The Heroic Age of the Late Qing Dynasty

"This article is Chairman Zhang Yinghao's description of our police work in one sentence: The police's job is to maintain order."

The teacher inside continued, "Police is a profession used worldwide to maintain public order. The term 'police' refers to the police agencies and their personnel established by the state and its rulers, according to the will of the state and the ruling class, and in accordance with established standards. It generally refers to state public servants who exercise police powers and perform police duties within police agencies, in accordance with the armed nature of maintaining national security and public order."

The word "police" means to be on guard in advance, and to be able to see the big picture from the smallest details. The word "police" used together means to investigate and arrest.

Police are armed national security personnel, including household registration police, judicial police, traffic police, etc.

The concept of police has taken on multiple meanings:

First, from the perspective of social forces, police refers to police agencies and their personnel who perform police tasks.

Second, from the perspective of social function, the police refers to the role of the police. The role of the police is to maintain public order and social security in accordance with the law, protect the public interest, and play a national role by means of guidance, service, coercion, and punishment.

Third, from the perspective of social behavior, the police refers to police behavior. The police are based on the criminal and administrative powers stipulated in the national constitution and laws, with the purpose of maintaining social order and preventing harm to society, and carry out police criminal and administrative behavior in accordance with the law.

Police officers, in accordance with the law, maintain public order, protect social security, and prevent all acts that endanger the state and society. They punish all criminals who endanger national security and its interests. Police officers are specifically responsible for maintaining national security and public order. Their actions are carried out with the support of international coercive force.

Chapter 111:

"The Chinese People's Armed Police Force is currently one of the armed forces in our base area. It belongs to the administrative hierarchy and is under the dual leadership of the government departments and the Military Commission.

Chairman Zhang Yinghao fully understood the importance of the police, which is why the school has the words "National Security Depends on Public Security" written on it. So why did the Chairman also say that the police are responsible for maintaining order? It's because whether the police are fighting crime, regulating traffic, or patrolling, they are all working to maintain order within the ruling class and uphold the rules set by the ruling class.

Of course, our situation is special now. If a war breaks out, everyone here could be called up to the battlefield at any time. But now is a special period and we need special treatment..."

"......So how should we interrogate this group of criminal suspects? This requires understanding our understanding of the issue. Chairman Zhang has a passage in his On Practice that fully describes how correct thinking arises."

Zhang Yinghao walked to another window and heard the teacher inside teaching a course on interrogation. Zhang Yinghao, a graduate of the Police Academy himself, had a good understanding of the police profession, so the content he wrote was quite detailed and comprehensive. There were quite a few courses and subjects. Zhang Yinghao couldn't currently subdivide the majors and train them separately, so he could only adopt this holistic approach. How much each person could learn depended on their own effort.

In the process of practice, people initially see only the phenomenal aspects of various things in the process, see the partial aspects of each thing, and see the external connections between each thing. This process is the perceptual stage. During this process, people cannot form profound concepts in their minds and draw theoretical (that is, logical) conclusions.

As practice continues, the feelings and impressions people experience in practice are repeated many times, and then a sudden change (a leap) of cognition occurs in their minds, giving rise to concepts. Concepts are no longer superficial, partial, or external connections. Rather, they are the essence of things, their entirety, and their internal connections.

So the dialectical development process of cognition is practice, cognition, practice again, cognition again, and so on and so forth. So how should we interrogate criminal suspects? First of all, we must empty our minds and ask questions according to our interrogation process.

Why do we need to empty ourselves? It's to avoid preconceived notions. If we have preconceived notions, we won't get the right answer at the time. If you have preconceived notions, then are you trying to understand, guide the questioning, or verify your own ideas? Therefore, the correct approach is to review all the transcripts, re-examine any questions you don't understand, or any inconsistencies between the transcripts and the actual situation.

This process was repeated many times, and we were able to truly recreate the scene and objectively describe the situation. This met our requirements. We just needed to collect the complete chain of evidence and submit the suspect to the procuratorate. As for whether the suspect was sentenced to death or acquitted, that was not something we could interfere with. We just needed to clarify the facts..."

...Pick up the bottle on the table and gently press it. Do you see a faint fingerprint of sweat? Remember, everyone's fingerprints are unique, and fingerprints are one of the best pieces of evidence against suspects. Wait a moment, let the fingerprint on the bottle dry and become invisible, then we can extract it."

This was what Zhang Yinghao heard when he walked to the window of the specimen class. Zhang Yinghao looked through the window and saw that there was a glass bottle, a box of graphite powder, a small brush and two transparent films on everyone's desk.

"Okay, now you can't see the fingerprint anymore? Next, use the brush on the table to dip a little graphite powder and gently brush it on the fingerprint position we just pressed. A clear, obvious, complete fingerprint will appear. Then use a transparent piece of film to extract the fingerprint. Close the two pieces to preserve the fingerprint, and our work is done.

So, if nothing unexpected happens, as long as the fingerprints you extract at the crime scene match someone else's, then that person must have been there. Of course, fingerprint comparison requires a lot of patience, and at this stage, we can only compare the fingerprints of the suspect. However, there is a detail to note: if the fingerprint is extracted from a small object like this, it does not necessarily prove that the person was at the scene. After all, small objects are portable and can easily be used to frame someone. Okay, students, start extracting fingerprints yourself now..."

Zhang Yinghao toured the police academy and felt quite satisfied. The current recruits were all young people, some of them disabled veterans. Zhang Yinghao believed that as long as the academy graduates in batches, he would be able to recruit a large number of talented people.

While it's true that the police must serve the people at this stage, the current base area is primarily focused on military struggle, with economic development taking a back seat. Therefore, the stability of the base area is crucial to ensuring the material foundation for military struggle, and there will undoubtedly be many issues with brutal law enforcement.

Having visited the police academy, Zhang Yinghao headed to the military academy next door. This was a special arrangement, as many of the courses there were the same, requiring many teachers to travel back and forth. Furthermore, the military academy had only recently been established, specifically to train a group of qualified officers.

After Zhang Yinghao established his own textile factory, he quickly began designing police and military uniforms. These uniforms weren't as formal as they had been in his previous life, but they were still uniform.

The police uniforms, officers' uniforms and soldiers' uniforms are all training uniforms, daily uniforms and formal wear. Under such difficult circumstances, Zhang Yinghao had to grit his teeth and go through with it.

Zhang Yinghao really couldn't stand any sloppy performance from the army and police. The army should look like an army, the police should look like police, and the violent machine should have the dignity and sacredness that a violent machine should have.

...How should we fight a war? There is no set formula for this. You can't tell us how to fight and win in this class. There is no completely standard formula that can lead to victory. We can only make decisions based on the intelligence we have.

best choice.

So what is the best choice? That is when you have a comprehensive understanding of the enemy and your own

In the case of a situation, analyze the problem realistically and make the best decision that the commander thinks is best under the circumstances. After making a decision, it can be changed if other circumstances arise.

Own orders, otherwise it will test the fortitude of our commanders.

Therefore, if we want to win the war, we must study the laws of war.

At most, we have fought a small number of battles, and none of us have much experience. Therefore, we must study and research with a scientific and realistic attitude.

We currently have no experience to draw upon, aside from a few examples of combat both domestically and internationally. This is especially true in a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country like ours. There's no experience to draw upon for the time being. Therefore, we can only learn about war through war, learning about it while fighting both domestically and internationally...

Zhang Yinghao listened to the class from outside the window for a while and thought the teacher's ability to read from the textbook was quite good. While a teacher's skill certainly influences students, there's a saying that goes, "A teacher may lead the way, but the practice is up to the individual." Zhang Yinghao didn't expect much from these teachers right now; he simply wanted them to help liberate their minds, allowing the students to quickly understand what war is and its cruelty.

When comrades see their comrades die in battle, they will immediately mature. This is also the price these armies must pay in order to form an army.

For people of this era, many things are known or unknown. This is especially true of things like commanding a war. Previously, they had no experience with them and were completely unfamiliar with them. Now, if we bring all of this to the table and examine and dissect it, soon everyone will understand what it is.

Zhang Yinghao was very familiar with the teacher's teachings, as he had written most of the courseware. He didn't know how to fight in battles, but at least he had watched several anti-Japanese dramas and had a deep memory of their content.

Looking at the energetic students inside, Zhang Yinghao felt very satisfied. He hoped that some of them would become victorious generals.

"...So what we need to do is to do our utmost to understand the situation on both sides. Chairman Zhang often said: Before you think about victory, think about defeat. Why should we consider our own failure? In fact, it is to identify our own weaknesses and fill gaps. First, make yourself invincible, then wait for the enemy to be defeated. This is the principle.

However, we can't completely grasp all the enemy's intelligence, and the actual situation is constantly changing. So there's a problem here, which we call the fog of war. That is, we can't completely grasp all the situations on both sides, and unexpected events can occur at any time."

At this point, it's time for a show of brilliance. The commander's quick thinking and the soldiers' quality will determine the final outcome. This is why Chairman Zhang's earlier lecture about "you fight yours, I fight mine"—the principle of not pursuing the gains and losses of a single city or territory—is the basis for this.

I once again asked Chairman Zhang how to fight, and he said: "Fight as we should. So we must liberate our minds and adapt to circumstances on the battlefield. Fight as we should to achieve final victory..."

Zhang Yinghao felt it was almost time. He glanced inside the classroom, turned around, and headed out of the school. The guard followed Zhang Yinghao out of the school gate. Regardless of how the teacher taught, Zhang Yinghao had no choice but to do this. Theory learned from textbooks needed to be combined with practice, otherwise it would be just empty theory.

You can't just copy what's in the textbook; you need to integrate it with practice. The most important thing here is learning. Learn theory, learn practice, and verify each other.

Now that he was out, Zhang Yinghao decided to go to the military training ground. From a distance, he could hear the sound of training commands.

"One, two, three, four..."

"March, one, two, one, two, one... Stand still." "Fall forward, get ready, fall."

"fall."

The intense training also made Zhang Yinghao quicken his pace. Turning a corner, he saw teams of soldiers training. Some were doing physical training, some were doing formation training, and some were doing tactical training.

After showing the guard his credentials and the order allowing him entry, Zhang Yinghao strode into the training grounds. The chief instructor in charge of training saw Zhang Yinghao enter and immediately blew his whistle. He then quickly ran over, stopped, saluted, and reported, "Comrade Chairman, the Fifth Battalion is training. Please give us your instructions." "Continue training."

"Yes."

After saluting, he turned and shouted, "Continue training."

When the whistle blew just now, Zhang Yinghao saw that all the soldiers immediately stood at attention, their ears perked up to listen to the command. Zhang Yinghao was very satisfied with the soldiers' performance. After the instructor shouted to continue training, the camp became lively again.

Then I heard him say: "Chairman, we are now doing formation training. Look, over there." Then he pointed to the teams doing formation training.

"Ah."

"Next to the formation is the second platoon doing physical training. Next to that is tactical training."

"How long have these five battalions been training here?"

Zhang Yinghao and the chief instructor walked up to the platform to watch the soldiers' training. "Chairman, it's been twenty-two days, including today, it's twenty-three days."

Zhang Yinghao knew the instructor was attentive when he heard this answer; otherwise, he would have given an inaccurate answer like "over 20 days" or "over three weeks." The fact that he could answer so accurately showed that the training plan was quite thorough.

"What is the educational level of these soldiers?"

"There were only about 130 of these people who could read, but 28 of them knew almost all the characters. However, they learned the characters of the Qing Dynasty, and they are now relearning our simplified characters. As for the others, Pinyin is almost

I can recite them all and recognize some simple fonts."

“Oh, it seems there weren’t so many people who could read before?”

Chapter 112:

"Yes, this group of people were recruited from the newly liberated areas, and quite a few were recommended from Chongqing."

"Okay, we're short of educated people now. As our base grows, we'll have more and more talented people. Are there any landlords' children among them?"

"No, these people have all gone through political review, and we're very strict about this." "That's good. The string of struggle must be kept taut, without the slightest slack. We must never forget who our friends are and who our enemies are, and the military especially must not forget. The landlord class will always be our enemy, and anyone who forgets this will suffer greatly. Have you distributed dictionaries and other reference books?"

"They have all been distributed. We all know the importance of reference books. Generally, we will send them to the soldiers as soon as possible."

"Well, that's good. How about it? Are you familiar with those words now?" "Almost all of them."

"That's good. It seems a bit of a waste of your talent to assign you to the position of Chief Instructor of New Recruits."

“It’s all about work wherever you are.”

"Well, that's the right attitude. Do you think the soldiers in this battalion are any different from the recruits before?"

"Report to the Chairman, they all have room for growth. We have summarized the shortcomings and deficiencies in previous training, and now the training is more handy."

"Haha, they do have a lot of room for growth, and we'll definitely be able to train them into talented individuals. The content of our training will definitely change. Our boot camp will train the kind of soldiers needed for war. But for new recruits, the most important thing is to master formations, physical fitness, basic military knowledge, and basic cultural subjects. We can't expect too much from them in terms of other things."

"Make sure to complete the mission."

"It's good to have confidence. We must now admit that the basic qualities of our soldiers are not as good as those of foreigners. We can only give our best. But I have never thought that we Chinese are inferior to foreigners."

"How does the Chairman know that foreigners are better than us?"

"Hey, Zhao Jinshan, you're so good! You don't have to teach me. Although I've never been abroad, do you think that among our soldiers, those who can read and write are better, or are those who can't read a single word easier to teach?"

"It is true that educated comrades are more outstanding at the beginning."

"It's not just that. The Qing dynasty paid so much in reparations that the country is now impoverished and weak. Just think about how many times a year your family could eat pork in the past, right?"

"Chairman, you know, I have many brothers in my family, so it's good enough to be able to eat once a year."

"Yes, that's why foreigners generally have better physical fitness than us. Back in the day, we couldn't even afford salt, so how could our health be any better?"

"Chairman, can foreigners afford to eat these?"

"Yes, foreigners can generally afford it. I heard that there are economic crises in foreign countries, and economic crises are caused by overproduction. You say, they have overproduction, so their lives are generally better than ours. But it doesn't matter.

So, as long as we work hard and defeat the exploiters at home and abroad, our good days will surely come."

"Yes, Chairman, even today's life is something I couldn't even imagine. I can see meat in the cafeteria every day."

Zhang Yinghao knows the situation of Zhao Jinshan's family. There are five brothers in the family, namely Zhao Jinshan, Zhao Yinshan, Zhao Tongshan, Zhao Tieshan and Zhao Xiaoshan.

Five sons. Their family had been farmers for five generations. They had a small piece of land, and when there was no disaster or disease, they could barely keep from starving to death. The eldest son wore a piece of clothing, the second son wore it, the second son wore it, the third son wore it, the third son wore it, the fourth son wore it, the fifth son also wore it. So

It’s good enough to eat meat once or twice a year.

As a modern man, Zhang Yinghao has put a lot of effort into eating. Not only does he not eat well, but he also tries to eat enough, especially for comrades in the army.

Do you have the energy to train?

Even if Zhang Yinghao ate less himself, he would always leave food for his comrades in the army. Therefore, the comrades in the army always had the best food. Generally speaking, after three months of training, these old recruits would have a slight oily sheen on their faces, which was the best proof of this.

"How often do you rest during training?"

"Two hours. Look, Mr. Chairman, it takes about an hour for this big hourglass to drain out once the grains of sand run out. This small hourglass takes ten minutes each time. We're training for two hours now, then rest for ten minutes before continuing."

Seeing the two hourglasses reminded Zhang Yinghao of a task he had assigned to the glass factory: to produce a batch of hourglasses for measuring time. People these days don't have a specific concept of time; they can only measure it roughly, not down to the minute or second, which is very inconvenient.

However, modern countries must have relatively accurate timekeeping tools. Zhang Yinghao hadn't yet established a watch factory, so it was impossible to popularize clocks. So, he decided to use an hourglass as a temporary substitute. Even if it wasn't accurate to the second, as long as it could be accurate to within ten minutes, Zhang Yinghao would be satisfied. Unexpectedly, the glass factory had already produced a finished product.

"How many minutes is the error?"

"Within a minute, this sand can be added or removed by itself. Chairman, you can open it here."

Only then did Zhang Yinghao notice that there was a threaded opening on the hourglass. He blocked it with a threaded glass cone, and the remaining sand leaked out.

"That's right, we'll use the training grounds for now. It seems the watch factory needs to be put on the agenda soon, otherwise many things will be inconvenient. Jinshan, what time is it now?"

"Chairman, when this hourglass runs out, it will be time for dinner."

"Oh, it seems I was lucky. I will eat in our army cafeteria today."

Zhang Yinghao is in this situation now. He eats wherever he works. He is not very picky about food, as long as he doesn't go hungry.

"Jinshan, do these soldiers still faint during training?" "It rarely happens now. It usually only happens in the first few days of training, but it disappears after they get used to it."

"That's good, Jinshan. From now on, if a leader comes into our barracks, don't blow the whistle and delay the comrades' training. If the leader asks you to blow the whistle, there's still time to blow the whistle and assemble if there's something important."

"Yes, Chairman."

"Well, this rule needs to be written into our regulations. Soldiers are supposed to train for battle, not receive lectures from leaders. We can't easily disrupt the training of our comrades. Remember this."

This is why Zhang Yinghao just came in and saw Zhao Jinshan blow the whistle to ask the soldiers to stop training and report to him. This is a bit of a waste of time. He just came to check and had no intention of interrupting their training. So he felt that this was not a good idea. If a leader came in one after another, would there be no need to train?

"Are there any other arrangements after we take the team away?"

"No, we'll take you away for dinner after we gather." "Are you keeping up with the current training schedule?"

"We are able to catch up. Now we usually complete the plan ahead of schedule. These comrades are making rapid progress."

"Oh, that's good. As long as there's no problem with the progress, then we can advance the work if possible. There's a shortage of people everywhere right now, and if these comrades can get out to work one day earlier, it can solve a lot of problems.