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Chapter 26 History History Humanities (3)
However we are certainly not immune to the predicted temperature and precipitation changes, especially considering that migration to more favorable habitats as an adaptive response will not be an option in an increasingly crowded world.
Vocabulary
Civilization ["sivilai"zei? ? n; -li"z-] n. civilization, culture

Medieval["medi" i:v? l; "mi:-] adj. Medieval, old-fashioned, old-fashioned;
n. Medieval man
dislocation["disl? u"kei? ? n] n. confusion, dislocation, transposition
precipitation [pri"sipi"tei? ? n] n. fall, precipitation, sediment, recklessness, hail

Settlements ["setlm? nt] n. settlements, colonies (plural settlements)

Vulnerable ["v? ln? r? bl] adj. Vulnerable, vulnerable, weak
Practice
What has caused the ruin of Roman Empire?

Translation
In order to confirm the relationship between environmental conditions and human history, scientists studied more than 7200 ancient tree fossils over 2500 years old.

The report, published in the "Science" magazine, said that the rise and fall of human civilization is always closely related to changes in the climate and environment, which is mainly manifested in water supply, agricultural production, human health and social conflicts.

The warm and humid period of summer was a time of prosperity for Rome and the Middle Ages.

From 250 AD to 600 AD, the climate changed frequently, which coincided with the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of a period of turbulent migration.

In the third century, a large-scale drought broke out, and the Western Roman Empire was brutally invaded at this time. In many parts of Gaul, the political situation was unstable and the economy was in decline.

Tree rings are sensitive to changes in precipitation and record environmental conditions and changes over time.

The study also gleaned links between environmental changes caused by tree loss.

According to the study, between 250 AD and 400 AD, a large number of trees were felled. At the same time, the European continent was suffering from the greatest crisis in history, the Great Migration. At this time, the symbolic social phenomena included political change, cultural change and experience decline.

The large-scale logging behavior triggered by construction needs happened between the sixth and ninth centuries when the social economy stabilized.

Scientists also say that unfavorable weather conditions also contributed to a second bubonic plague outbreak, the Black Death, which decimated Europe's population by 1347 to [-] percent after [-].

The researchers also point out that North America experienced a sharp drop in temperature over the same period, which forced large populations to emigrate from Greenland.

With the advancement of science and technology, human beings are less and less affected by climate and environmental changes.

Still, we are not immune to predictable changes in temperature and precipitation, and in an increasingly crowded world, migration is no longer a means of choice and adaptation.

Exercise
What do scientists think was the cause of the fall of the Roman Empire?
Increased climate variability and barbarian invasion
04 The Aphrodite of Melos goddess Aphrodite

The Aphrodite of Melos is made of marble and represents vividly the goddess Aphrodite. This statue had earned it's name the Venus de Milo or Venus de Melos, because in 1820, a peasant had found it on the Greek island of Melos and it was named after the island where it was found.
The statue shows Aphrodite semi-nude and with a robe wrapped around her legs. For hundreds of years the statue had remained buried in an underground cavern. On account of this, the statue had suffered significant damage and it was found in two parts. Later it was replaced together and sent to France, because the Marquis de Riviere had brought the statue and had given it to Louis XVIII of France. Pieces of arms and a pedestal with an inscription, were also found in the cave, but these were later lost and never found again.
No one knows who created the statue of the Aphrodite of Melos. It is probably the work of the Greek artist Alexandros of Antioch. This name was inscribed on the block of stone on the pedestal that was later lost, but this is doubted from scholars because it may not have been the corrected block with the Venus de Milo, so this had erased the attribution to Alexandros. Some scholars had attributed the work of the statue to Praxiteles. It is said that it was sculpted around the second century BC
Vocabulary
Marble ["mɑ: bl] n. Marble, marble products, marbles;

adj. Marble, ruthless
Vividly ["vividli] adv. Vividly, strongly, lifelike, lifelike

Robe [r? ub] n. robe, gown, uniform
pedestal ["pedist? l] n. pedestal, base, foundation;

vt. Put it on the table, add a seat

Inscription [in"skrip??n] n. Inscription, inscription, engraving
erase [i"reiz" i"reis] vt. erase, erase;
vi. to be erased, to be erased

Practice
Write the answer in the blank using the correct word.
1. The Aphrodite of Melos was found on the island of Melos.

2. When it was replaced, the statue sent to .

3. The arms and a pedestal with an were later lost and never found again.

4. 's name was inscribed on the block of stone on the pedestal that was later lost.

5. It is said that the statue was sculpted around .

Translation
The "Aphrodite of Milo" is made of marble and depicts the goddess Aphrodite in a very lifelike manner.In 1820, a farmer discovered the statue on the Greek island of Milo, after which it was named after the island, known as the "Venus of Milo".

The statue shows Aphrodite half-naked, with a robe covering her legs.For hundreds of years, the statue was buried deep in an underground cave.As a result, the statue was badly damaged and was broken in two when it was discovered.It was later restored together and sent to France, since Marches de Riviere had purchased the statue, gifting it to King Louis XVIII of France.Fragments of the statue's arm and the inscribed base were also found in the cave, but these were later lost and have never been found again.

No one knows who created the statue "Venus de Milo".It may have been the work of the Greek sculptor, Alexandros of Antichya.Because the name was inscribed on the base of the statue that was later lost, but scholars have doubted it, because it may not be the base of the real "Venus de Milo", which makes it impossible for Alexandros to be The author of the statue has doubts.Some scholars believe the statue to be the work of Praxitelis.It is said to have been made around the 2nd century BC.

Exercise
Choose the correct word to fill in the blank:
1. "Aphrodite of Milo" was found on the island of Milo.

2.After restoration, the statue was sent to.

3.The statue's arm and fragment of the inscribed base were later lost and have never been found.

4.The name inscribed on the base of the later lost statue.

5.It is said that the statue was created in.

1. Greek 2． France 3． inscription 4． Alexandros
5. the second century B． C．

05 The Acropolis in Athens Greece Acropolis
The boldness and ambition of the Acropolis was funded by the spoils of war, a war that determined the fate of Greece. In 480 BC, Athens lay in ruins conquered by the seemingly unstoppable Persian Empire. At sea the Persian armada of 800 vessels bore down on the retreating Greek fleet who were hopelessly outnumbered. On the night before the inevitable battle, an owl, symbol of their protective goddess Athena, was seen flying through the night sky. Inspired by this good omen, the Greek navy daringly engaged and defeated the Persian fleet at the battle of Salamis. In one of the great naval victories of history, the Greeks sank 200 enemy ships while losing only 40 of their own. The Persian threat had been overcome. The unexpected victory heralded a new period of stability for Athens and her allies. The Golden Age of Greece was born.
A permanent alliance of Agean city-states was formed called the Delian League to defend Greece's new found independence from the Persian menace. One man, Heracles of Athens emerged as its undisputed leader. His ambition was simple: to make Athens a political and cultural capital , effectively creating the Athenian Empire. The Acropolis was to be the master stroke of Heracles' power brokering, a monumental declaration of Athens' dominance in the New World order.
In 447 BC, he committed the new empire and its wealth to its construction. He brought together three unique artistic talents, Phidias the sculptor, and architects Ictinus and Callicrates. Together they imagined a complex of temples and public places places to be ideal class built but exceeding them in scale and perfection. Amazingly they worked without architectural plans or drawings as we understand them today. Instead they were guided by a set of codes and principles dictated by the art of geometry.
(End of this chapter)