The Heroic Age of the Late Qing Dynasty

Oyama Iwao couldn't help but think about whether there was any connection between the Russian offensive on the front and the troops attacking Fengtian this time? Were they coordinating with each other? Had they colluded?

People are like this, afraid of falling into unrealistic fantasies. Japan itself likes to launch surprise attacks and undeclared wars. It is absolutely impossible to expect them not to judge others by their own standards.

As a small island nation and a late-developing industrial nation, Japan, without any colonies, wanted to emulate the British Empire. This meant maintaining both a large navy to ensure the security of its homeland and an elite army to expand its empire. Consequently, Japan's military expenditures were enormous. However, Japan lacked resources, and its land was barren and its people were poor. Consequently, disputes over land and sea were a long-standing issue, with both sides vying for supremacy and disliking each other. Ultimately, the issue was a shortage of resources, with too many wolves and too little meat.

While Fengtian was crucial at this time, the front line against Russia was also clearly crucial. The Empire of Japan had just won the Battle of Tsushima, and its navy was unrivaled. Therefore, the Imperial Army absolutely could not yield to the Russians in land warfare, otherwise, the Imperial Japanese Army would be humiliated by the navy. Originally, troops would have been deployed to the Russo-Japanese conflict, but this was unnecessary. En route to the front, they would pass through Fengtian, and the issue of Fengtian could be resolved by these reinforcements! Therefore, seeing no contradiction at all, Ōyama Iwao immediately abandoned the idea of ​​transferring troops south from the northern front and decided to mobilize from elsewhere.

Without much thought, Oyama Iwao made up his mind and said, "Order the frontline troops to reduce their strength and focus on defense to stabilize the front. Send more troops to attack and harass the rear of the Russian Empire to tie down their manpower and energy. Order the imperial troops in Liaoyang, Anshan, Haicheng, and other places to move immediately towards Fengtian. We must recapture Fengtian and open up the transportation lines..."

At this moment, the chief of staff came in, walked up to Oyama Iwao, and said in a heavy tone: "Commander-in-Chief, the army attacking Fengtian is very cunning, we have misjudged them. Moreover, they must be colluding with each other, the Qing Dynasty and Tsarist Russia are colluding with each other... This is the report just sent back from the front line. The Russian army is showing signs of large-scale mobilization, and the scale of the war may continue to expand..."

"Bakayaro..."

Dashanyan's anger was growing stronger and stronger. He couldn't help but swear, and then he started cursing.

After cursing, Oyama Iwao said bitterly: "The Qing Dynasty wants to take advantage of the situation, then we need to see if they have the strength to do so. Order the division stationed in Liaoyang to immediately march north to reinforce Shenyang. The train may not be available, and the troops can arrive in three hours by forced marching."

"However, we are currently unclear about the situation in Fengtian. We estimate that the attacking force is at least 20,000 men, with dozens of heavy artillery pieces and one or two hundred machine guns..."

As the saying goes, one person's plan is short, two people's plan is long. In many situations, one person may not understand the whole thing, but after two people discuss it, everything will seem clear.

"I know all of this, but we have quite a few defenders in Fengtian, all elite soldiers of the empire. It's impossible for Fengtian to fall so quickly. Therefore, the sooner our reinforcements reach Fengtian, the better. Fengtian is located in the middle of our territory and must not be taken by the enemy."

At this time, Dashanyan hated this army that took advantage of the situation and directly called them the enemy. The enemy is the one who will fight to the death.

"Well, in that case, I think we can temporarily split up our forces to reinforce Fengtian. We can send the cavalry regiment first. Fengtian is full of weapons. We can also withdraw two or three infantry regiments, abandon all baggage, carry only ammunition, and force march to reinforce Fengtian. The remaining artillery and other troops, under the escort of the infantry, will arrive at the battlefield last, attack from behind, and completely eliminate this hostile group in Fengtian."

At this point, Oyama Iwao finally smiled, saying "Yoshi, Yoshi" repeatedly. "Let's follow this method and completely eliminate this hostile force in Fengtian. Let everyone know the consequences of offending the Empire of Japan."

Oyama Iwao knew that as long as he could stabilize the front line with Russia, Russia would not be able to fight back. So at this time, Oyama Iwao felt a little bit like killing a chicken to scare the monkey. After all, no matter what, Japan was temporarily an outsider in Northeast China. At this time, killing a chicken to scare the monkey was the best choice, and it might reduce countless obstacles for the future actions of the Empire of Japan.

At this time, the Japanese officers had no regard for the PLA's combat effectiveness, and the idea of ​​encircling and attacking the reinforcements was simply out of their minds. Even if they had thought of it, the neurons in their brains were not connected, and they simply ignored it. Without a bloody and unforgettable encounter, the Great Japanese Empire would not remember the thousand-year-old majesty of China, the Central Empire.

"Hey, Commander-in-Chief, wise."

The chief of staff immediately rode like a tide, as if this idea was not his own at all. Dashanyan's face was smiling like a chrysanthemum, and his relief was even more intense.

"This time, the Qing Dynasty dared to attack our Yamato warriors. Our Ministry of Foreign Affairs must communicate with the Qing government. The military expenses of this war must be borne by the Qing Dynasty, as well as casualty compensation and other expenses. These must fall on the Qing Dynasty..."

At this time, regardless of whether the army attacking Fengtian was the Qing Dynasty or not, the dirty water must be thrown on the Qing Dynasty. Only in this way can the flesh be cut off from the Qing Dynasty.

"Hey, Commander-in-Chief, you're a wise and powerful commander. But the Qing Dynasty can't even pay the Boxer Indemnity anymore. They're out of money. If the Qing Dynasty hadn't been in chaos, we could have gotten more funding from the Qing Dynasty. Damn it."

"Hehe, a mob, the Red Bandits are still no match for the Great Japanese Empire. As for the Qing Dynasty's lack of money, hehe, but the Qing Dynasty officials have plenty of money."

“Yoshi!”

"Then, immediately, the troops in Liaoyang, Anshan, and other places will march towards Fengtian. If the Qing army dares to attack us, we will immediately organize our own army and even attack the Liaozhong area to completely cut off the Qing army's retreat. Moreover, the imperial soldiers can confiscate property and supplies from the Qing people to make up for military expenses."

Upon hearing this, the chief of staff's eyes immediately lit up.

"Commander-in-Chief, you are wise. I suggest that you draw one infantry regiment, one field artillery battalion, and one heavy artillery battalion from the two divisions and launch an attack in the direction of Liaozhong to replenish our losses."

Dashan Yan was silent for a moment and then said, "There's no rush right now. Our first priority is to protect Fengtian. The armed forces attacking Fengtian also have heavy artillery, so heavy artillery battalions and field artillery battalions are indispensable. One infantry regiment is too few. To avoid accidents, the total number of infantry troops in the attack must reach 5,000."

"But if we withdraw too many infantry, won't there be problems on the front lines?" "Then send the baggage train. The Yamato warriors are invincible. How could the cowardly Qing people dare to resist? The baggage train is perfect for transporting spoils of war."

"Commander, should we wait for the telegram from home to find out what the Qing Dynasty is going to do?"

"No need. Since Fengtian has already requested assistance, it means that they are in imminent danger. We must set off now. It will be too late if we are late. Also, we must find out if there is any connection between this armed force and the Kingdom of Lu. We just had a conflict with the Kingdom of Lu, and this armed force wants to cut off our retreat. I think this is not just a coincidence, there must be a conspiracy we don't know about. Therefore, the imperial army stationed in Tieling and other places should not move for the time being and await orders..."

Chapter 480:

Zhang Yinghao was giving a lecture in the classroom when he received the news that Shenyang had been liberated. Hearing a knock on the door, Zhang Yinghao stopped talking and walked over to open the door. He saw it was the confidential clerk. Zhang Yinghao immediately knew that it must be his confidential telegram.

"Chairman, telegram!"

Zhang Yinghao was not impatient at being interrupted while giving a lecture. He took the telegram and just glanced at it, and he knew that the war in Northeast China had officially begun. According to the plan, the first phase of the operation to confuse the enemy was to liberate Shenyang. Now it seems that the planned strategic goal has been basically achieved.

Zhang Yinghao had no intention of stopping his lecture to go to the headquarters to learn more about the situation. He said to the confidential clerk, "Okay, thank you for your hard work. I understand! You can go back first. If the comrades from the staff ask, just tell them that I understand! Just proceed according to the plan..."

This wasn't Zhang Yinghao being arrogant. It was that no matter what happened in the Northeast, the sky wouldn't fall. He had plenty of time to slowly react. Furthermore, once the Northeast's plan began, it would be a chain reaction. At this point, there was no need for Zhang Yinghao to be at the command center; he could simply proceed according to plan. Only if there were a major deviation or a major failure would he need to intervene. Why bother making comments now? It would only hinder the performance of the comrades on the front lines and was completely unnecessary.

After sending the clerk away, Zhang Yinghao returned to the podium, tucked the telegram paper under the slides, and continued, "This world is material. This means that whether or not we humans exist, this world will continue to exist. This is not subject to our individual will. In physics class, we must have learned about the formula for kinetic energy."

Zhang Yinghao turned around and wrote E=1/2MV^2 on the blackboard. He then continued, "From this simplest formula, we know that an object's kinetic energy is related to its mass and speed. In other words, under the same conditions, the greater the mass, the greater the kinetic energy, and the faster the speed, the greater the kinetic energy... Great..."

These contents are actually very easy to understand, and they are all truths at present. So Zhang Yinghao finished these basic contents and then expanded on these truths. The next part is the key content of this class. Zhang Yinghao changed the topic and said: "How can the truths of physics be applied to our lives? How can they guide our work and study? We can't just learn these things, but we must apply them actively. How can a country, a political party or group, a company, a factory, or even a family or an individual gain greater kinetic energy?"

"Chairman, it's about increasing the number of people. With more people, M will naturally become larger." "Anything else?"

"Chairman, if we have greater internal unity, M will become larger. And if we have a united front, we can also increase m."

After listening to the comrades' answers, Zhang Yinghao smiled and said, "Comrades, your thinking is still a bit limited. There are so many ways to increase m! For example, if we produce more material wealth, we reclaim a few more acres of land, build a few more canals, add a few acres of irrigated land, produce an extra ton of rice, or make a few more pieces of clothing, won't m become larger? The same person who is willing to learn and has knowledge in his head, won't m also be larger than the person who is unwilling to learn or has no knowledge in his head? For example, about v, there is definitely a difference in efficiency between those who procrastinate and those who are vigorous and resolute. Educated people and uneducated people will definitely learn the same thing at different speeds most of the time! For example, if we build a road in the mountains, won't m become larger in that area? And if the road is easier to travel on and people can travel more conveniently, won't v also become larger? Isn't the overall energy of the local area increased..."

Zhang Yinghao finished his speech and continued, "This is a training session for Party members and cadres. Some of you here manage factories, some work in the Ministry of Commerce, some lead military units, and some are mayors or county heads. Ultimately, everything we do is based on this formula. That is, you should strive to increase m and v in your positions. Those of you involved in production should do everything possible to produce more products and improve efficiency. As civil servants like county heads and mayors, serving the people, you should do everything possible to improve local education and infrastructure. This will naturally increase m and v, and kinetic energy will grow..."

Zhang Yinghao had no other options. Many of his comrades had grown up in the countryside, lacking experience and knowledge. Sometimes, Zhang Yinghao had to teach them how to do things. While some might not understand or comprehend, as long as some learned something, Zhang Yinghao was satisfied. This would also allow more of his comrades to grow quickly. He taught them how to do things theoretically, translating the principles of physics into practical applications. Only Zhang Yinghao could deliver such lessons; others simply didn't have the ability. He simply hoped that his comrades could grow to the point of being able to handle things independently in the shortest possible time. The more progress his comrades made, the happier Zhang Yinghao would be.

Finally, Zhang Yinghao concluded: "So, should we do something? Is it worth doing? The answer is whether it increases our m and v. As long as it doesn't violate laws and discipline, anything that is conducive to unity, production development, and knowledge growth can be done. For example, our literacy campaign, health campaign, agricultural science popularization campaign, the public health system we have built, the compulsory education system, the logistics system such as the supply and marketing cooperatives, the financial system such as banks... and the training we are doing now, in fact, in the final analysis, all of these are increasing our m and v..."

At this point, Zhang Yinghao suddenly thought of something and continued, "We also learned in physics class that motion is absolute, but when we describe motion, we use the concept of relative stillness. In other words, the world is constantly moving. We also learned that in the absence of external forces, objects always remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion..."

Zhang Yinghao suddenly raised his voice and said, "I've told you before that the three major laws of dialectics include the law of the unity of opposites, the law of quantitative change into qualitative change, and the law of the negation of the negation. I've also said before that contradictions always exist. So, comrades, think about this: in reality, when something stagnates, isn't that the beginning of its demise?"

Zhang Yinghao did not allow his comrades to answer, and continued: "When I was giving lectures before, I once said that when the Qing Dynasty stopped expanding after recovering Xinjiang, it was the time when it went downhill. But Britain is still expanding, so Britain's national strength is still growing.

Therefore, whether it is a country, a political party, or any group, or even an individual, the pace of development cannot be stopped. It must constantly increase its connotation and extend its extension. Once it is satisfied with the current achievements, it will be the beginning of self-destruction.

For example, a factory like ours cannot be satisfied with having a large number of orders or being affiliated with a large factory and helping it produce a certain product, and stop pursuing progress. Such a factory may seem to be prosperous and thriving, but it does not have its own core competitiveness, and sooner or later it will be eliminated and go bankrupt.

A factory must constantly improve its R&D capabilities internally, improve the quality of its workers, and produce more and better products. Externally, it must maintain a good reputation, make more friends, increase more sales channels, and let more people know about its products and consume them.

For example, our university must constantly improve the quality of its faculty, update its laboratory equipment, and provide higher-quality teaching. It must also engage in more academic exchanges and increase its visibility, so that it can recruit more outstanding students.

Only by continuously improving and forming a virtuous cycle can things get better and better. For example, a country can work hard internally to build a solid foundation and develop production. It can also engage in international trade and make more partners.

Of course, in the end, it all boils down to adding m and v. The essence remains the same.

Chapter 481:

At this point, Zhang Yinghao recalled the cannibalism reference in Lu Xun's "Diary of a Madman": "Eating people was common in ancient times. I remember it, but I can't quite grasp it." I flipped through the history books and found no dates. On each page were the words "benevolence, righteousness, morality" scribbled crookedly. Unable to sleep, I spent half the night carefully reading until I could make out the words between the lines. The entire book contained the two words "eat people"!

Thinking of this, Zhang Yinghao suddenly understood something, and immediately thought of the dialogue in "Six Strategies" where King Wen invited Jiang Ziya to come out of seclusion:

King Wen said, "Only a benevolent man can accept the most profound advice without aversion. Why is this so?" Tai Gong replied, "When the thread is thin and the bait is bright, small fish will eat it; when the thread is well-seasoned and the bait is fragrant, medium fish will eat it; when the thread is thick and the bait is abundant, large fish will eat it. Fish eat the bait and are drawn to the thread; people eat the salary and serve their ruler. Therefore, if you use bait to catch fish, you will kill the fish. If you use salary to catch people, you will exhaust them. If you use family to catch a country, you will subjugate the country. If you use the country to catch the world, you will conquer the world. Alas! What is endless and lingering will surely disperse; what is dim and shimmering will surely fade away. How subtle! The virtue of the sage is so alluring, yet it is so joyful to see it all alone! The sage's thoughts are to prioritize each one and then gather themselves."

King Wen asked, "How can we collect the money immediately and have the whole world come under our rule?"

Tai Gong said: "The world does not belong to one person, but to all people. Those who share the benefits of the world will gain the world, while those who monopolize the benefits of the world will lose the world. Heaven has its time, earth has its time.

If one has wealth and is able to share it with others, he is benevolent. Where there is benevolence, the world will come to him. If one can save others from death, relieve others from hardship, save others from suffering, and help others in need, he is virtuous. Where there is virtue,

The world will follow it. Sharing worries, joys, likes, and dislikes with others is righteousness. Where righteousness is, the world will follow it. All people hate death and love life, love virtue and seek profit. Those who can bring profit are the Tao. Where the Tao is, the world will follow it.

Zhang Yinghao briefly recounted the dialogue between "A Madman's Diary" and "Six Strategies," then continued, "Our human society adheres to two sets of rules. The superficial, practical set of rules is what we call Taoism, virtue, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, trustworthiness, and filial piety. But I've said before that human society ultimately revolves around the word 'life.' From birth to death, people deal with the necessities of life, from food to clothing, shelter, transportation, eating, drinking, defecating, and urinating. To survive in this world, each of us must obtain the material means of our survival. Therefore, human society ultimately revolves around the word 'profit.'"

How exactly is it that people are cannibalized in "The Diary of a Madman"? It's actually the landlord ruling class that uses their own set of moral principles, benevolence, righteousness, and propriety to constrain the masses, exploit and oppress them, and determine the distribution of benefits. In other words, the ruling class obtains excessive profits by establishing a general order that is beneficial to them and the order they need...

Zhang Yinghao never shy away from talking about the word "interests" in training courses, especially party classes. On the contrary, Zhang Yinghao always mentions interests, because interests are necessary for human survival, interests are the fundamental driving force for social operation and development, and interests are the essence.

"China has been experiencing cycles of order and chaos for thousands of years, and this isn't limited to China; it also applies to Europe, Central Asia, and other regions. This is because population growth reaches the limit of environmental capacity. Underdeveloped productivity, insufficient resources, and insufficient per capita wealth to feed everyone inevitably lead to large-scale unrest when a large-scale natural disaster strikes. Then, after war, the population decreases, per capita wealth increases, and the environment allows the remaining people to live well. Finally, the war ends, people begin to recuperate, and the population slowly increases again, leading to a new cycle of order and chaos."

Zhang Yinghao had already talked about many of these topics before, so he didn't plan to explain them in depth. He just mentioned them briefly and then continued: "Even Jiang Ziya had the limitations of the times. He said at that time that the world does not belong to one person, but to everyone in the world. This is very true. He also said that those who can generate profits are the Tao, and where the Tao is, the world belongs to it. That is to say, in the Shang and Zhou dynasties, Jiang Ziya had already proposed the relationship between developing production and governing the country, that is, developing production means the world belongs to it. However, the concept of industry had not been discovered at that time. If you rely solely on agriculture, no matter how you generate profits, you will inevitably have insufficient productivity in the end and cannot feed so many people. Inevitably, they will eventually fall into a vicious cycle of order and chaos. Later generations completely failed to grasp this principle. The landlord ruling class often prolonged their rule by deceiving the people. The Qing Dynasty even resorted to literary inquisitions and policies of obscurantism, using every possible means to prolong their rule. Therefore, thousands of years of Chinese history teach us this: morality, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness cannot resolve this vicious cycle of order and chaos. Nor can short-term redistribution of benefits. The fundamental solution to this cycle lies in developing production—what Jiang Ziya called "generating profits." Only by continuously increasing per capita wealth can we avoid falling into this vicious cycle of order and chaos...

"Chairman, can the cycle of order and chaos be avoided simply by developing production?" Zhang Yinghao, upon hearing this question, immediately thought of the Soviet Union. Naturally, he knew that simply developing production couldn't end the cycle of order and chaos. He immediately laughed and said, "Haha, to end this cycle of order and chaos, developing production is one of the necessary things. But if material wealth is produced and monopolized by a few, what good will it do for the vast majority of the people? Revolution is inevitable. Therefore, the two fundamental solutions to the cycle of order and chaos are developing production and people's democracy; neither is dispensable. The development of productive forces will inevitably lead to constant social change, and thus constant metabolism. The people and political parties, therefore, need constant self-revolution and progress."

Seeing his comrades nodding, Zhang Yinghao continued, "Although human society fundamentally revolves around profit, we humans cannot resort to any means necessary for the sake of profit, such as murder and arson. That is why morality, benevolence, righteousness, and propriety emerged to regulate the order of human society. At the same time, there are also punishments, which are also used by the ruling class to maintain and regulate the order they need.

Of course, interests also align with class. As I've said before, what we proletarians desire is a social order where everyone lives and works in peace and contentment, where everyone has work to do, where the country is strong and prosperous, where the people are well-off and happy, and where the fairness and justice we demand of the proletariat are upheld. Therefore, we will not allow others to disrupt the order we desire. Therefore, morality, benevolence, righteousness, and propriety, along with interests, punishment, and the law, are all interdependent, struggling and compromising with each other to form our social order.

"Mr. Chairman, do you mean that morality, benevolence, justice, propriety, interests, and laws are constantly changing?"

Zhang Yinghao nodded when he heard this question and said, "That's right, they are all constantly changing. Moreover, things like morality, benevolence, righteousness, and propriety, as well as interests and laws, are all based on class. To give a very simple example, take opium. The opium traffickers of the great powers and the Qing Dynasty were able to benefit from it, but for us in the Forward Party, opium may allow us to gain short-term benefits, but it is absolutely not in our long-term interests or those of the country, so we ban opium. Take the lives of the people as an example. In the past, foot binding for little girls was encouraged, but in the eyes of us proletarians, women are workers, members of the broad working masses, and they also need to create wealth through labor. Therefore, foot binding in our liberated areas is not in our interests, so we ban it. Some people also say that many of the current practices in our liberated areas will lead to moral decline... Let ordinary people learn to read and understand the truth and it will be difficult to manage. These are all arguments that are not in line with the times..."

Chapter 482:

Before Zhang Yinghao finished speaking, he recalled many things from his previous life. Because of the pursuit of profit, everything will change rapidly and eventually become unrecognizable. Countless people have become the people they once hated the most because of the factors of profit.

In my previous life, I was born in a remote mountain village. I still remember when I was in elementary and junior high school, which was the late 90s and early 21st century, the young people in the village still stayed at home, and only a few went out to find jobs.

Back then, if an elderly person passed away and needed help carrying the coffin, the entire village's young people would rush forward to help. However, with rapid economic development, by the first decade of the 20th century, all the young people in the village had left for work in the city, leaving only the middle-aged, elderly, and children who were unable to leave the village. When funerals occurred in the village, the remaining middle-aged people could still manage the work, but there were virtually no young people present at funerals.

A few years later, an elderly villager passed away, and there were no longer enough workers to carry the coffins. Furthermore, with the passing of the elderly, the young people who had left to earn money had lost all understanding of the funeral practices upheld by the older generation. They had no idea what the traditional procedures were, and their only goal was to bury the body and be done with it. Things returned to their most basic state. At this point, the crematorium naturally became necessary and valuable. A small box could be used to bury the dead, eliminating the need for a large group of people carrying the coffin up the mountain.

Therefore, morality, benevolence, justice, and propriety, as well as interests and laws, are constantly changing.

These changes will eventually return to their original nature.

People are more orderly and live better...

After Zhang Yinghao finished his lecture and returned to his office, his secretary said to him:

Chairman, Comrade Zhang Feng and others in Outer Mongolia have sent us information one after another.

The request has been sorted out now. I have put the information on your desktop.

It is. ”

Zhang Yinghao nodded and said, "Okay, put it on the table first.

Well, I'll wait and see."

Zhang Yinghao leisurely made himself a cup of special red date and wolfberry tea, looking at Bai

The boiling water turned red, he smiled slightly, took a sip and sat on the table.

After just a short while, Zhang Yinghao knew

My previous understanding of Tsarist Russia and Mongolia was completely wrong.

Of course! Without investigation, we really have no right to speak.

According to his memories from his previous life, Zhang Yinghao always believed that the Russian forces entered the foreign

The Mongolian region was established after the Russo-Japanese War.

After the expansion of Northeast China was forced to stop by Japan through the war, it turned its attention to

Transferred to Mongolia. So Zhang Yinghao always thought that Outer Mongolia was

The Russian influence in this area is still very weak and there is no need to worry about it at all.

But Zhang Yinghao himself did not think about it, if Tsarist Russia really surrendered its power so late,

If they had penetrated deeply into Mongolia, how could they have quickly supported Mongolia during the Xinhai Revolution?

The nobles and princes of the country quickly declared independence, and then even supported the Mongolian nobles and princes.

Do ethnic groups seek to establish a nation?

It was during the Xinhai period that this northern faction deliberately plotted to divide China.

After decades of operation, division and disintegration in Outer Mongolia, the Tsarist Russia has

Politically, economically and militarily, Outer Mongolia was completely controlled by the Russian Empire. At that time, Outer Mongolia had actually become a "protectorate" of Tsarist Russia.

According to the investigation of Zhang Feng and other comrades, Tsarist Russia had long wanted to take over Mongolia.

The Far East and the vast region were seized for their own, and a Yellow Russia was established.

The security of Greater Siberia also provides these areas with sufficient strategic maneuvering space.

between.

Therefore, on September 1, 1727, China and Russia signed the Burlinsky Treaty.

The Treaty demarcated the middle section of the border between China and Russia. On November 2 of the same year, China and Russia

By signing the Kyakhta Border Treaty, China and Russia further demarcated the middle section of the Sino-Russian border.

In addition to the border, Tsarist Russia also obtained the privilege of trade in Kyakhta and Outer Mongolia.

right.

However, Tsarist Russia did not give up its ambition to invade Outer Mongolia.

After the middle of the century, Tsarist Russia made the annexation of Outer Mongolia the main theme of its foreign aggression policy.

One of the main contents.

In 1854, the Governor-General of East Siberia, Muravyov, wrote in his "According to