The big god's little milk bag is cute

Chapter 210 National Treasure Giant Panda

Endangered cause
Due to the blind activities of human beings, its habitat has been destroyed, resulting in the reduction of its habitat area.Habitats are destroyed and isolated islands are formed, resulting in population fragmentation, inbreeding, and species degradation.Giant panda populations are distributed in more than 25 island-like isolated habitats.The size of these isolated habitats is 205 km30 (range 2384-67 km), the majority (350%) of which are less than 200 km90.The isolation and segmentation of this population is an important factor that threatens its population for a long time. Inbreeding depression in small populations will reduce fecundity, larval survival rate and resistance to disease.Eventually the "island" members will disappear.According to the genetic analysis of the panda population in the Qinling Mountains, there are more than 0.54 giant pandas there, which can form a breeding group of about 12 individuals. The rate of heterozygosity declines from generation to generation is 140%. All will have 1/8 of the same gene, which is equivalent to the relationship between cousins ​​(cousin) siblings.

Unauthorized mining, pollution, and logging and hunting by miners are also threats in giant panda habitats.deforestation.At least 1 hectares of giant panda habitats are harvested each year.Its habitat is disappearing at a rate of about 2.5 square kilometers per year.The population of giant pandas in Shaanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan provinces has doubled, reaching more than 43. From 1950 to 1985, there were 27 large-scale forestry enterprises (excluding county logging farms), and the verified area of ​​forest felled was More than 42 hectares, with an average annual logging area of ​​more than 2 hectares, resulting in a sharp reduction in habitat from 70 square kilometers in the early 31s to 450 square kilometers after 15 years, with a reduction of 13 square kilometers, accounting for 921.52% of the original habitat, and caused the disappearance of pandas in 17528.48 logging areas, and only a very small number of pandas remained in 56 logging areas, and the population declined sharply.

Too much capture.For example, in Caopo, Wenchuan County before 1949, Western countries such as Britain and the United States purchased and captured more than 20 live animals (hunters were excluded), resulting in the population of giant pandas there. Few, and have not yet recovered.Another example is that in Baoxing County, since 50, more than 1963 giant pandas have been captured in just one county.Since the mid-113s, more than 50 pandas have been captured from the wild and exhibited at home and abroad, of which more than 240 were concentrated in Baoxing and more than 110 in Pingwu, resulting in the destruction of the population structure of these two counties. decline.According to the analysis of the life table of giant pandas, it takes about 60 years for one generation of giant pandas, and the population growth is very slow. If they are captured in large numbers, even under good protection conditions, it will take decades to recover.

Due to the expansion of human activities, giant pandas were forced to retreat to the top of the mountain. Bamboo species are very simple. Once bamboo blooms, there is no room for maneuver. Only in 1975, arrow bamboo bloomed in Minshan area, and more than 138 died; in the 80s, cold arrow bamboo in Qionglai Mountain A large area of ​​flowers bloomed. After the disaster, 108 giant panda corpses were found, and 33 died after rescue failed, a total of 141 giant pandas.Pandas have a single food source and only eat bamboo. Due to the destruction of their habitat, bamboo, their only food, has been destroyed in a large area. Once the bamboo is destroyed, its survival will be affected.And the bamboo itself also blooms in a large area, so the reduction of food is also one of the reasons.

The reproductive ability of the panda itself is reduced, its reproductive system is infected by certain bacteria, the egg laying rate of the female is reduced, and the mating desire of the male is reduced, which is also a major reason for the imminent extinction of the panda.Giant pandas only give birth to a few offspring in their lifetime, and usually only reproduce once every two years. There are only two red pandas in one litter, and the female panda does not have the energy to feed them all.The survival rate of panda cubs is low, pandas are more dependent on their habitat, and they are less adaptable to environmental changes. These are the reasons why giant pandas are on the verge of extinction.

Safeguard
1992年中国国家计委批准国家林业局组织实施为期10年的《中国保护大熊猫及其栖息地工程》。工程的实施在本底资源调查、基础设施建设、人员综合能力建设、保护宣传教育、大熊猫资源救护与监测、人工饲养繁殖研究等方面开展了大量工作，取得了积极的进展。工程以建立大熊猫自然保护区为重点，规划从1992年到2002年完善已建的13个大熊猫自然保护区的建设和管理;新建14个大熊猫自然保护区；建设17条大熊猫保护走廊带；在32个县建立大熊猫栖息地保护管理站；加强大熊猫圈养繁殖和生态研究为重点的科学研究。

In 1998, the state began to organize the implementation of the "Natural Forest Protection Project". The western provinces and autonomous regions including Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, including Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces, implemented a comprehensive ban on natural forest logging, canceled or converted state-owned forestry enterprises, and protected rare and endangered wild animals such as giant pandas. It plays a very important role in the protection of its habitat.

In December 2001, as one of the six national forestry projects, the State Forestry Administration launched the "National Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Construction Project", once again listing the protection of giant pandas and their habitats as key protected species. Focus on protection.

The administrative management system of China's giant panda protection is formed by top-down five-level management agencies of the central government, provinces, cities (states), counties and nature reserves.The State Forestry Administration is in charge of the protection of giant pandas across the country, and local forestry authorities at all levels are responsible for the protection and management of giant pandas within their respective jurisdictions.The three provinces of Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu have set up wild animal and plant protection management agencies in 16 cities and 45 counties where giant pandas are distributed, responsible for the protection of giant pandas within their jurisdictions.With the care and support of governments at all levels and all walks of life, the protection of giant pandas and their habitats across the country has achieved remarkable results.The forestry departments of provinces, cities (prefectures), and counties (cities) where giant pandas are distributed have basically established full-time (part-time) protection agencies, and infrastructure construction, personnel capacity building, patrolling, rescue, monitoring, community co-management, and foreign exchanges Cooperation and other aspects are developing steadily.

The ex-situ conservation of giant pandas is a beneficial supplement to the in-situ conservation of giant pandas. It is to use individual giant pandas in the wild as group builders, and develop captive populations under artificial conditions to reach the minimum scale that can sustain itself.When the captive population reaches a certain level, timely preparations for the release of captive individuals into the wild will be carried out, and a benign interaction between ex situ conservation and in situ conservation will eventually be established.A national giant panda breeding and development system in captivity has basically been formed with Sichuan Wolong "China Conservation and Research Center for Giant Pandas" as the leader, Sichuan Chengdu Giant Panda Breeding Base, Shaanxi Louguantai Giant Panda Rescue Center and Beijing Zoo as the focus.

After the captive population of giant pandas has achieved substantial development, the Chinese government timely launched the experimental work of releasing captive giant pandas into the wild. In July 2003, the "China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda" put the captive-bred giant panda "Xiangxiang" into the artificially controlled natural environment for three-year wild training to improve its survival ability in the wild.

In August 2005, the State Forestry Administration and the Sichuan Provincial Government put the giant panda "Shenglin No. 8" rescued in Dujiangyan into the Longxi Hongkou Nature Reserve, and used the GPS collar that fell off automatically to track and monitor it. Understand and master the living habits and activity rules of giant pandas in the wild, understand the adaptation of rescued giant pandas to unfamiliar environments, and lay the foundation for the release of captive individuals.

In April 2006, after three years of training, the giant panda "Xiangxiang" was officially released into the pure wild environment of Wolong Nature Reserve. After testing the results of the three-year training, "training instead of release" was implemented. The planned release of pandas into the wild marks the beginning of a transition from the stage of strengthening wild rescue and artificial captivity to the new stage of reintroduction of giant pandas in the protection of giant pandas.

On October 2008, 10, Shenzhen BGI Research Institute announced that the world's first giant panda genome map had been drawn.It will provide new ways to protect and artificially breed the endangered species, dubbed "China's national treasure," as well as advance other scientific research on giant pandas, scientists said.

In March 2008, the international "Giant Panda Genome Research" project initiated by Chinese scientists and jointly participated by scientists from Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, Denmark and other countries was launched. The drawing of the giant panda genome sequence map is the first part of the project. Shenzhen BGI The research institute undertakes the main work tasks.The whole genome assembly software independently developed by BGI Research Institute and the high-performance computer built by itself played a key role in it.Scientists selected the giant panda "Jingjing" for genome sequencing. "Jingjing" is one of the prototypes of the mascot of the 3 Beijing Olympic Games and has been living in the Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding.

Research has found that giant pandas have a total of 21 pairs of chromosomes, and the genome size is similar to that of humans, about 30 billion base pairs, containing 2 to 3 genes.The results of genome sequencing support the view that the giant panda is a subfamily of the bear family.By comparing with species that have undergone whole-genome sequencing, the researchers also found that the giant panda genome is the closest in structure to that of dogs, has greater similarities with humans, and is quite different from mice among mammals.

The completion of the panda genome map will help to solve the question of why pandas have low reproductive ability from a genetic perspective, so that scientists have the opportunity to help breed more pandas.Also participating in this research work are Shenzhen University, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, China Giant Panda Research Center, Fudan University, Hong Kong University, etc.The research program on the function and structure of the giant panda proteome jointly implemented with Nankai University will also be launched soon.

These few photos are all information about the national treasure giant panda on Baidu, so it can be regarded as a little bit of information.

It's a bit like counting words in water, so don't be offended.

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(End of this chapter)