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Liu Bei, courtesy name Xuande, was a native of Zhuo County, Zhuo Commandery. He was a descendant of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan and son of Emperor Jing of Han.

Liu Zhen, the son of Liu Sheng, was granted the title of Marquis of Luchengting in Zhuo County. Later, he was stripped of his title for committing a crime and settled in Zhuo County from then on.

Liu Bei's grandfather Liu Xiong and father Liu Hong both served as officials in prefectures and counties;

Liu Xiong was recommended as a filial and honest official and served as the magistrate of Fan County, Dongjun.

His father Liu Hong died early, so Liu Bei started selling shoes and weaving mats with his mother when he was young.

When Liu Bei was fifteen years old, he, along with his fellow clan member Liu Deran and Liaoxi County native Gongsun Zan, became students under the tutelage of Jiujiang County Governor Lu Zhi.

Gongsun Zan was older, so Liu Bei treated him as an elder brother. Liu Bei liked to make friends with heroes and knights, so young people all vied to follow him.

"Zhang Shiping and Su Shuang, wealthy merchants from Zhongshan, traveled to Zhuo County to sell horses. When they saw Liu Bei, they thought highly of him and gave him money, which enabled Liu Bei to gather a group of followers."

"In the first year of Zhongping, the Yellow Turbans rebelled, and all the states and counties raised troops to suppress them. Liu Bei also led his men and followed the school lieutenant Zou Jing to suppress the Yellow Turbans. Because of his merits, he was appointed as the county lieutenant of Anxi County by the court."

"The county governor came to the county to handle official business. Liu Bei went to see him, but was treated with contempt by the governor."

"Liu Bei led his men to rush in, tied up the Inspector and beat him with 200 sticks, then abandoned his post and fled."

"Soon after, General He Jin sent Commander Guanqiu Yi to Danyang County to recruit soldiers. Liu Bei went with Guanqiu Yi and encountered bandits in Xiapi."

"Liu Bei fought hard and made great contributions, and was appointed as the county magistrate of Xiami County by the court. However, Liu Bei once again abandoned his official position."

"Later, Liu Bei was appointed as the lieutenant of Gaotang County and was promoted to the magistrate. Gaotang County was captured by bandits, so Liu Bei abandoned the city and went to seek refuge with General Gongsun Zan."

"Gongsun Zan recommended him as a military commander and sent him to help Qingzhou Governor Tian Kai resist Jizhou Governor Yuan Shao."

"Liu Bei made many military achievements and was temporarily appointed as the magistrate of Pingyuan County. Later, he also served as the prime minister of Pingyuan."

"When Liu Bei was young, he was friendly with Guan Yu from Hedong County and Zhang Fei from Zhuo County. They were like brothers, so he appointed them as Sima of other departments to lead their troops."

"Yuan Shao attacked Gongsun Zan, and Liu Bei and Tian Kai moved eastward to station in Qi."

"In the first year of Xingping, Cao Cao marched eastward to Xuzhou. Xuzhou governor Tao Qian sent people to ask Tian Kai for help. Tian Kai and Liu Bei went to rescue him."

"At that time, Liu Bei had more than a thousand soldiers, as well as some Wuhuan and other Hu cavalry from Youzhou, and he also captured thousands of civilians who were fleeing famine."

"Liu Bei led these troops to Xuzhou, and Tao Qian gave Liu Bei another 4,000 Danyang soldiers. Liu Bei then left Tian Kai and joined Tao Qian."

"Tao Qian recommended Liu Bei as the governor of Yuzhou and stationed his troops in Xiaopei (now Pei County, Jiangsu Province)."

"In December of the first year of Xingping, Tao Qian died of illness. Mi Zhu, the deputy governor, led his troops to welcome Liu Bei to Xuzhou, but Liu Bei declined the invitation."

"Chen Deng, a native of Xiapi County, advised Liu Bei that the Han Dynasty was in decline and the world was in turmoil, and that if he wanted to establish his career, he should use Xuzhou as his base;"

"Now that I have the support of the nobles and people of Xuzhou, it will be too late to regret if I don't take what God has given me. Liu Bei listened to the advice and took on the post of governor of Xuzhou."

"The following year, Lü Bu was defeated by Cao Cao and fled east to Liu Bei, who respected him very much."

"In the first year of Jian'an, Cao Cao recommended Liu Bei as General Zhendong and granted him the title of Marquis of Yichengting."

"Yuan Shu attacked Liu Bei and fought for Xuzhou. Liu Bei sent Sima Zhang Fei to guard Xiapi, and he led his army to resist Yuan Shu in Xuyi and Huaiyin;"

"After the two armies had been at a stalemate for more than a month, Yuan Shu wrote to Lu Bu, urging him to attack and capture Xiapi (now Gupi Town, Suining County, Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and promised to provide him with food and fodder."

"Lü Bu was overjoyed and led his army eastward. The garrison commander of Xia Pi, Cao Bao, rebelled and took the opportunity to welcome Lü Bu."

"Zhang Fei was defeated, Lu Bu captured Xiapi and captured Liu Bei's wife and children. Liu Bei was forced to move to Haixi County."

"Liu Bei was exhausted and had nowhere else to go. He planned to return to Xiaopei to camp, so he sent people to ask for peace with Lu Bu. Lu Bu returned Liu Bei's wife and children."

"Liu Bei returned to Xiaopei and gathered more than 10,000 soldiers. Lu Bu was disgusted by Liu Bei's growing power and personally led his troops to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei was defeated and fled to Cao Cao;"

Li Bai: Cao Cao treated him well and appointed him as governor of Yuzhou. Liu Bei planned to return to Xiaopei to gather scattered soldiers. Cao Cao provided him with food and troops and ordered him to attack Lü Bu in the east.

In the third year of Jian'an, Lu Bu sent his general Gao Shun to counterattack Liu Bei. Cao Cao ordered his general Xiahou Dun to rescue him. Liu Bei and Xiahou Dun were both defeated by Lu Bu. Gao Shun also captured Liu Bei's wife and children and sent them to Lu Bu.

In September of the same year, Cao Cao personally led his army to the east to attack Lü Bu, and helped Liu Bei to surround Lü Bu in Xiapi, capturing him alive and executing him.

Liu Bei rescued his wife and children and followed Cao Cao back to Xu County.

Cao Cao recommended Liu Bei as the Left General and treated him even better, allowing him to ride in the same carriage and sit at the same table.

After Yuan Shu was defeated, he planned to go through Xuzhou to seek refuge with his brother Yuan Shao. Cao Cao sent Liu Bei to lead troops to stop Yuan Shu. Before Liu Bei's army arrived, Yuan Shu died of illness.

Before Liu Bei led his troops to leave Xuchang, he and General Dong Cheng and others conspired to kill Cao Cao in accordance with the "Secret Edict" of Emperor Xian of Han.

After the Secret Letter Incident, Dong Cheng and others were executed by Cao Cao; Liu Bei then led his troops to defend Xia Pi, killed Che Zhou, the governor of Xuzhou, and broke with Cao Cao.

In order to guard against Cao Cao's attack, Liu Bei sent his general Guan Yu to guard Xiapi, while he himself led his troops to station in Xiaopei.
Liu Bei then sent Sun Qian to form an alliance with Yuan Shao. Cao Cao sent Liu Dai and Wang Zhong to lead troops to attack Liu Bei, but failed to win.

In the fifth year of Jian'an, Cao Cao personally led his army to the east to attack Liu Bei, captured all of his followers, captured Liu Bei's wife and children, captured Guan Yu alive, and then withdrew his troops.

Liu Bei fled to Qingzhou. Yuan Tan, the eldest son of Yuan Shao, was then the governor of Qingzhou and had an old friendship with Liu Bei. He personally led his cavalry and infantry to greet him.

Liu Bei followed Yuan Tan to Pingyuan County, and Yuan Tan rode quickly to report to Yuan Shao.
When Yuan Shao learned that Liu Bei was coming to seek refuge, he immediately sent people to welcome Liu Bei to Ye County (now Linzhang County, Handan, Hebei Province) and personally went out of the city 200 miles to meet Liu Bei.

Cao Cao and Yuan Shao were in a stalemate at Guandu, and Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to lead troops to attack Cao Cao's rear; Guan Yu escaped from Cao Cao at this time and returned to Liu Bei.

Cao Cao sent his general Cao Ren to lead troops to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei returned to Yuan Shao's camp and secretly wanted to leave Yuan Shao, so he persuaded Yuan Shao to contact Liu Biao, the governor of Jingzhou.

Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to lead his troops to Runan County to form an alliance with local bandit leader Gong Du and others.

Cao Cao sent his general Cai Yang to attack Liu Bei, but he was killed by Liu Bei.

In September of the sixth year of Jian'an (201 AD), Cao Cao personally led his army to attack Liu Bei. Liu Bei was defeated and went south to seek refuge with Liu Biao, the governor of Jingzhou.

Liu Biao went out of the city in person to greet Liu Bei and treated him as a guest of honor. He also gave Liu Bei additional troops and stationed him in Xinye.

In the seventh year of Jian'an, Liu Biao sent Liu Bei to invade northwards. When they reached Ye County, Cao Cao sent his generals Xiahou Dun and Yu Jin to resist them. The two sides were in a stalemate. Liu Bei set up an ambush and burned down the barracks to pretend to escape.

Xiahou Dun and others led troops in pursuit, but were defeated by Liu Bei's ambush.

In the 207th year of Jian'an ( AD), Cao Cao went north to attack Wuhuan. Liu Bei advised Liu Biao to take the opportunity to attack Xuchang, but Liu Biao did not accept his advice. Liu Bei visited Jingzhou to recruit talents, and many heroes from Jingzhou came to him. Xu Shu from Yingchuan County came to Liu Bei, and Liu Bei valued him very much. Xu Shu recommended Zhuge Liang from Langye County to Liu Bei.

At that time, Zhuge Liang was living in seclusion in Longzhong, so Liu Bei visited him three times. Zhuge Liang was touched by his sincerity and analyzed the general situation of the world for Liu Bei. He believed that the world was in chaos, and Cao Cao had pacified the north and had a strong army.
"Sun Quan controls Jiangdong and has a deep foundation. It is difficult for the two of them to match him. For now, we should first occupy Jingzhou and then advance to Yizhou;"

"Then, using Jingzhou and Yizhou as a base, he formed an alliance with Sun Quan to fight against Cao Cao, waited for the right time, and achieved hegemony. Liu Bei praised him and hired Zhuge Liang as his adviser."

"In July of the 13th year of Jian'an, Cao Cao marched south to Jingzhou; in August, Liu Biao died of illness, and his youngest son Liu Cong inherited the position and sent people to surrender to Cao Cao."

"At the time, Liu Bei was stationed in Fancheng and did not know that Cao's army was coming. It was not until Cao's army arrived in Wan County (now Nanyang City, Henan Province) that Liu Bei learned the news and urgently retreated southward."

"After passing Xiangyang, Zhuge Liang advised Liu Bei to take the opportunity to attack Liu Cong and seize Jingzhou."

"Liu Bei could not bear it, so he led his troops away. The scholars and common people of Jingzhou came to join Liu Bei. By the time they arrived at Dangyang County, there were more than 100,000 people, so the march was slow;"

"Liu Bei had no choice but to send Guan Yu to lead hundreds of ships to Jiangling by water."

"Someone suggested that Liu Bei urgently march south to occupy Jiangling, otherwise the consequences would be disastrous if Cao's army caught up with him. Liu Bei couldn't bear to abandon the people."

"Cao Cao led his army to Xiangyang and heard that Liu Bei had escaped. He immediately led 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue him. After marching 300 miles day and night, he caught up with Liu Bei at Changbanpo in Dangyang."

"Liu Bei abandoned his wife and children and fled on horseback with Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and dozens of others. The rest of the people, horses and supplies were captured by Cao Cao."

"Liu Bei led his troops to flee to Hanjin, where he happened to meet Guan Yu's fleet and was able to cross the Han River;"

"I also met Liu Qi, the eldest son of Liu Biao, who was then the governor of Jiangxia County. He led more than 10,000 troops to meet us, and we arrived at Xiakou together."

"Liu Bei sent Zhuge Liang to Jiangdong to form an alliance with Sun Quan."

"Sun Quan sent generals Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu and others to lead tens of thousands of naval forces to work together with Liu Bei to fight Cao Cao at Chibi, defeating Cao's army and burning a large number of enemy warships."

"Liu Bei and Zhou Yu advanced by land and sea, pursuing Cao Cao all the way to Nanjun."

"At that time, Cao Cao's army encountered a plague and a large number of soldiers died. Cao Cao had no choice but to lead the remaining troops to retreat."

"After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei recommended Liu Qi as the governor of Jingzhou and sent troops to attack the four counties in southern Jingzhou;"

"Wuling County Governor Jin Xuan, Changsha County Governor Han Xuan, Guiyang County Governor Zhao Fan, and Lingling County Governor Liu Du all surrendered."

"Liu Bei appointed Zhuge Liang as the military advisor and general, commanding the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha, and collecting taxes to support military use;"

"He also appointed Guan Yu as General Suppressing Bandits and concurrently the prefect of Xiangyang; Zhang Fei as General Conquering the Enemy and concurrently the prefect of Yidu; and Lieutenant General Zhao Yun as concurrently the prefect of Guiyang County."

"Soon after, Liu Qi died of illness, and his subordinates recommended Liu Bei as governor of Jingzhou, with his seat in Gong'an."

"Sun Quan gradually became afraid of Liu Bei's growing power and married his sister to Liu Bei to consolidate the alliance."

"In the 16th year of Jian'an, Cao Cao sent his general Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong."

"Liu Zhang, governor of Yizhou, was afraid and followed the advice of Zhang Song, a deputy envoy, and sent Fa Zheng, a lieutenant of the military council, as an envoy with 4,000 soldiers to Jingzhou to welcome Liu Bei into Sichuan."

"Fa Zheng secretly advised Liu Bei to use Zhang Song as an insider to capture Yizhou;"

"Liu Bei agreed with this and left Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others to guard Jingzhou while he led tens of thousands of people westward to Yizhou."

"Liu Bei led his army to Fucheng (now Mianyang City, Sichuan Province), and Liu Zhang personally led his troops to greet him."

Su Shi: Liu Zhang provided Liu Bei with food and supplies, allowing him to lead troops to attack Zhang Lu in Hanzhong;

Liu Bei stationed his troops in Jiameng and did not immediately attack Zhang Lu. Instead, he won the hearts of the people and had other plans.

The following year, Cao Cao went south to attack Sun Quan, who wrote to Liu Bei asking for help. Liu Bei pretended to return east and asked Liu Zhang to send 10,000 soldiers and provide food and fodder.

But Liu Zhang only agreed to send 4,000 troops and halved the food and grass. At that time, Zhang Song wrote a letter to Fa Zheng, advising Liu Bei not to leave;

Because the conspiracy was exposed, Liu Zhang executed Zhang Song and ordered all the checkpoints in Yizhou not to allow Liu Bei's army to pass.

Liu Bei was furious and, following the advice of his adviser Pang Tong, lured and killed Liu Zhang's generals Yang Huai and Gao Pei. Then he led his troops to attack Liu Zhang and captured Fucheng.

Liu Zhang urgently dispatched his generals Zhang Ren, Wu Yi and others to lead troops to stop Liu Bei, but they were all defeated and Wu Yi led his troops to surrender to Liu Bei.

Liu Zhang also sent his general Li Yan to Mianzhu to command the troops, and Li Yan also led his troops to surrender to Liu Bei; Liu Bei then divided his troops to pacify the counties in Yizhou.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD), Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and others left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and were ordered to go up the river to capture Ba County.

In the summer of the same year, Liu Bei captured Luocheng (now Guanghan City, Sichuan Province) and joined forces with Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei and others to besiege Chengdu.

Liu Bei besieged Chengdu for dozens of days, and Liu Zhang surrendered the city; Liu Bei captured Yizhou, rewarded his soldiers, and stabilized the people.

Liu Bei took charge of Yizhou as governor, with Zhuge Liang as his assistant and Fa Zheng as his strategist; Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Ma Chao as generals, and Xu Jing, Mi Zhu and Jian Yong as his staff.

Dong He, Huang Quan, Li Yan, Peng Ying, Liu Ba and others were originally Liu Zhang's old subordinates, while Wu Yi and Fei Guan were Liu Zhang's relatives by marriage. They were all highly valued by Liu Bei, held important positions and displayed their talents.

As a result, all the ambitious people in Yizhou area encouraged each other and came to join him.

In the 20th year of Jian'an, Sun Quan sent envoys to ask for Jingzhou because Liu Bei captured Yizhou.

Liu Bei refused, saying that he would give Jingzhou to Sun Quan only if he conquered Liangzhou. Sun Quan was furious and sent his general Lu Meng to lead an army to seize Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang.

Liu Bei personally led 50,000 troops down the river to Gong'an, and ordered Guan Yu to march to Yiyang to prepare to retake the lost territory.

Cao Cao pacified Hanzhong at that time, and Zhang Lu fled to Baxi County. When Liu Bei heard the news, he decided to make peace with Sun Quan and divide the three counties of Jiangxia, Changsha and Guiyang under Jingzhou to Sun Quan.

The three counties of Nanjun, Lingling and Wuling belonged to him; then he led his army back to Jiangzhou (now Yuzhong District, Chongqing City).

Liu Bei sent Huang Quan to lead troops to meet Zhang Lu, but Zhang Lu had already surrendered to Cao Cao.

Cao Cao sent his generals Xiahou Yuan and Zhang He to guard Hanzhong and invaded the territory of Baxi County several times.

Liu Bei ordered Zhang Fei to march to Dangqu, where he fought fiercely with Zhang He and others at Wakou. Zhang He was defeated and retreated to Nanzheng; Liu Bei also led his army back to Chengdu.

In the 23rd year of Jian'an, Liu Bei led his generals to march into Hanzhong, and sent generals Wu Lan, Lei Tong and others to march into Wudu County, but they were destroyed by Cao's army.

Liu Bei led his army to station at Yangping Pass, confronting Xiahou Yuan, Zhang He and others. (End of this chapter)