Hot Wavelength

Chapter 20 (Saturn's Rings 2): The Wheel Spokes
In October 2029, Liangguo Jinshengzhou

The Lingguang probe suffered an accident when it approached Psyche, destroying all its electrical equipment and causing the project to fail.

Daphne Braun poured her heart and soul into the project, filled with curiosity about Psyche, only to be met with a cold and indifferent result.

Michael Max understood Daphne's feelings. Space exploration is time-consuming and risky; even a small mistake or some unpredictable accident could lead to failure.

Michael had failed so many times that he couldn't even count them all, but for Daphne, this was her first time.

Due to his work, Michael frequently travels between Rocket City, Saskatchewan, and the Bright Nation Space Agency Research Center in Kingston, California.

Two days ago, Michael and Professor Braun went to a conference in Golden State, and he persuaded Daphne to go with them to their alma mater for a break.

Daphne's alma mater is Jinsheng State University of Technology, which has a long-term cooperation with the Liangguo Space Agency and has cultivated a large number of talents in astronomy and aerospace.

Martha, being an ever-present reporter, somehow learned about Daphne Braun's schedule. The two arranged to meet for afternoon tea at an outdoor café. After what seemed like casual conversation, Martha leaned forward and asked in a low voice:
"I heard that Michael met with Prince Halofa. Did he mention it to you?"

After receiving an affirmative answer from Daphne, Martha asked again:

"Daphne, my dear PhD in Astronomy, could you explain to me in layman's terms what kind of experiment Michael is going to conduct on Enceladus?"

Daphne knew that Michael's Esbay Corporation had launched a probe targeting Saturn's moon Enceladus, with the announced purpose of studying whether there were signs of life beneath Enceladus's icy shell.

She once asked Michael curiously if the purpose of the experiment was really just to look for signs of life. Michael smiled but did not answer, claiming that it was top secret.

Martha was surprised to learn that Michael was also keeping it a secret from Daphne, and a hint of disappointment showed on her face. This, in turn, piqued Daphne's curiosity, and Martha revealed some clues she had learned under questioning.

One of Martha's informants is a researcher at the University of Sruley in F country, who claims that Nikola Tesla's theory, which has been kept secret in Liang country for many years, can create a super energy source.

A research team from country F studied the structures of all celestial bodies in the solar system and concluded that Enceladus is the best experimental site for building this energy source.

Daphne Braun was very surprised, and for a moment she seemed to find confirmation in Michael's previous words. Given Michael's personality, how could he be content to live a life confined in a Martian capsule?

He has shown great interest in the core of Mars, the water ice beneath the soil, and the dry ice at the Martian south pole. Could it be that he has actually mastered the theory of creating some kind of super energy source?
While Daphne was deep in thought, Martha posed another surprising question:

"Daphne, I can sense that you love Michael deeply. Does your love for him have boundaries? In other words, no matter what he does, will you choose to stand on his side?"

Daphne paused, looked up at Martha, and tilted her chin up as if to ask, "For example?"

"For example, Michael's device on Enceladus might destroy Saturn's rings?" Martha said meaningfully.

“How can that be? No one has the right to damage Saturn’s rings, no matter what their purpose is,” Daphne said firmly and loudly.

Daphne Braun’s Mars burst hypothesis began to take shape during her college years, when she focused on Saturn and its moons while researching and gathering evidence to support her hypothesis.

Saturn is a gas giant with no rocks on its surface, so according to Daphne's theory, Saturn certainly wouldn't explode. However, Saturn has the most moons of any planet in the solar system.

Saturn currently has 149 moons, while Jupiter, with a much larger mass, has only 95. Saturn has more moons than all the other planets in our solar system combined. Where did all of Saturn's moons come from?

Michael and Professor Braun attended a workshop at the State Space Research Center in Golden State to study the engineering feasibility of a lunar mass tumor experiment. During a break in the meeting, Michael explained his Enceladus project to Professor Braun.

Enceladus is located in Saturn's outermost ring, E ring, with a semi-major axis of 238000 kilometers and a radius of over 62000 kilometers on Saturn.

If a base is built on the equator of Enceladus, and a small spacecraft is launched towards Saturn, with a sufficiently long carbon fiber tube attached to the base, and the spacecraft's orbit is adjusted so that its angular velocity matches that of Enceladus at an altitude of 1000 kilometers above Saturn's surface.

Because Enceladus is tidally locked to Saturn, its base on the equator will always be directly opposite the center of Saturn and remain unchanged.

"The carbon fiber tube between the small spacecraft and the base is about 175000 kilometers long, which is longer than the wavelength of superluminal light. That's why you said Enceladus is the most suitable location in the solar system to build a superluminal power station," the professor asked.

“Enceladus is not only at the right distance, but most importantly, it has Saturn’s rings between it and Saturn,” Michael replied. “When the carbon fiber tube receives superluminal radiation, it heats up and causes the water ice in Saturn’s rings, which are orbiting Saturn directly below it, to evaporate.”

Michael emphasized that Saturn's rings, located inside Enceladus, rotate at an even higher speed. The heated carbon fiber tubes wouldn't simply melt the ice along a fixed straight line in the direction of the normal, but would instead absorb water vapor evenly from the entire ring disk as it rotates at high speed. Water droplets would condense around the carbon fiber tubes, forming the structure needed to increase the power of the superluminal power station. Professor Braun, deep in thought about Michael's plan, said with his characteristic rigor:

“Last time you mentioned to Mr. E that Saturn has a natural support for a superluminal power station, I immediately thought you were referring to Saturn’s rings. Your plan is theoretically feasible, but the risks of extracting water from Saturn’s rings need to be carefully calculated and assessed.”

Professor Braun looked at the intelligent and imaginative explorer before him and thought to himself, "What a coincidence!"

After studying Nikola Tesla's theory of gravity in depth, the professor designed another ingenious experiment in addition to the lunar mass tumor experiment, and he chose Saturn's rings as the experimental site.

Saturn's rings are divided into multiple rings, ranging from thousands of kilometers away from the innermost ring to hundreds of thousands of kilometers away from the outermost ring. They are composed of ice particles ranging from micrometers to meters in size, with an average thickness of only ten meters.

The current mainstream theory calculates and predicts the motion period and speed of different rings of Saturn based on the law of universal gravitation.

According to the above calculations, Saturn's rings, this thin "disc," do not revolve around Saturn as a whole. The inner rings are subject to a stronger gravitational pull from Saturn and rotate faster, while the outer rings are subject to a weaker gravitational pull and rotate slower.

The incredible theory of gravity proposed by Nikola Tesla suggests otherwise!

He believed that the gravitational force on an object depends on the strength of the energy it displaces. In an ideal gravitational field, gravitational events are usually abstracted as a central point mass attracting another orbiting object, such as Saturn and its moons.

The above abstraction implies an assumption that the energy intensity surrounding the object comes entirely from the radiation of the central energy source. In this case, Nikola Tesla's calculations of energy gravity and the law of universal gravitation are exactly the same.

However, if the radiation source is not just a central point light source, but also a bright "disc" in addition to the point light source, so that the surrounding object can receive radiation from the central point light source, the intensity of which decreases with the square of the distance, and can also receive radiation from nearby environmental objects, so that the intensity of the energy displaced by the object is the sum of the two.

The ambient energy intensity outside of a point light source has no effect within the framework of universal gravitation theory, but Tesla's theory of gravity would increase the gravitational force on an object.

In the 70s, a strange phenomenon was observed in the spiral galaxy (the Milky Way), which also has a "bright disk". The orbital speed of stars near the edge of the Milky Way's disk violated the law of universal gravitation. It was not that the stars closer to the center were rotating faster, but that their speeds were almost the same.

If the calculation speed is faster than that of the law of universal gravitation, then there must be more undiscovered mass. If the law of universal gravitation is not modified, then the existence of dark matter must be assumed. In order to compensate for the speed difference between theory and observation, the hypothetical dark matter must be 5 to 10 times larger than visible matter. This is the origin of the dark matter hypothesis.

Returning to the issue of Saturn's rings, before 1980, the rotation period of each ring was predicted according to the law of universal gravitation, meaning that the inner rings rotated faster and the outer rings rotated slower.

Because Saturn's rings are made of tiny ice fragments that are difficult to distinguish from each other in a telescope, astronomers still do not know the rotation period of each ring.

The Gibbon 2 spacecraft observed numerous radial structures on Saturn's B ring, called "spokes." The name is quite descriptive; in layman's terms, spokes are like the spokes of a bicycle wheel.

The structure of the "spokes" spans multiple rings of Saturn and is distributed along the normal (direction perpendicular to Saturn). Its rotation period is easy to identify. What surprised astronomers was that the dynamic mechanism of the "spokes" violated the law of universal gravitation. The outer side of its structure is not slower, but rather the whole structure has almost the same angular velocity, like a wheel.

Mainstream scientists, with their exceptional explanatory power, devised an explanation to defend the law of universal gravitation: the spokes are not attached to the ring, but rather suspended above it. The spokes travel at the same speed inside and out, but the ring beneath them travels at a slower speed inside and out.

In other words, the spokes and the ring below them rotate independently, without any coordination. This explanation ingeniously preserves the law of universal gravitation and the dark matter hypothesis.

Who is right and who is wrong? Experimentation is the sole criterion for testing truth!
Professor Braun's experimental plan involved scattering radio frequency markers along the normal direction of different rings from the outside in of Saturn's rings, and then determining the period and rotation speed of each ring by receiving radio frequency signals.

The law of universal gravitation predicts that at each marked point, from the inner ring to the outer ring, the period becomes longer and the angular velocity becomes slower.

Nikola Tesla's theory of gravity predicted that the angular velocities of these markers from the inside out would be almost identical.

If Tesla is correct, the phenomenon of Saturn's ring spokes, which violates the law of universal gravitation, would be exactly the same as the anomalous behavior of stars outside the Milky Way. In other words, if Tesla's prediction is correct, there would be no need to introduce the dark matter hypothesis.

Even more interestingly, bright rings rotate faster than dark rings relative to theoretical calculations. This phenomenon is observed in the Milky Way (and other galaxies) as stars in bright arms move faster. Observations support this prediction because stars in bright arms receive more additional radiation from the environment, thus causing them to move faster.

When the different rings revolve around Saturn, they do not follow the classical dynamics prediction of slower outer rings and faster inner rings. Instead, they exhibit the same angular velocity as observed in the spokes of Saturn's B ring (and in the outer reaches of the Milky Way).
Saturn's rings, this "slab of ice," are like a single "wheel" rotating in sync, with each ring seemingly "fixed" with bicycle spokes that defy the law of universal gravitation!

&
The poem composed of collected verses at the end of the chapter:
Scattered haze, initially resembling meteorites, Song Dynasty, Zhao Fan
The differences between them are significant, ranging from small to large. (Song Dynasty, Chen Pu)

Who can tell when the locomotive wheels are turning? (Song Dynasty, by the monk Zhengjue)

A sheet of ice emerges from the forge. (Ming Dynasty, Zhu Duozheng)
(End of this chapter)