I made science magic

Jerif's eyes suddenly lit up, and he spoke excitedly. "Light is also a wave, a special kind of electromagnetic wave, and it also has certain wave characteristics, so measuring its speed is actually measuring its propagation rate in a certain medium!"

Lin En smiled and nodded. After understanding this, he had understood half of the mystery of the constancy of the speed of light, although the remaining half was the most difficult to understand!

Chapter 540: Our universe has a maximum speed limit!

Following Lin En's explanation, the great wizards present were discussing continuously.

If this is the case, then the theory of the constancy of the speed of light does make sense.

"Wait!" Dennis suddenly noticed a loophole and asked in confusion. "Chairman Lin, if that's the case, then the principle of the constancy of the speed of light should have a premise. The speed of light detected in an inertial reference frame must be a fixed value!"

If it is a non-inertial reference frame in motion, the situation will be different!

Perhaps he felt that words alone were not enough to express it, so Dennis waved his hand and used the [Mage's Hand] to take a large experimental vessel, filled it with water, and then threw a float on the water and tapped it.

Under the gaze of the crowd, waves began to ripple on the calm water surface.

Water waves and sound waves are both mechanical waves, so their propagation principles are naturally the same. Dennis was going to use water waves as an example to point out the loophole in the constancy of the speed of light.

"Now let's assume that this finger is a person swimming!" Dennis put his index finger into the water again, and then faced the direction of the waves, gradually approaching the position of the float. If he was used as a reference at this moment, wouldn't the speed of the waves flying towards him become faster?

A person moving in water naturally cannot be used as an inertial reference system, but Lin En’s theory of relativity does not have this premise. He says that the speed of light remains constant in any reference system, which is obviously illogical!

"If light is just a mechanical wave, then it is true, but unfortunately its special properties determine that light is different from other waves." Lin En looked at the confused crowd and explained. "Don't forget that the propagation of light does not require a specific medium, it can even be transmitted in a vacuum!"

Dennis and others all frowned. This is indeed the biggest difference between light and other waves.

"Is it possible that we just haven't detected the medium of light yet?" Steger couldn't help but interrupt.

"I have already tried this experiment. Unfortunately, this so-called medium does not exist!" Lynn shook his head and showed everyone the beam deviation measurement cantilever he made.

This is actually a modified version of the Michelson-Morley experiment. He placed a beam launcher at one end of the cantilever. When the switch was turned on, a beam of light shot out and was then split into two beams by the beam splitter in the middle of the cantilever and shot to two different directions. Finally, it was reflected by the reflector at the end of the cantilever to the detection instrument.

You have to know that the planet beneath their feet is rotating around the sun at an extremely high speed of thirty kilometers per second.

Assuming that there really is a medium of light in the universe, whether it is stationary or moving at a constant speed, it is impossible for it to remain synchronized with the eternal star revolving around the sun.

This is like the float that has caused the water waves to move. If you test it again, you will find that the float has become closer to the waves in front and farther away from the waves behind.

Although the speed of light is extremely fast, the orbital speed of the Eternal Star can only reach one ten-thousandth of the speed of light, and the deviation caused is also negligible, but for wizards with atomic-level sensing accuracy, it is enough to detect these tiny changes!

"Unfortunately, I have done many tests. No matter from which direction the light beam returns, the position of the stripes hitting the detection instrument will not change at all! This is enough to prove that the medium of light does not exist, which means that there is no fixed medium as a reference..." Lin En shook his head and said.

"If light does not exist in a medium, why is its speed a definite value?" Sternger said in great confusion.

Dennis and others were also very puzzled by this point. The reason why the propagation speed of sound waves and water waves is determined is because they are transmitted in a medium.

To make an inappropriate analogy, it's like ten thousand people standing in a row, the first person slaps the second person, the second person slaps the third person, and so on, so the speed of transmitting force is equal.

If there is no medium, then the speed of light should be fast or slow.

Just as Lin En was about to answer, a voice rang out first.

"That's because light is an electromagnetic wave, and the propagation rate of electromagnetic waves in a vacuum is only related to the vacuum dielectric constant and vacuum magnetic permeability!"

As the voice rang out, four speakers, Anthony, Harof, Aurora and Vittorio, walked in from outside.

And the person who just responded was Anthony!

A group of great wizards including Sterng turned their heads and looked over. While greeting him, they looked at Anthony with envy and jealousy. A few months ago, he was just a great wizard like them, but now he has become a high and mighty legendary wizard and the Speaker of the Wizard Council.

Only Jeffrey's eyes showed no jealousy at all, but rather a bit of admiration. He felt ashamed of himself that he could successfully complete the legendary promotion ceremony while understanding all the strange phenomena of microscopic particles.

Anthony ignored these glances and looked at Lin En and continued to speak. "The reason why I discovered that light is a type of electromagnetic wave was based on the derivation of the electromagnetic equations of Speaker Lin En!"

However, in Lynn's equations describing electromagnetic waves, the speed of the oscillating electric and magnetic fields is only related to two directionless scalars: the vacuum dielectric constant and the vacuum magnetic permeability.

At first he even had some doubts as to whether this was Lin's oversight. After all, any speed must have a reference object, just like the example Lin's first example. The silver coin he fired out could be said to be fifty meters per second or thirty kilometers per second, but the reference objects were different.

Unless, as stated in the theory of relativity, the speed of light is consistent for any reference object!

"That's right!" Lin En nodded. "You can think of the dielectric constant and magnetic permeability as the 'resistance' of space to the electromagnetic field!"

"Spatial resistance?" Sterng and others all thought about this concept.

"The three-dimensional space we live in can be regarded as a membrane. The heavier the object, the deeper the depression it will form in the space, which is the distortion of space-time. The same is true for faster objects..." Lin En explained in the most understandable way possible.

For example, the same thrust can only push an object weighing one ton by one centimeter, but if it is applied to an object weighing ten kilograms, it will fly out at an extremely fast speed.

Therefore, speed and mass must be related to some extent, and from this the relative mass formula is derived.

"As for why the speed of light remains constant in any reference, I guess there must be an upper limit of speed in the universe, and this speed is the speed of light!"

"Because light is always moving at the maximum speed that space can tolerate and cannot be surpassed, even if you are moving away from light at a very fast speed, the measured speed of light will not change. After all, its speed has reached the upper limit of space and naturally cannot be increased in any way!"

Lynn once again put forward an extremely astonishing point of view, using the fact that the speed of light cannot be exceeded to explain why it is constant.

"It is absurd to use a guess that obviously goes against common sense to prove another phenomenon that goes against common sense even more!" A great wizard couldn't help but interrupt.

Sternberg, Jeffrey and others hesitated to talk, and did not agree with Lynn's conjecture that the speed of light could not be surpassed.

Even Speakers Anthony and Harov frowned.

"I think there is nothing wrong with making bold assumptions about an unknown phenomenon and then carefully proving them." Lynn shrugged and explained.

This is no longer a bold hypothesis, it can only be described as nonsense...Sterg rolled his eyes. If the person who came up with such an outrageous theory was not Lin En, the star of magic, he would have been attacked by everyone by now.

Lin En naturally saw the confusion and doubt in everyone's eyes.

The existence of a speed limit in space and the principle that the speed of light is constant are indeed very strange, but anyone who hears this conclusion for the first time will be unable to help but refute it.

However, it is a fact. Like Planck's constant, gravitational constant and strong coupling constant, it is an intrinsic property of space and one of the basic constants of the universe.

Thinking of this, Lin En shook his head again and said, "I should have said before that all magic theories are summaries of the laws of things. They don't need to conform to our common sense, but our common sense needs to conform to the laws!"

"My light speed deflection experiment proves that light does not rely on a fixed medium to propagate. No matter where it is, the measured speed of light will not change at all. This fully demonstrates the rationality of the constant speed of light."

Lynn's answer was undoubtedly very concise, yet very effective. Just like his argument on the wave-particle duality, he deduced the point based on the phenomenon.

Because the facts are there, they can only use such theories as explanations!

"Even so, I still cannot accept this conjecture. A light speed deflection experiment cannot fully confirm the theory of the constancy of the speed of light. Maybe there are other factors that affect the results of the experiment!" Stern questioned.

After all, there are loopholes everywhere in the two concepts of the theory of the constancy of the speed of light and the inability of light to be exceeded!

Dennis on the side also spoke up. "According to the principle of speed relativity you gave, Speaker Lin, as long as I run after the light, then for me, the speed at which the light moves away must be less than the speed of light. Conversely, as long as I run in the opposite direction of the light, the distance between us per second will naturally exceed the speed of light!"

The other great wizards also nodded. They could think of countless similar methods. The so-called constant speed of light and the theory that it cannot be surpassed were like thin paper that would break with a single poke!

Chapter 541: Time is meaningless to light, and distance is meaningless to electrons!

Dennis's words were widely recognized by the wizards, and many of them proposed their own methods of exceeding the speed of light, such as finding a reference object that moves fast enough, or a more direct way is to shoot two lasers in the front and back.

"It seems that you haven't finished reading my theory of relativity, otherwise you wouldn't have such an idea." Lin En sighed and interrupted everyone's discussion.

"Are you referring to the relative formula of speed and time?" Anthony suddenly asked.

Unlike the other wizards who couldn't help but start questioning after reading the first half of the paper, based on his trust in Lynn, Anthony carefully read all the manuscripts, but he became more confused than others.

The four relative formulas mentioned above were what shocked him the most. He saw from these formulas the huge ambition of the Magic Star, which was to unify energy, mass, speed, time and space to construct a power theory that was completely different from their cognition!

"That's right." Lin En nodded, and then continued to explain. "The reason why we can't exceed the speed of light is because this is the problem, because if the speed of an object changes, then the time it experiences will also change!"

According to the well-known speed formula, distance equals speed multiplied by time!

Now that the speed of light has become a constant value, the only thing that can change is time!

"Suppose there is a beam of light flying forward. To different onlookers, its speed is 300,000 kilometers per second. If you are chasing the light at a speed of 150,000 kilometers per second, then the speed of time for you is reduced to half of that for the stationary onlooker. Therefore, the speed of light for you is still 300,000 kilometers per second." Lin En explained by giving an example.

"So the faster we run, the slower time passes?" Sternger's brows knitted together as he asked back. "Then why don't we notice anything when we run normally? Even when we take the train, time doesn't change at all."

"That's because the speed is too slow. Even the speed of the train is not worth mentioning compared to the speed of light, so the change in the speed of time is not obvious..." Lin En shrugged and answered freely.

This undoubtedly explains well why the speed of light remains constant in the eyes of any observer. However, time is mysterious and constant to most wizards. At least in the universe they live in, no one's second is longer or shorter than that of anyone else.

But according to the theory of this magic star, the time of all people and even all matter is relative and chaotic.

"Since the change in the speed of time flow at low speed is difficult to measure, how can we prove this?" Dennis asked confusedly.

"This is also very easy to handle. According to the relative mass formula, speed and mass can be converted into each other, so there are differences in the speed of time flow for large mass objects!" Lynn explained with a smile.

Dennis was stunned for a moment, then he immediately reacted and said in horror, "Could it be... gravity?!"

Only gravity satisfies the characteristic that the greater the mass, the higher the strength, and at the same time it exists in any substance!

"Yes, it's gravity!" Lin En nodded. "Time and space are one and the same. They are inseparable. Distortion in space will naturally cause changes in the speed of time."

"I have already verified this." Lynn took out a quartz clock and placed it on the table, then spoke again.

"I tried to create the largest gravitational field within my capabilities and placed this quartz clock inside it. Now the time indicated by it is about 0.03 seconds slower than the outside world!"

0.03 seconds? Are you sure there is something wrong with the quartz clock? Steger looked strange and opened his mouth, but finally closed it. It was impossible for this magic star not to consider such a simple question. He only needed to experiment a few more times to find out. It was impossible for the problem to go wrong every time.

The quartz clock invented by Sean has now become an indispensable experimental tool for every wizard. This thing can be accurate to one eighty-thousandth of a second. It has been running for several months and has never made a mistake!

Speakers such as Harof and Anthony, as well as a few great wizards who had come into contact with the time and space gate, could not help but think of foreign lands.

The world outside the space-time gate has a time flow rate difference of seven times that of the Eternal Star where they are. Does that mean that the world where the other party is located is moving faster than theirs, so time passes more slowly?

"Speaker Lin, shouldn't space and time exist independently of each other?" Jeffrey asked puzzledly.

In his view, space is space and time is time, and the boundaries between the two are clear.

If the two are related, then the constant passage of time means that space is also constantly moving, doesn't it?

"Jeffrey, what do you think time is?" Lynn asked.

Jeffrey frowned and thought for a while, but he couldn't come up with a sufficiently appropriate answer for a long time. The other wizards also began to think about it.

Lin En didn't wait too long before explaining. "In my opinion, time is actually the manifestation of the eternal movement of matter, the continuity of change, and the order of the matter! There is nothing magical about it. It is just a name we created to conveniently describe the state of matter movement!"

"You might as well imagine this: if all the elements in the universe were to stagnate, what would the meaning of time be? Everything would be frozen in place, unable to move, and not even able to think..."

Therefore, the so-called four-dimensional space-time universe can also be explained as a moving three-dimensional space universe!

"Since time is an abstract manifestation of the continuous movement of matter, the trajectory of movement can certainly be distorted!" Lin En looked at the wizards present and said solemnly.

"According to the equation of mass and gravity, combined with the speed-equivalent-to-mass formula of relativity, when an object's speed reaches the speed of light, its time has already stopped. This is why I dare to say that the speed of light cannot be surpassed!"

Lin En's voice was not loud, but when it reached the ears of every wizard, it was like a huge bell, shaking their hearts.