economic Council to be responsible for the introduction of equipment, technology and talents.In 5 alone, the Soviet Union signed more than 19 technical assistance projects with Western countries, involving many important economic sectors such as metallurgy, industrial machinery, automobiles, ships and aircraft manufacturing. After 70, the Soviet Union simply purchased complete sets of equipment directly or invited foreign capital to contract construction, and quickly introduced advanced Western technology projects.By 1930, the number of projects receiving technical assistance from the Soviet Union had increased to 1931.

During this period, the Soviet Union became the largest buyer of machinery and equipment on the world market. In 1931, 50% of the machinery and equipment exported by the United States were sold to the Soviet Union. In 130, 70% of the total British machine exports were sold to the Soviet Union, and in 1932, 30% of the world's total machine exports were sold to the Soviet Union. In 1932, this figure rose to 50%.It is no exaggeration to say that in the 30s, almost all key large-scale enterprises in the Soviet Union were armed with advanced Western technology.For example, the three major steel plants in the Soviet Union were all aided by the United States. The largest Dnieper River hydropower station was built in 1933 by introducing American technical equipment and employing American technical experts. The famous Gorky Automobile Factory was built with the aid of the American Volt Corporation.

It is said that Stalin later said with emotion at a party meeting: "In the Soviet Union, about 2/3 of the large enterprises were built with the help or technical assistance of the United States...the rest were mostly built in Germany and the United Kingdom. , France, Italy and other countries with technical assistance."

What is commendable is that while importing a large number of advanced Western equipment and technologies, the Soviet Union also focused on introducing Western technicians and experts.Due to the large number of unemployed technicians in the West during the economic crisis, they accepted the employment of the Soviet Union one after another. In 19, there were 1919 foreign experts and 10655 technicians working in the Soviet Union, which were more than five times and several times that of 19( respectively. In 5, the number of various foreign experts working in the heavy industry sector reached 1932. In The United States, the world's largest immigrant country, actually has 6800 skilled workers and engineers applying to emigrate to the Soviet Union.

At the same time as the introduction, the Soviet Union also sent cadres and technicians abroad to study abroad through "technical assistance agreements" and other channels to learn advanced foreign technologies or collect technical information.In the 19 months between January 1) and June 1930 alone, more than 6 Soviet citizens entered the United States.In order to acquire valuable technology, the Soviet Union established the All-Soviet Scientific and Technical Intelligence Research Institute and its overseas branches, as well as a large number of professional research institutes to systematize intelligence work.

Since the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union obtained relatively accurate information and conducted a highly detailed comparative analysis of Western technology and technological processes, they were able to better digest Western technology.In addition, in view of the large amount of excess capital in the West during the economic crisis, the Soviet Union also took advantage of its favorable position in the international financial market to obtain loans from private banks in more than a dozen countries, providing a strong backing for industrial construction.

After several years of hard work, coupled with a favorable international situation, the Soviet Union made great achievements in social and economic construction and became the biggest winner during the Great Depression. In January 1933, the Soviet government announced that the first five-year plan was completed nine months ahead of schedule.With the completion of the first five-year plan, the Soviet Union began to change from an agricultural country to an industrial country, and initially established an independent and relatively complete national economic system.

While the Western world was in economic crisis, the socialist Soviet Union achieved a series of great achievements.This earned the Soviet Union widespread acclaim.For example, the famous American journalist Lincoln Stephen issued a statement after returning from the Soviet Union: "I see the future, and it works." What's more interesting is that at that time, many unemployed workers in the United States lined up in front of the Soviet embassy in the United States to receive visas.Facts have proved that the Soviet Union's policy of aggressively "buying the bottom" by taking advantage of the Western economic crisis played a key role. In 1933, the Soviet state media declared: "The combination of American business and science with Bolshevik wisdom has produced enormous results in three or four years."

However, on the other hand, due to historical limitations, the Soviet Union's industrial development revolution still left a lot of regrets.For example, due to the lack of talent training, many newly established large enterprises have limited production capacity due to lack of management and technical personnel.When the first phase of the famous Stalingrad Tractor Factory was put into operation in March 1932, it could only produce 3 tractors per day.In addition, although the Soviet Union developed heavy industry relying on imported foreign equipment in a short period of time, it still lagged far behind Western countries in some high-end technologies, and had to rely on imports for many products.What's more deadly is that due to overemphasis on the construction of heavy industry and neglect of the development of light industry and agriculture, the Soviet economy experienced large differences between urban and rural areas, and uncoordinated development of industry and agriculture. All of these later became unfavorable factors affecting the Soviet Union's national destiny.

It's a pity that the Soviets met Ji Qing. Not to mention the influence of the lurkers sent by Ji Qing to enter the Western countries, Ji Qing alone caused the Soviet Union to lose most of its land and nearly half of its industrial production facilities, which was enough for the Soviet Union to steal the West. The results of the world are greatly reduced.In less than two years, the Soviet Union could complete a transformation, but now, it is hard to say.Coupled with the intensified internal conflicts in the Soviet Union and the adverse effects of various aspects, it is impossible for the Soviet Union to grow up in the same time and space as Ji Qing.At least, the time will be delayed by ten years.

But, will Ji Qing give it a chance? !Will the Germans give the Soviet Union a chance? ! . .

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