But despite this, this "freedom rider movement" to the southern toilets was generally a less than perfect success.
None of the "freedom passengers" who headed south with the determination to die died, and the policy of racial segregation was finally broken in practice.
In reality, the racial segregation laws in the Southern states were declared illegal by the Supreme Court as early as 1950. However, due to numerous obstacles, it wasn't until the 1961 "Freedom Rider Movement" that black people, who traveled to restrooms in the South, actually broke through the segregation laws.
Mr. Lu Xun once said that in old China, even moving a table would result in bloodshed. Similarly, in old America, black people had to fight hard to go to the toilet.
Afterwards, Attorney General Robert Kennedy issued regulations requiring that airports, bus stations, and train stations should not implement racial segregation measures.
After a lengthy administrative process, the ordinance was finally enacted in late September 1961. Although a few cities refused to enforce it, claiming it violated local laws, and the Department of Justice prosecuted these cities, the vast majority of cities tacitly complied with the new ordinance.
From then on, the words "white" and "colored" would no longer be seen in waiting rooms and station toilets across the United States.
Although countless racial segregation trenches still existed in reality, whites and blacks were finally able to use the same public toilets.
In fact, the airlines, bus companies, and passenger rail companies that enforced racial segregation were the most resentful of the apartheid system, because it forced them to have double the number of toilets and waiting rooms, and they couldn't even hire black cleaners to clean the white toilets.
Southern states would simply impose segregation requirements on these companies—requirements that the Supreme Court had ruled were illegal—without providing a penny of compensation.
So, for these companies, apartheid was essentially a form of unpaid hard labor, enforced reluctantly and under duress.
Now that everything can finally be based on money, the bosses, managers and shareholders of these companies feel like they have been freed from shackles.
In short, apartheid, based purely on skin color and openly enforced, appears at first glance to be as unbreakable as the Iron Curtain of the Cold War. However, when truly challenged, it collapses like straw, easily shattered by a push or a poke. It even creates the illusion of a "wall falling, everyone pushes it down."
——Which capitalist country is willing to persist in a racial discrimination policy that does not bring any benefits to capitalists but instead brings troubles?
In this way, the racial segregation system that had lasted for nearly a hundred years in the southern states of the United States was shattered by President Kennedy with one blow, easily creating a big hole.
President Kennedy was also very proud of this, believing that this was a great political achievement that would go down in history.
You know, at the Vienna Summit in June 1961, Khrushchev mocked the American apartheid system and asked President Kennedy to stop talking about human rights and freedom after white and black people in the United States could use the same public toilets.
President Kennedy was in a very awkward position regarding this topic, as he could neither deny the existence of racial segregation in the United States, nor say that black people lived happier lives under racial segregation, nor could he say that racial segregation and discrimination were traditional American customs that had nothing to do with human rights and freedom.
Is it true that the Ku Klux Klan's barbecues of black people and their practice of human blood sacrifice are also traditional American customs? Should we demand the world's respect and understanding?
Well, maybe the American "humanoid" president in a few decades will
They can really say things like, for example, that nuclear wastewater is good for health. They can also expel certain people from human rights, applaud the massacre of civilians, package genocide as "collective euthanasia," and declare that "death is the highest form of humanitarianism."
But the current President Kennedy is still too anthropomorphic, not thick-skinned enough, and cannot bring himself to say some words that distort right and wrong.
So much so that on the issue of racial segregation, the American president was left speechless by the Soviets.
If he met Khrushchev again now, President Kennedy would be able to straighten his back and proudly declare that the American concept of human rights and freedom is by no means false - after several months of hard work, he finally allowed white and black Americans to use the same public restroom!
In short, in the fall of 1961, President Kennedy was still very satisfied with his political achievements.
In his first year in office, he entered the White House shouting the slogan "New Frontier." Although he didn't conquer the moon, he did send troops to enforce justice abroad, easily conquering the Dominican Republic. He also dispatched black groups to invade public restrooms in southern states, breaking down racial segregation.
——The first group of black freedom riders acted spontaneously, but the second group of black freedom riders who followed were sent at the behest of the Kennedy brothers.
In the eyes of the Kennedy brothers, they had successfully defeated the timid Southern racists through a single act of "performance art" and had thoroughly understood their true strengths and weaknesses. How could this not make the young President Kennedy full of confidence and eager to achieve even greater success the following year?
So, after being flattered by everyone and drinking a few more glasses of wine, President Kennedy seemed a little dizzy and publicly declared that he would continue to change the United States, further support the American civil rights movement, wipe out the remnants of the racial segregation system, force the southern states to recognize the authority of the Supreme Court, and allow American people of color and "inferior whites" to study in the same school with "superior whites", etc.
Well, right now the United States has only desegregated transportation companies, and it hasn’t completely desegregated schools.
And in order to allow black people to enter white schools, the United States will have to continue to bleed...
But this is indeed necessary bloodshed. If the United States cannot even break the racial segregation system in schools, how can it, which is determined to be the leader of the blue planet, attract students from countries of color to study in the United States and thus cultivate pro-American factions all over the world?
——Since you want to be a universal empire, you cannot insist on the bloodline purity of the nation-state, and you must take ruthless action against the main ethnic group!
At the same time, Kennedy also vowed that after winning the Dominican Campaign, the next most important overseas target of the United States would be Cuba. He would definitely fulfill his campaign promises, take steps to resolve the Cuban issue, and would never leave this trouble until his second term!
Well, although it is rumored that the Cuban mercenaries of the 2506th Brigade have expanded their recruitment in the Dominican Republic, and the CIA used the property left by the "benefactor of the motherland" Trujillo to expand the size of this private army to more than 5,000 people, its ability to march and fight has also been trained in the Dominican Republic.
However, the Caribbean Sea is currently in the tropical rainy season, and any large-scale military operations cannot be carried out in the heavy rain and mud.
By the time the rainy season ended, it was already the end of the year. Americans were all thinking about celebrating Christmas and New Year happily, and no one wanted to go to war at this time.
Therefore, if President Kennedy wants to send troops to Cuba and overthrow the Castro regime, he will have to wait until February or March next year at the earliest.
The problem is that there were only a few dozen T-34 tanks on the island of Cuba in 1961. But by 1962, there were nuclear bombs on the island of Cuba!
I wonder if the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 would still come as scheduled on this timeline that avoids the Battle of the Bay of Pigs?
This was the peak and turning point of the Cold War, and the closest moment for mankind to nuclear war in the 20th century!
It would be such a pity if this much-talked-about clash between the two superpowers were averted because of the postponement of the invasion of Cuba.
The United States and the Soviet Union ultimately had to walk on the brink of nuclear war in order to leave a deep impression on the world and make mankind understand the value of peace!
——As a professional fun-loving person, Firi thought so heartlessly, turned away from the president, and prepared to eat something to fill his stomach.
Like any party, there were several long tables covered with snow-white linen and neatly arranged meals at the edge of the dance floor.
Fili leaned over to take a look - bacon rolls, poutine and cheese fries, maple syrup waffles... well, the classic American high-calorie fast food three-piece set.
Although it was a party to entertain President Kennedy, there didn't seem to be any delicacies on the table.
However, people come here not to eat and drink, but to participate in social activities.
It is enough to have some ordinary snacks to fill the stomach and a few glasses of low-alcohol wine to moisten the throat.
If we really want to find a few chefs, set up the stove, and show off their cooking skills on the spot, it would not be very appropriate, as it would feel like the guests are taking the spotlight.
He reached over and was about to pick up a bacon roll when he heard an unfamiliar female voice next to his ear.
"Hello? Excuse me, are you Mr. Ferry King?"
"Yes, I am. May I ask who you are, miss?"
Fili turned around when he heard the voice and saw a pretty girl with short bob hair holding a glass of sparkling wine.
He looked at himself curiously, and at first glance, he seemed a little familiar. But after thinking carefully for a long time, he still couldn't remember who the other person was, so he had no choice but to ask back.
"Ah, I'm Nancy D'Alessandro. I just flew from Washington to Los Angeles today to attend the party..."
Author's words: PS: The so-called urban management dismantling Gundams with bare hands is just a joke, but the Palestinian guerrillas can really dismantle tanks with bare hands.
It is clear that only when faced with desperate situations can the true quality of an organization be revealed, and warriors with both courage and strategy are always worthy of praise.
In addition, just as Europe’s high-profile green environmental protection can be extinguished in an instant, humanitarian ideas can also be abandoned in an instant.
In a few years, perhaps, massacring a city and annihilating a clan will become "a necessary means of educating the barbarians."
Therefore, ideological stamps are absolutely unacceptable.
Chapter 83: Chatting and Laughing with the Gangster Lady
As we all know, despite its relentless rhetoric about equality, freedom, and human rights, the United States remains an "aristocratic republic" where aristocratic families dominate politics and the economy. While there are no overtly established aristocratic titles, countless powerful and deeply rooted aristocratic families exist.
It's just that due to the relatively short history of the United States, the history of aristocratic families is only a hundred or two hundred years at most, far less than the long history of the aristocratic families in Germany and Britain. At first glance, there seems to be a false sense of commonality, without the excessive pretense and red tape of the European aristocracy.
Before World War II, the largest aristocratic group that dominated American politics was the Anglo-Saxon Protestant "Boston Brahmins".
They are at the top of the American power pyramid and are the leaders of the first group of people who immigrated to the New England states in the northeastern United States.
That is to say, in the myth of the founding of the United States, the descendants of the so-called "Mayflower" immigrant ship are equivalent to the "descendants of God" of other ethnic groups.
——The Adams family, which produced two presidents and one vice president, the Roosevelt family, which produced two presidents, and the Bush family, which later moved south to Texas and produced two presidents and several congressmen, are all members of the "Boston Brahmin" group.
Before the Civil War, the American political arena was dominated by the "Boston Brahmins" in the North and the "Virginia Dynasty" in the South.
It can be roughly compared to the confrontation between the two major factions of Choshu and Satsuma after the Meiji Restoration in Japan.
After the Civil War, the Virginia dynasty collapsed, and the Boston Brahmins monopolized power in the United States for nearly a hundred years.
From the Civil War until the early Cold War, every American president was either a member of the Boston Brahmins or their vassal agents.
The Kennedy family was originally vassal and hanger-on of the Boston Brahmins, working for the Roosevelt family.
But soon, President Kennedy's father, Kennedy Sr., discovered that because of his family's Irish origin and Catholic faith, he would always be an outsider among the "Boston Brahmins" composed of British white Protestants, and it would be difficult for him to truly integrate into the group.
In most cases, they are the ones who do the hard work and are left out when it comes to rewards. It is already the most they can get if they can get some leftovers.
In the eyes of the "Boston Brahmins", even the Dutch and German Protestants were more "their own people" than the Irish.
Therefore, starting after World War II, the Kennedy family gradually parted ways with the "Boston Brahmins" in the New England states, and instead contacted other local tyrants who were excluded because of their blood, ethnicity and beliefs, and joined forces to fight against the Boston Brahmins who represented traditional American whites.
In order to deal with the Boston Brahmins who have monopolized power in Washington for nearly a hundred years, the Kennedy family must achieve national unity to have any hope of success.
The Kennedys' Irish heritage naturally formed their core base. The Jews, who controlled the media and Wall Street, were key allies they desperately needed to win over (Jewish influence in the media was already extensive at the time). Attorney General Robert Kennedy, under the banner of the "Civil Rights Movement," sought the support of black groups, thereby encouraging these black people, who yearned for equality, to fight tooth and nail at the forefront.
President John F. Kennedy himself focused his public relations efforts on Italian immigrants in the United States—after all, they were all Catholics!
The D'Alessandro family from Italy was one of the supporters that President Kennedy tried hard to win over.
This Italian immigrant family is a local tycoon in Maryland. They have been operating in Baltimore for a long time and have considerable influence.
Baltimore's Little Italy is an early Italian immigrant community. Starting in 1820, approximately 550 million Italians immigrated to the United States, hoping to reach the Statue of Liberty. Among them was the D'Alessandro family from southern Italy.
Unlike the scattered new immigrants in the 21st century, early immigrants generally had strong family values. After arriving in the New World, they liked to live in groups, establish their own communities and spheres of influence, exclude other ethnic groups, and then elect their own political representatives.
The D'Alessandro family of 245 Albemarle Street stood out in the game among their own clan and became the power center of the Italian community.
The current patriarch, Thomas D'Alessandro II, served as Baltimore's mayor for twelve years, beginning in 1947, and also served five terms as a member of Congress. Throughout Baltimore, he was held in high esteem, known as "Old Tommy."
Well, when you hear this name, does it remind you of the classic American gangster movie "The
father"?
Yes, the D'Alessandro family is a real Italian mafia family.
In the American arena, politics is not just about beautiful slogans on flyers, but also represents actual work, life and welfare issues. If a group of Italians from a foreign country want to live decently in the New World and not be bullied and blackmailed, they have to have some tricks up their sleeves.
These include both elections and political activities in the white world as well as assassinations and fights in the underworld.
Similarly, the Kennedy family also came from the Irish Mafia, and was even an elder of the D'Alessandro family.
——Before the rise of the Italian mafia, the most powerful gang in the American underworld throughout the 19th century and the early 20th century was actually the Irish gang.
During the Civil War, Irish gangs even launched the "New York Draft Riots," defeating the garrison and police and occupying most of the city. President Lincoln urgently mobilized cruisers to bombard New York. After four days of fighting, he finally recaptured the largest city in the United States.
Logically speaking, the Irish mafia that committed such a heinous crime should have been a thorn in the side of the government.
The problem is that the United States is essentially a collection of confederations, where power is distributed according to the cause and the strongest prevail. Since Lincoln's assassination, the federal government has not even dared to investigate the remnants of the Confederate Army. It was even less willing to pursue the "disease at its core" Irish gangs.
So, how did the Italians come from behind and surpass the Irish, who were full of martial ethics, to make a name for themselves in the American underworld?
It's very simple, because the Irish voluntarily gave up the underworld business, gradually cleaned themselves up and entered politics, and joined the upper class.
For example, the Kennedy family, which initially made its fortune in the smuggling business, gradually whitewashed themselves in the early 20th century and transformed themselves into business tycoons.
As traditional Irish mafia families have successively whitewashed themselves and entered politics, a large space for underworld business has been left.
Therefore, the Italian gangs in the United States rose rapidly during the Prohibition era in the early 20th century and replaced the ecological niche of the Irish gangs.
In addition to the "Old Ones" Irish and the "New Bosses" Italians, Jews also occupied half of the American Mafia in the first half of the 20th century. Basically, the low-end violent work of fighting and killing was done by Italians; the high-end technical work of money laundering and fraud was the domain of Jews; the whitewashed Irish mainly provided political protection and used this to make profits from the underworld business.
There were struggles and alliances between the Irish, Italians and Jews, who together formed the American Mafia.
Of course, the "Boston Brahmins" on the other side also have their own thugs and black gloves, that is the famous Ku Klux Klan.
——The original group of the Ku Klux Klan were indeed the remnants of the Confederate Army who refused to surrender after the Civil War, just as described in "Gone with the Wind".
However, this group of original and authentic KKK members were only active for a few years and disappeared as the post-war order was restored.
As for the second generation of the Ku Klux Klan that revived after entering the 20th century, they were the thugs of the "Boston Brahmins".
The second generation of the Ku Klux Klan, claiming to be "the best and purest Americans", was extremely hostile to new immigrants and claimed to want to "cleans America". Their main targets were blacks, Jews and Catholics (the Irish, Italians, French and Latin Americans were all Catholics).
Well, in later film and television works, the Ku Klux Klan seems to be a violent and murderous group that specializes in burning black people to death.
But in fact, after the KKK's rebirth in the 20th century, its first lynching was of a Jew: a Jewish immigrant named Frank, suspected of murdering a white girl. While the police were still questioning him, a group of masked Klansmen burst into the police station with guns, abducted Frank, and killed him in front of the police and lawyers. They then hung Frank's body from a tree, took photos of it, and made postcards that were sold nationwide.
According to the KKK's anti-Semitic conspiracy theory, Jews are using all means to occupy the United States and destroy the country's original freedom and order. They represent "real Americans" and have an obligation to purify American society and destroy the terrible "Jewish conspiracy."
As for the Ku Klux Klan burning black people, it was actually just a side effect of anti-Semitism, just like Nazi Germany stuffed Jews into gas chambers and made them into lampshades and soap, and also made many Gypsies into soap - but the latter has been almost completely forgotten.
Of course, due to well-known reasons, the media propaganda in later generations intentionally or unintentionally concealed the content of the KKK's activities against Jews and Catholics, and only focused on highlighting the KKK's deeds in persecuting blacks.
The century-long fight between the Mafia and the Ku Klux Klan constitutes the historical hidden line of the underground struggle in American society in the 20th century.
Don't think this is just a Hong Kong gangster-style slashing game with machetes. In fact, this is actually a high-end bloody game.
For example, President Kennedy's family was indeed from the Mafia, but President Truman even joined the Ku Klux Klan himself!
——From this we can see that the setting in "Cyberpunk 2077" that the prince of Arasaka Corporation is involved in the underworld also has a historical prototype. There really was a gangster president in the United States!
The decline and fall of the Ku Klux Klan also means that the Anglo-Saxon people, who claim to be "real Americans", have been squeezed out of the center of the historical stage.
In short, after uniting the Irish, Italians and Jews
After gaining the power of the people and using the black community as cannon fodder, President Kennedy has become the de facto leader of the American Mafia. There is no other way. In the mid-twentieth century, all powerful Irish and Italian families had some underworld background, so President Kennedy had no choice.
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