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A court poet in the middle Tang Dynasty and a royal scholar.

Zhang Zhongsu's ten poems demonstrate the beauty of moderation, elegance and uprightness.

He was a poet of the same generation as Bai Juyi and Han Yu, but his presence was indeed very low in the star-studded literary world of the Tang Dynasty.

However, he was a court writer, and he would not be able to meet the court's standards without some skills.

He is an outstanding representative of the elegant and upright school of poetry, pursuing the beauty of moderation in poetry.

He still has a certain significance in the poetry world of the Tang Dynasty. He is Zhang Zhongsu.

There are many themes in Tang poetry, including landscape and pastoral poetry, frontier poetry, farewell poetry, love poetry, nostalgic poetry, homesickness poetry, satirical poetry, narrative poetry, elegies, etc.

Among them, a special subject matter is the boudoir-complaint poems. As the name suggests, boudoir-complaint poems are poems that specifically describe the sorrow, resentment and longing in the boudoir of young girls and young women.

"The great Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi hosted a banquet at his home in Chang'an to entertain his old friend, the poet Zhang Zhongsu from Xuzhou."

"The two people who hadn't seen each other for ten years drank very happily. When they were drunk, Zhang Zhongsu asked."

"Brother Letian, do you still remember Guan Panpan from Xuzhou? She asked me to bring you three manuscripts of poems."

"A beautiful woman with a pretty face and a slim figure suddenly flashed through Bai Juyi's mind."

"He remembered that ten years ago, when he was working as a proofreader, he went on a business trip to Xuzhou. Zhang Jianfeng, the Shangshu of Wuning Jiedushi stationed in Xuzhou, personally welcomed him."

"Zhang Shangshu holds a high position, but he admires the young poet Bai Juyi very much."

"Knowing that Bai Juyi was proficient in music, Minister Zhang called out his favorite concubine Guan Panpan to dance to cheer him up."

"Guan Panpan was originally a girl from a poor family in Xuzhou, and was sold to a music school by her parents."

"But Guan Panpan was particularly talented in music and dance. She quickly stood out among the girls in the music school and became the lead dancer."

"When the Jiaofang was performing for the garrison troops, Minister Zhang noticed the beautiful and talented Guan Panpan, and redeemed her and took her as his concubine."

"A two-story building was built for her by the Yunlong Lake. Because swallows lived there, it was named Swallow Building."

"Minister Zhang doted on Panpan very much, and Panpan was grateful for the minister's recognition. From then on, she only danced for the minister at home."

"Guan Panpan gracefully walked up to the banquet hall, spreading her wide sleeves and twisting her waist, dancing like a fairy."

"She slowly opened her red lips and sang Bai Juyi's "Pipa Xing"."

"Bai Juyi was deeply intoxicated by how Guan Panpan had perfectly integrated her poetry, music and dance into an artistic whole."

"Whether it's Panpan or Pipa Girl in front of me, the former Sima of Jiangzhou once again wet his shirt with tears."

"After the dance, Guan Panpan walked up to the great poet whom she admired and urged him to drink."

"Bai Juyi drank it all in one gulp, and then wrote for Guan Panpan on the spot: Drunk and charming, the wind swaying the peony flowers."

"Guan Panpan regarded him as a treasure, and the warm hospitality of Zhang Shangshu and Guan Panpan made Bai Juyi feel happy about his trip to Xuzhou."

"Soon his official duties were over, and Bai Juyi bid farewell to Xuzhou and returned to Chang'an."

"Ten years had passed in a flash. At the dinner table, Zhang Zhongsu told Bai Juyi about the story of Zhang Shangshu and Guan Panpan."

"It turned out that two years after Bai Juyi left Xuzhou, Shangshu Zhang died suddenly of illness, and Guan Panpan was heartbroken."

"All the concubines and singing and dancing girls that Minister Zhang kept left for other better men."

"Only Guan Panpan, although she was born a dancer, is extremely loyal to her feelings."

"No matter how much my family persuades me, I will never remarry."

"She even locked herself in the Swallow Tower that Minister Zhang built for her and refused to see anyone. An old woman brought her some food every day."

"For ten years, Guan Panpan has locked up her beauty, youth, and her beloved dance art in Yanzi Tower."

"Hearing that Zhang Zhongsu was going to Chang'an, Guan Panpan asked the old woman to bring her poems to Zhang Zhongsu and asked him to pass them on to Bai Juyi, a poet she admired."

"The dim light on the upper floor accompanies the morning frost, and the lone sleeper gets up from his bed."

"How much longing for a one-night stand, the world is not far away!"

"Guan Panpan expressed that her longing for Zhang Shangshu was deeper than the ends of the earth."

Su Shi: There was a poet in the Tang Dynasty who was very good at describing the feelings of a woman missing her husband. He was Zhang Zhongsu, who had sung in harmony with Bai Juyi.

Because of his excellent poetry, prose and fu, he, Wang Ya and Linghu Chu were collectively called the Three Sheren at that time.

Zhang Zhongsu was good at writing Yuefu poems and frontier poems, but he was most famous for his poems of boudoir grievances.

Zhang Zhongsu's poems of boudoir grievance accurately capture the feelings of a woman missing her husband, and through delicate description and portrayal, he achieves a subtle and moving effect.

Ding ding the night of leaking water is so long, the light clouds are endless and the moonlight is revealed.

Autumn is approaching and insects are chirping all night long. Don't let the frost fly before your travel clothes are sent.

This poem describes a lonely woman on a moonlit night, listening to the tinkling of dripping water and the chirping of autumn insects, and looking at the endless clouds in the sky and the moon that appears from time to time.

She missed her husband who was guarding the frontier more and more. She further thought that she had not sent him any warm clothes, so she prayed to God not to send frost.

The line "Don't send your war clothes to Feishuang yet" vividly expresses the woman's deep love and lingering affection for her husband.

The broken lamp upstairs accompanies Xiao Shuang, and the person sleeping alone gets up from the acacia bed.

A one-night stand is as long as the distance between the earth and the earth is long.

Guan Panpan was the favorite concubine of Zhang Yin, the governor of Xuzhou. After Zhang Yin's death, Guan Panpan remained faithful to him in Swallow Tower for more than ten years.

Zhang Zhongsu was Zhang Yin's subordinate. Bai Juyi was once warmly received by Zhang Yin and had a deep impression of Guan Panpan.

This poem is one of the three poems written by Zhang Zhongsu and Bai Juyi to praise Guan Panpan. The famous line "How much longing for one night stand, the world is not far away" describes Guan Panpan's deep affection for Zhang Yin in a very touching way.

Zhang Zhongsu's most famous poem of boudoir complaint should be "Spring Boudoir Thoughts". This poem shows the deep love of a military wife for her husband by depicting a classic action of the wife picking mulberry leaves in spring.

Willows swaying by the city, green mulberry trees on the roads.

I forgot to pick leaves when I picked up the basket. I dreamed of Yuyang last night.

Since ancient times, Yuyang has been an important frontier town where successive imperial courts confronted minority regimes in the northeast. It has been heavily guarded all year round and wars have been frequent.

Therefore, poets often use Yuyang to refer to the border garrison area.

This is a poem describing a military wife's longing for her soldier husband in the spring.

Spring is here. The willows beside the city wall are graceful and the mulberry trees beside the path have green leaves.

A military wife was carrying a bamboo basket and forgot to pick mulberry leaves. She was reliving the dream of meeting her husband in Yuyang last night.

The first couplet of the poem focuses on the word "spring". The swaying willows by the city and the green mulberry trees on the roads depict a picture of spring in the countryside.

"Niao Niao" means slender and beautiful, showing the green willows and graceful branches in spring. "Qingqing" depicts the pleasing green color of mulberry leaves.

The use of these two reduplications not only depicts the spring, but also expresses the spring in the heart of the soldier's wife.

The last two sentences turn from describing the scenery to describing the people. When the silkworm work becomes busier, the women carry bamboo baskets to the suburbs to pick mulberry leaves.

A hardworking military wife also went with them, but she forgot to pick leaves when she carried the basket.

She carried the bamboo basket but forgot to pick mulberry leaves.

She stood under the mulberry tree, but did not move, and it was obvious that she was absent-minded.

"I forget to pick leaves when I lift the basket" is a very wonderful line in the poem.

This is a poem describing a woman missing her husband who was away on a military expedition. The meaning is that she was picking the lush myrtle, but she still couldn't fill a small basket after half a day.

I was missing my sweetheart and abandoned the vegetable basket on the side of the road.

It is not difficult to fill the small basket with an oblique mouth, and it is not difficult to pick the mycelium, but the small basket is never full.

It was because the woman was absent-minded and always forgot to pick the leaves.

In such a situation, the two poems are indeed similar.

The last sentence of the poem reveals the answer. Last night, the soldier’s wife had a dream. She dreamed that she arrived in Yuyang.

That was the military front, where her husband was serving as a soldier and guarding the border. There she finally saw the husband she had been thinking about day and night.

At this moment, the military wife relived her dream and immersed herself in the warm fantasy.

The line "I dreamt of Yuyang last night" expresses the deep longing and deep affection of the military wife for her husband in a tactful and implicit way. The whole poem has only four lines and twenty words, so it is short.

Because Zhang Zhongsu’s choice of scene is very typical, coupled with his novel conception and exquisite cutting.

This enabled him to portray the image and psychology of the military wife very vividly and concretely.

It has achieved the state of concise words but profound meaning, and can be regarded as a masterpiece of women's grievance poetry.

"The pines and cypresses of Beimang are locked in the mist of sorrow, and the thoughts in the Swallow Tower are quiet."

"I have buried my sword and stopped singing, and my red sleeves and fragrance have disappeared for ten years."

"Zhang Shangshu was buried in the Mang Mountain in the north of Luoyang. Guan Panpan missed him day and night in the Swallow Tower."

"The emperor allowed important officials to wear swords and shoes when attending court, but ordinary officials were not allowed to wear swords and shoes when attending court."

"The sword shoes here refer to Shangshu Zhang. Ever since Shangshu was buried in the grave, singing and dancing have been cut off from Panpan. The red sleeves she wore for dancing have been pressed at the bottom of the box for ten years."

"Just now I saw wild geese returning to Yueyang, and also saw black birds flying over the temple."

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"The jade harp and the jade flute have no thoughts, just let them drift on the spider web and turn to ashes."

"Guan Panpan saw the wild geese flying back from the south. Xuanqin is the ancient name for swallows."

"The swallows have returned to Panpan Tower to build their nests, and the qin, flute and other musical instruments are watching."

"Pan Pan is not in the mood at all, just let the cobwebs and dust accumulate."

"After reading Guan Panpan's poem, Bai Juyi felt mixed emotions. He was moved by Guan Panpan's infatuation and saddened by Zhang Shangshu's early death."

"This year a guest came back from Luoyang and visited the Shangshu's tomb."

"I heard that white poplars can be used as pillars, so I try to prevent the red powder from turning into ashes."

"My friend came back from Luoyang. He visited Shangshu Zhang's tomb."

"He said that the poplar trees planted when the tomb was built had grown big enough to be used as pillars, and that Minister Zhang's beloved was still alive and had not committed suicide for love."

"Gold is not wasted on buying beautiful eyebrows, and I can pick four or five of them as beautiful as flowers."

"I have exhausted all my energy in teaching singing and dancing, but when the body passes away, it will not follow me."

"Shangshu Zhang spared no expense in buying many beauties, and selected four or five of them who were as pretty as flowers. He spent a lot of effort in teaching them to sing and dance, but when Shangshu died, none of them died with him."

"Guan Panpan has lived in seclusion for ten years, and her heart has become as calm as an ancient well."

"She sent the poem to Bai Juyi because she had a chance meeting with him at a banquet."

"She could feel that Bai Juyi was amazed by her art, and she regarded him as a soulmate."

"Secondly, when she read that they were all the same, and that it was not necessary for them to have known each other before they met, she would burst into tears. She thought that Bai Juyi understood and sympathized with the geishas."

"Zhang Zhongsu returned to Xuzhou and gave Bai Juyi's poem to Guan Panpan."

"Pan Pan eagerly opened the manuscript and read it with joy. As she read, her face gradually turned pale, and she finally burst into tears."

"It turns out that Bai Juyi was deeply rooted in the patriarchal ideology of an official, and he didn't care about his own dancing art at all."

"Instead, she blamed herself in the poem for not committing suicide for Shangshu Zhang, and why she was still alive after the Shangshu had been dead for so long?"

"There is no greater sorrow than a dead heart. Guan Panpan was completely hopeless and she closed the manuscript of her poem."

"He refused to eat or drink and died in Yanzilou ten days later."

"When the news reached Chang'an, Bai Juyi regretted it greatly."

"He was already in his old age, and like the scholars of that era, he kept many geishas."

"What he loves most is the cherry-like mouth and the slender waist of a willow tree."

"He released them all and restored their civilian status."

"During the Song Dynasty, Su Shi was the governor of Xuzhou. One night he stayed at the Swallow Tower."

"I actually dreamed of Guan Panpan. The Swallow Tower is empty. Where is the beauty? The swallows are locked up in vain."

"There is no romance in the dream, only the sigh of time has passed and things have changed."

Xin Qiji: Zhang Zhongsu was a man of great learning and had a smooth journey in the imperial examinations.

His career was smooth. He entered the court as an official and became a court poet.

There are not many of his poems left, and the themes are diverse, mainly including three categories: poems eulogizing the merits of the emperor, frontier poems, and poems of boudoir grievances.

The reason why Zhang Zhongsu was not respected was that he had been in the palace for a long time.

The poems created have obvious court flavor, making people feel that they are meant to flatter.

In the poetry world, many poets who mainly write court poetry will be despised by their contemporaries and forgotten by later generations.

Because the monarchs they accompanied, whether they were wise or incompetent, were all praised and flattered in their writings.

Although most of Zhang Zhongsu's poems are eulogies, they are not entirely useless.

He has a poem describing the scene of Taoist priests chanting scriptures. It is peaceful and elegant, and if you experience it with your heart, it gives people a sense of transcendence.

Of course, the poet Zhang Zhongsu would certainly sing praises of the prosperity of the Li Tang Dynasty.

In one of his poems "Taiping Ci", he used auspiciousness to highlight the prosperous appearance.

He also wrote about the peaceful scene when the war subsided and the border was stable, in order to praise the prosperous era.

In addition, he also wrote some poems praising the king, such as "Song of Longevity Offering".

It not only describes grand scenes, praises peace and worships the monarch.

These poems may seem to be flattering, but if you savor every word carefully, you can see that the poets are truly happy for the peace in the country and are not trying to please the emperor deliberately.

Furthermore, the official poems written by Zhang Zhongsu also illustrate the poet's desire for a peaceful and prosperous country, and his hope that a wise and benevolent monarch will always exist.

At the same time, it can demonstrate the poet's sense of responsibility and superiority towards his special political and cultural status.

Therefore, his poems are neither false nor exaggerated.

On the contrary, the flattering words can reflect the elegance and highlight the graceful and luxurious beauty, which can only be felt by experiencing it with the heart.

Zhang Zhongsu also wrote frontier poems, in which the poet linked his ideals with the fate of the country and was full of Confucian sentiments about entering officialdom.

His frontier poems are magnificent and full of lofty ambitions for strengthening border defense.

In addition, he praised the soldiers' fighting spirit in his frontier poems and demonstrated the heroism of the Li Tang Dynasty.

At the same time, it praises the heroes who killed the enemies and served their country. Reading it will inspire patriotism and the poem is particularly touching.

It is worth mentioning that Zhang Zhongsu also described the frontier scenery in great detail to create a fighting atmosphere.

It also reveals the inner thoughts of the border guards, and the text reveals the soldiers' strong homesickness after leaving their hometown.

It can be said that Zhang Zhongsu's frontier poems have high artistic charm.

Because of his status as a court official, the passionate and upward determination exuded in his writing is extremely valuable.

Boudoir-complaint poems are also a major category of Zhang Zhongsu's poems, and are also the most widely circulated.

In the poem, the poet portrays various female images and explores their inner demands.

Beneath her sweet and compassionate inner world, she reveals her loyalty to her husband.

Of course, tragedy was a common emotion among women during that period.

Because her husband is away, defending the country, the pain of missing her is beyond words.

Generally speaking, Zhang Zhongsu's poems cannot be compared with those of Bai Juyi and Han Yu of the same period.

But his poetry is representative in a certain way, especially in terms of identity positioning.

As a high-ranking official, with his career going smoothly, the inner aspirations of the literati are vividly reflected in his poems.

Therefore, the emotions expressed in Zhang Zhongsu's poems represent the inner aspirations of people in high positions at that time and have a distinct identity representativeness. (End of this chapter)