China knows everything for 5000 years

Chapter 41

The poet's joy and pain shown in Du Fu's poems are common to the common people.For example, Du Fu later moved to Chengdu, built a thatched cottage by the Huanhua River, and wrote a song "The Thatched House Was Broken by the Autumn Wind".The poem says that the autumn rain is dripping, the rain is resting outside the house, the house is still leaking, and another strong wind blows away the thatch on the house. The rain is wet and the wind is cold, making it difficult to sleep, and the situation is very miserable.But at this time, the poet sang: "There are tens of thousands of mansions in Ande, which shelters the poor and the poor in the world. They are all happy, and the wind and rain are unmoved, and they are as safe as a mountain. Woohoo! When I see this house suddenly in front of my eyes, my hut will be broken and frozen to death!" "It is his greatness that the poet has such a state of thought here and now.

In his later years, Du Fu was more desolate and miserable than Li Bai. He put his family on a boat and wandered in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River.In the winter of 770 AD, Du Fu finally died on a broken boat in the river near Yueyang at the age of 59.

Du Fu wrote thousands of poems in his life, and more than 1400 poems have been handed down.His poems have an unshakable position in the development of realistic poetry in our country.

●"Wu takes the wind" Wu Daozi
The period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was an era of unprecedented prosperity for various art categories, and traditional painting also ushered in the first peak of development.According to records, there were more than 400 famous painters in the Tang Dynasty, the most famous of whom was Wu Daozi, who was known as the "Painting Saint".Wu Daozi mainly painted religious murals with the theme of Buddhism, Taoism and immortals throughout his life.He painted huge portraits more than 10 meters high, starting from the feet or arms, and there was no mistake in any stroke of the brush.He painted the circular aura on the Buddha statue's head without compasses, but with a stroke of the pen.The friezes on the clothes of the figures he painted are soft and round, and seem to flutter in the wind, which is called "Wu's belts are in the wind".

Wu Daozi lost his parents since he was a child, and was lonely, relying on the help of his neighbors to barely fill his stomach.There was a folk painter in the neighborhood, and Wu Daozi was so obsessed with the landscapes and figures he painted, he learned painting from this painter every day.The painter saw that he was hardworking and studious, so he taught him his skills without reservation.Wu Daozi was gifted, intelligent, diligent and eager to learn, and he quickly mastered the basics of painting. He kept learning from those around him, studied hard, and asked for advice with an open mind. He became famous all over the world when he was less than 20 years old.After Wu Daozi became famous, he was called into the palace by Tang Xuanzong Li Longji as a court painter.Once, Li Longji suddenly missed the scenery of the mountains and rivers on both sides of the Jialing River in Sichuan. He asked Wu Daozi to enter Sichuan immediately, describe the three hundred miles of Jialing River's beautiful scenery, and bring it back to Chang'an.

Wu Daozi was overjoyed and set off immediately after receiving the imperial edict.Along the way, he didn't draw anything, just played to his heart's content, the familiar mountains and rivers made him emotional, excited, and intoxicated, and thousands of mountains and ravines and thousands of scenes had all merged into his chest.

Wu Daozi returned to Chang'an empty-handed, and Li Longji's face sank when he saw it.Wu Daozi said with confidence: "The Jialing River is already in my heart." Li Longji was dubious and ordered him to paint on the Datong Hall.In front of Li Longji and many ministers, Wu Daozi wrote freely without hesitation, like wind and clouds. It only took one day to complete a picture of the three hundred miles of Jialing River.On the screen, the strange peaks and mountains are as if they were created naturally, like a painter splashing ink on the paper, the clouds, mountains, mist and rain are intertwined, and it is hard to tell whether it is a scene or a painting, making people seem to melt into the landscape.

Li Longji was fascinated by it, and it took a long time to remember it. He asked someone to fetch the picture of Jialing landscape painted by the great painter Li Sixun. He compared the two pictures carefully, and praised: "Li Sixun spent several months painting it , and what Wu Daozi painted in one day are equally wonderful!"

The story of Wu Daozi painting the scenery of the Jialing River for three hundred miles in one day has since become a good story that has been passed down through the ages.

●Majestic Tang Sancai
In the Tang Dynasty, a brand-new variety appeared in the field of ceramic art, which is Tang Sancai.This is a low-temperature lead-glazed pottery fired in the Tang Dynasty. There are several colors, the common ones are yellow, green and white, so it is called Tang Sancai.Ceramic artists in the Tang Dynasty had a deeper understanding of the coloring principles of various metal oxides. They added iron, copper, cobalt, manganese and other metal oxides to the original lead-glazed pottery to make yellow, green, ochre, and yellow pottery. White, blue and other colors of one color or multi-color painted pottery in one vessel, this is the principle of color formation of Tang Sancai. Tang Sancai fully embodies the artistic style of the prosperous Tang Dynasty with its magnificent visual effect and colorful colors.

The rulers of the Tang Dynasty were extravagant and flashy during their lifetime, and they also paid attention to lavish burials after their death. Tang Sancai just adapted to this trend, and the output increased sharply, and was later used in daily life.Tang Sancai has rich shapes and has become an encyclopedia reflecting the social life of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Sancai products are mainly divided into two categories: utensils and figurines.Utensils are utensils used for daily life, including bottles, jars, bowls, plates, cups, bowls, stoves, inkstones, pillows, etc.The terracotta figures are used as burial vessels. There are figures such as noble ladies, servants, warriors, civil officials, musicians, etc., as well as birds and beasts such as horses, camels, donkeys, lions, cows, tigers, ducks, chickens, and mandarin ducks.The three-color container unearthed in the Tang Dynasty has a full and thick shape, round lines, and mottled and brilliant colors on the outside of the body.

"Pen Tomb" by Monk Huai Su

Huai Su was an outstanding master of cursive script from the heyday to the mid-Tang Dynasty.Huai Su, whose common surname is Qian, was born in Lingling, Hunan. When he was 10 years old, he suddenly had the idea of ​​becoming a monk. His parents couldn't stop him, so they had to let him become a monk.

Huai Su has always liked calligraphy, especially cursive script, and studied very hard.It is said that because he was too poor to afford paper, he made a lacquer plate and a lacquer board to practice calligraphy.He wrote and erased on it, and as a result, the disk and the board were written through.He used countless pens, which couldn't be piled up in the house, so they were buried at the foot of the mountain, and the words "pen grave" were inscribed on them as a commemoration.

When Huai Su was 4 years old, he traveled all the way to Chang'an to ask Yan Zhenqing for advice.Yan Zhenqing was also a student of Zhang Xu. He passed on the "Twelve Brushstrokes" taught by Zhang Xu and some of his own experience to Huai Su, and Huai Su's cursive skills were sublimated.When he showed Yan Zhenqing his cursive script works, Yan Zhenqing said happily: "The unique skill of 'Grass Saint' has finally been passed on to others."

●Liu Zongyuan's "Eight Records of Yongzhou"

Liu Zongyuan was born in Hedong (now Yuncheng, Shanxi), so he is also called Liuhe East.He has been very smart since he was a child and can write good articles. When he was 13 years old, he wrote an article and presented it to Tang Dezong. Tang Dezong appreciated it very much. Everyone passed it on and thought it was great.At the age of 21, he was admitted to Jinshi and became an official in the capital.

After Yongzhen's reform failed, Liu Zongyuan was implicated and demoted to Yongzhou (now Changsha, Hunan) Sima.During his nine years in Yongzhou, he visited scenic spots, explored the sufferings of the people, and wrote many famous poems.Among them, landscape travel notes are the most popular. They developed into an independent literary genre in the hands of Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Zongyuan was therefore called "the ancestor of travel notes".

Liu Zongyuan wrote eight travel notes in Yongzhou, including "Shide Xishan Banquet Travel Notes" and "Zumutan Notes", which are collectively called "Eight Notes of Yongzhou".These eight essays are not simply a description of the scenery, but often express the distant meaning in the scenery, expressing various injustices in the heart, so that the landscape also has a human character.He also wrote many fables in Yongzhou, some satirized corrupt officials, and some satirized feudal landlords who exploited the people.These fables are widely circulated, and everyone loves to read them.

In 815 AD, Liu Zongyuan returned to Chang'an under the imperial edict, but was soon excluded and relegated to Liuzhou farther away as the governor.

In Liuzhou, Liu Zongyuan promoted the advantages and eliminated the disadvantages, developed production, set up schools, and achieved outstanding achievements. Four years later, Liu Zongyuan died of a serious illness in Liuzhou, and the local residents built a temple to commemorate him.

●Language master Han Changli

Han Yu, courtesy name Tuizhi, was born in Heyang, Henan (now Mengzhou City, Henan). His ancestral home was Changli, Hebei, and he was known as Han Changli in the world.Han Yu became a Jinshi at the age of 25, and started his official career at the age of 29, but suffered repeated setbacks in his official career.Because of the early hunger in Guanzhong, he wrote a letter to ask for exemption from corvee and tax, and criticized the government, so he was demoted to Yangshan Order.He was almost killed because he remonstrated with the Buddha's bones and offended Emperor Xianzong. Fortunately, Pei Du and others rescued him and was relegated to the governor of Chaozhou.When Mu Zong came to the throne, he was called back to Beijing as the Minister of the Ministry of War, and then transferred to the Minister of the Ministry of Officials.

Han Yu is a master who is good at using language, and his prose language is concise, accurate, clear and vivid.He is good at using ancient words creatively, and is good at absorbing contemporary spoken language to create a new literary language. His prose has rich vocabulary, few clichés, and flexible sentence structures.For example, "Miscellaneous Comments [-]" uses "a thousand-mile horse often exists, but Bole does not often have one" as a metaphor that it is difficult for a talented person to meet a confidant, and "only humiliated at the hands of slaves", which embodies his deep injustice towards himself. "Jin Xue Jie" and "Song Poor Essay" used dialogues, used self-deprecating as boasting, and irony as irony, exposing the vulgar and corrupt society at that time, and showing the uncompromising spirit of an ideal scholar-bureaucrat in the dark reality.Han Yu's "Sacrifice to the Twelve Lang Wen" is known as "the thousand-year-old masterpiece in the sacrificial text".Combining his family, life experience and trivial life, the article repeatedly expresses his grief in mourning his deceased nephew, with true feelings and grievances, just like a long song that should cry, touching and moving.Regardless of the slander of popular customs, Han Yu boldly became a teacher and wrote "Shi Shuo", pointing out the role of a teacher and the importance of a physiognomy teacher.He believes that "no expensive or cheap, no long or small" can be a teacher.This kind of insight breaks the traditional feudal concept of teachers, and it still has reference value for today.

●Bai Juyi is not difficult to live in
Bai Juyi, courtesy name Letian, was a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty.He created more than 2800 poems in his life, all of which are easy to understand and catchy, and he is called "New Yuefu".Every time he finished writing a poem, he would ask women and children for advice. If someone said he couldn't understand it, he would make it simpler.When Bai Juyi was young, he avoided the war and lived in the house of poor relatives and friends. He lived a life of borrowing rice for cooking and begging for clothes to keep out the cold.

After the change of diameter and death, Chang'an suffered great damage, and the agriculture was abandoned. As a result, the price of rice rose.But there are still many people who come here because they admire the prosperity of the capital, but it is even more difficult to gain a foothold here.At that time, there was a famous writer Gu Kuang in Chang'an. Many young people showed him their works.One day, Gu Kuang received a letter of worship signed by Bai Juyi. He called him in and saw that he was a fifteen or sixteen-year-old boy. You can't hang around in Chang'an.But when Gu Kuang read Bai Juyi's poem "Farewell to the Ancient Grassland", there is a sentence "Liliyuan grass, one year old and one dry, the wild fire is endless, and the spring breeze blows and regenerates", he repeatedly exclaimed: "Talent In this way, it is not difficult to live!"

Later, Bai Juyi passed the Jinshi examination at the age of 28, and two years later he became the secretary of the provincial school, the nine-rank official.Tang Xianzong attached great importance to his poem name, promoted him to be a Hanlin scholar, and later served as an admonishing doctor.During this period, he wrote many poems that satirized the powerful and reflected the suffering of the people. He offended people and was demoted as the governor of Jiangzhou (now Jiujiang, Jiangxi).Before he took office, the second edict came, and he was demoted to Sima of Jiangzhou.During his stay in Jiangzhou, he wrote the famous narrative poem "Pipa Xing".

After Tang Muzong succeeded to the throne, he recalled Bai Juyi to Chang'an and entrusted him with important tasks.But he was tired of fighting for power and profit among ministers, and in 822 AD he asked to be sent to Hangzhou as the governor.He built a long embankment on the West Lake to store water to irrigate the fields, which is the famous "White Causeway". He also wrote an easy-to-understand "Qiantang Lake Stone Story", telling people how to store water and release it.

Most of the emperors in the late Tang Dynasty were mediocre and absurd. Bai Juyi's political ideals could not be realized, his will gradually became depressed, he believed in Buddhism, and finally died of depression and was buried in Longmen Mountain in Luoyang.People at that time knew that Bai Juyi was addicted to alcohol all his life, and when he came to worship the tomb, he used wine to pay homage, and the land in front of the tomb was often wet.

●Gu Hong’s painting of night banquet
Gu Hongzhong, born in the south of the Yangtze River, was a painter of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the Southern Tang Dynasty. He served as a minister in the Southern Tang Academy of Painting during the post-lord period of the Southern Tang Dynasty. He was good at figure painting.Han Xizai was born in a wealthy northerner. When he was an official in the Later Tang Dynasty, he was suspected by Li Houzhu.Li Houzhu wanted to know his real life situation, so he ordered Gu Hongzhong to enter his house at night and observe secretly.During the family banquet of Han Xizai, Gu Hongzhong created this documentary figure painting with his eyes and mind.This painting shows five interrelated but relatively independent plots in the form of comic strips, showing the content of the banquet activities, namely listening to music, watching dances, resting, blowing, and seeing off.

There are more than ten main characters in the painting, and they appear repeatedly in five scenes, most of which are real historical figures seen in records.Although the whole painting depicts a large number of singing and dancing scenes, it is shrouded in a gloomy atmosphere.Gu Hongzhong expresses Han Xizai's unrestrained, depressed and depressed expression with his pen like a god, and portrays his emotional world, which can be called a masterpiece.

From the perspective of content and form, "Han Xizai's Night Banquet" outlines the characters with vigorous and graceful lines, with soft and rigid lines. The clothes are fine and hairless, and the clothes are simple and free. History, clothing history, craft history, and custom history provide important image materials and are rare treasures.

##No.20 Series How Difficult Dynasty

●Zhao Kuangyin added a yellow robe
Zhao Kuangyin, whose ancestral home was in Zhuozhou, Hebei, was born in a family of officials in 927 AD.Zhao Kuangyin's great ancestor, Zhao Tiao, served as a county magistrate in the Tang Dynasty.His great-grandfather, Zhao Ban, served as the imperial censor Zhongcheng.Grandfather Zhao Jing, an official to the governor.And his father, Zhao Hongyin, was a brave and skilled military officer, and he became the inspector Situ during the reign of Emperor Shizong of the Later Zhou Dynasty.

Zhao Kuangyin received strict education from his mother Du Shi when he was a child, he was familiar with poetry and books, and practiced eighteen kinds of martial arts since he was a child.When he grows up, Zhao Kuangyin, who is burly and imposing, can be called both civil and military, and has extraordinary knowledge.At the beginning of the Later Han Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin went to Fengxiang to look for his father, who had been promoted to the Commander of the Capital during the reign of Emperor Yin of the Later Han Dynasty. On the way, he walked into the camp of General Guo Wei. , I like it in my heart, so I keep him in the army.From then on, Zhao Kuangyin followed Guo Wei in the South and North Wars and made great achievements in battle, so he was promoted to the leader of the Forbidden Army.

Guo Wei died of illness three years after ascending the throne, and Zhou Shizong Chai Rong succeeded to the throne.Zhao Kuangyin followed Chai Rong in the previous battles, and he was even more heroic. He always charged forward every time, made great achievements, and was gradually promoted to Jiedushi of the Loyalty Army.In 3 AD, before Chai Rong died of illness, he appointed his confidant general Zhao Kuangyin as the inspector Taiwei and inspected the front of the palace, and mastered the command power of the elite central army-the Forbidden Army.

Soon after, Chai Rong died, and his son Chai Zongxun succeeded him.At the beginning of 960 A.D., Liu Chong of the Northern Han Dynasty saw that Chai Zongxun was young, so he took advantage of the emptiness and colluded with the Liao soldiers to invade.Empress Dowager Fu accepted Prime Minister Fan Zhi's suggestion and asked Zhao Kuangyin to lead his troops to march north.

Zhao Kuangyin's generals had long wanted to support him as emperor, because Zhao Kuangyin felt that Chai Rong treated him kindly and could not bear to rebel against Zhou Ting.The soldiers have always respected him, seeing him like this, they dare not force him any more.But secretly refused to give up and actively planned this matter.When the Northern Expedition's Hou Zhou army braved the heavy snow and marched to Chenqiaoyi (now Chenqiao Town, northeast of Kaifeng, Henan), they were cold and hungry, so they camped there to rest.The new year has not been a good one, and everyone has some resentment in their hearts, and they gather together to complain.At this time, someone proposed to support Zhao Kuangyin as emperor, and all the soldiers responded.

Zhao Kuangyi is Zhao Kuangyin's younger brother, and Zhao Pu is an important adviser under Zhao Kuangyin. These two men play a pivotal role in the army.That night, many people braved the snow to meet Zhao Kuangyi and Zhao Pu.After hearing the wishes of the future, Zhao Kuangyi and Zhao Pu immediately sent people to fly to the capital to meet the left-behind generals Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi.Shi and Wang immediately stated that if the army made any moves, they would be willing to respond internally.Zhao Pu has been worried since Chai Zongxun succeeded to the throne. He saw that it was difficult for the young master to control the court.Rather than being defeated by others, it is better to support the virtuous and heroic Zhao Kuangyin, which can save the people from suffering in chaos.After thinking for a long time, he discussed with Zhao Kuangyi and the generals to support Zhao Kuangyin as emperor.But every time he mentioned this matter in front of Zhao Kuangyin, he was severely reprimanded by him.At this time, the morale of the army was so high that Zhao Pu and the generals had no choice but to plan a plan to force Zhao Kuangyin to ascend the throne.

The next morning, Zhao Kuangyi and Zhao Pu walked into Zhao Kuangyin's tent and dragged him out of the tent.At this moment, the sergeants who had already been waiting outside the tent did not wait for Zhao Kuangyin to speak, surrounded him at once, put a prepared dragon robe worn by the emperor on him, and bowed three times and kowtowed nine times to him. Face surprised and said: "How is this possible? How is this possible!" The generals immediately knelt down and shouted: "Long live! Long live! Long live!" Zhao Kuangyin said helplessly: "This is the end of the matter, I just take off the yellow It is also a capital offense. Since all the generals embrace me as the emperor, please obey my orders." All the generals replied: "I am willing to obey the orders." Zhao Kuangyin held the sword and said: "I ordered that the army return to the capital immediately. After the city, you must not be rude to the queen mother and the emperor, you must not disturb the courtiers, you must not harass the people, and anyone who disobeys will be beheaded!" Then, everyone hugged Zhao Kuangyin on the back of the horse and asked him to return to Bianjing and ascend the throne of the emperor.

Zhao Kuangyin and his team returned to Bianjing three days later, and the Chinese and military officials in the court looked at each other in dismay when they heard about it. There was no general in the court who could rival Zhao Kuangyin, and they were powerless to fight. Everyone lost their minds for a while.Han Tong, the deputy commander of the guards' army, heard that Zhao Kuangyin was going to betray Zhou Ting and become emperor himself, so he couldn't help being furious.Return to your own mansion from the middle of the court, and call people and horses to resist.When the news came out, Zhao Kuangyin's soldiers rushed into Han Tongcong's mansion and killed him and his whole family.

When the ministers of the DPRK and China learned of this, they became more and more afraid to oppose Zhao Kuangyin.So Fan Zhi, Wang Bo and other senior officials in the court were asked to meet Zhao Kuangyin as representatives.When Zhao Kuangyin saw the two of them, he shed tears and said, "The kindness that the late emperor gave me was as great as a mountain. Today, I was forced to do this by the Sixth Army. It's really intolerable. What can I do?" Fan Zhi and Wang Bo didn't expect He will be like this, and he doesn't know what to do for a while.It was Fan Zhi who reacted quickly, took a few steps back, knelt down and kowtowed: "It's God's will. General Zhao's being crowned emperor is also a blessing to the people of my dynasty. There is no need to evade it." After finishing speaking, he said "" Long live".Seeing this, all the officials followed suit.

(End of this chapter)