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Ma Chao, courtesy name Mengqi, was born in Maoling, Fufeng (now Xingping City, Shaanxi Province) and was a descendant of Ma Yuan, the general of the Han Dynasty.
The son of Weiwei Ma Teng, he was a famous general of Shu Han during the late Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period.

Ma Chao was famous for his bravery when he was young and once refused Cao Cao's call to arms.

In the seventh year of Jian'an (202 AD), Ma Chao was appointed as the military commander to assist the Inspector of the Imperial Capital, Zhong Yao, and defeated Guo Yuan and others in Pingyang.

A few years later, Ma Chao was appointed as Lieutenant General and Marquis of Duting, commanding his father Ma Teng's army.

In the 211th year of Jian'an ( AD), Cao Cao defeated the Guanzhong coalition led by Ma Chao, Han Sui and others in the Battle of Weinan. After the defeat, Ma Chao fled to Zhang Lu in Hanzhong.

Later in the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD), he abandoned Zhang Lu and joined Liu Bei, assisting Liu Bei in pacifying Yizhou.

"After the Battle of Hanzhong, 120 generals, led by Ma Chao, jointly urged Liu Bei to ascend the throne. Liu Bei then named himself the King of Hanzhong and promoted Ma Chao to the rank of Left General;"

In the first year of the Later Zhangwu reign (221 AD), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, and Ma Chao was promoted to General of the Cavalry, Governor of Liang Province, and further granted the title of Marquis of Yaxiang.

"In the second year of Zhangwu (222 AD), Ma Chao died at the age of forty-seven.

In the ninth month of the autumn of the third year of Jingyao (260 AD), Ma Chao was posthumously named "Marquis of Wei", and his son Ma Cheng inherited the title.

"Zhuge Liang, the Prime Minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period, praised Ma Chao for his ability in both civil and military affairs, his extraordinary bravery and his outstanding character.

"Modern historian Cai Dongfan commented that Ma Chao was brave but not wise, which brought disaster to his parents and his wife.

"In the fifth year of Xiping in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Chao was born in Maoling, Fufeng (now Xingping City, Shaanxi Province). He was famous for his bravery since he was young.

"His father was Ma Teng, who started an uprising in Xizhou with Han Sui, Bian Zhang and others in the last years of Emperor Ling. Ma Teng and Han Sui also fought against each other.

In the first year of Jian'an (196), Ma Teng had a fight with Yan Xing, a general under Han Sui. Yan Xing attacked Ma Chao with a spear.

“The spear was broken by Ma Chao, but Yan Xing used the broken spear to continue attacking, nearly killing Ma Chao.

In the ninth month of the autumn of the seventh year of Jian'an (202 AD), Yuan Shang sent Guo Yuan, the governor of Hedong County appointed by him, to attack Hedong together with Gao Gan and the Southern Xiongnu Chanyu Luan Ti Huchuquan, and they also joined forces with Ma Teng and other generals in Guanzhong.

"At that time, the Sili Xiaowei Zhong Yao was stationed in Guanzhong. Faced with this situation, he wrote letters to Han Sui, Ma Teng and others, and also sent Xinfeng County Magistrate Zhang Ji, a native of Fengyi, to persuade Ma Teng and explain the pros and cons.
"So Ma Teng sent Ma Chao to lead tens of thousands of troops to support Zhong Yao. Ma Chao was appointed as the military commander of the Sili Commandery to attack Guo Yuan, Gao Gan and others.
The two sides fought in Pingyang, and Ma Chao defeated Guo Yuan and others in the battle. Ma Chao's general Pang De personally beheaded Guo Yuan.

When the Chanyu of Southern Xiongnu saw that his reinforcements had been defeated, he surrendered.

When Cao Cao was the prime minister, he summoned Ma Chao to be an official, but Ma Chao did not go. After the expedition against Guo Yuan, Ma Chao was appointed as the governor of Xuzhou and later changed to the title of Counselor.

In the 208th year of Jian'an ( AD), Ma Teng fell out with Han Sui and asked to return to the capital, whereupon he was summoned to be the Weiwei.

Ma Chao's two younger brothers, Ma Xiu and Ma Tie, were also appointed as the Commandant of Chariots and Commandant of Cavalry, and their families moved to Yecheng.
Only Ma Chao stayed behind, and was appointed as Lieutenant General and Marquis of Duting, commanding Ma Teng's troops.

In March of the 211th year of Jian'an ( AD), Cao Cao sent Zhong Yao to attack Zhang Lu who occupied Hanzhong County, and ordered Xiahou Yuan and others to send troops from Hedong County to join Zhong Yao.

At this time, Ma Chao and other generals who occupied Guanzhong suspected that Zhong Yao was going to attack them. So Ma Chao joined forces with many generals in Guanzhong, including Cheng Yin, Yang Qiu, Han Sui, etc., a total of ten groups of troops, gathered 100,000 soldiers and jointly rose up to resist Cao Cao.

When Ma Chao rebelled against Cao, he tried to win over Liu Xiongming's forces in the Guanzhong area, but was rejected by him. Ma Chao then attacked and defeated him, and the other party therefore defected to Cao Cao.

The Guanzhong coalition forces recommended Han Sui as the commander-in-chief. Ma Chao once told Han Sui that he would abandon his father and take Han Sui as his father, and Han Sui should also abandon his son and take Ma Chao as his son.

Su Shi: Yan Xing advised Han Sui not to make peace with Ma Chao, but Han Sui believed that it was God's will, so the coalition army marched eastward to Huayin.

The garrison set up camps at the Weihe River and Tongguan. Han Sui and Ma Chao rebelled, causing tens of thousands of people in Guanxi to flee from Ziwu Valley to Hanzhong.

Ma Chao and others were defending Tongguan. Cao Cao sent Cao Ren to attack them and warned them to hold on to the camp first. In July of the same year, Cao Cao marched west and confronted Ma Chao's army across Tongguan.

Cao Cao's army was at Puban Ferry and wanted to cross the river to the west. Ma Chao suggested to Han Sui that they should hold the north bank of the Wei River, so that the enemy would withdraw when their food ran out.

Han Sui did not accept it. Later, Cao Cao heard about this and lamented that if Ma Chao was not dead, he would have no place to be buried.

Cao Cao held back Ma Chao's troops and ordered Xu Huang, Zhu Ling and others to secretly cross Pubanjin at night.
Ma Chao sent Liang Xing with more than 5,000 infantry and cavalry to attack Xu Huang, but was repelled by Xu Huang. Ma Chao then occupied the area west of the Yellow River and set up camp.

Cao Cao forced a crossing of the Yellow River north of Tongguan. When he was halfway across, Ma Chao arrived with more than 10,000 elite troops and fiercely attacked Cao's ships.

Cao Cao was saved by his subordinate Xu Chu. Captain Ding Fei saw the opportunity and released a large number of cattle and horses to lure Ma Chao's troops. Ma Chao's troops all scrambled for the cattle and horses, and their formation was in chaos. Cao Cao was able to cross the Yellow River.

After Ma Chao's army retreated, they occupied the mouth of the Wei River to resist Cao's army. Cao Cao then set up more decoy troops and secretly let his troops cross the Wei River and set up camp on the south bank of the Wei River.

Ma Chao and other allied forces attacked Cao's camp at night, but were defeated by an ambush set by Cao Cao.

Ma Chao and his men stationed in Weinan and sent people to deliver a letter, asking for peace on the condition of ceding the land west of the Yellow River, but their request was rejected by Cao Cao.

In September, Cao's army crossed the Weishui River. Ma Chao and others challenged Cao Cao many times, but Cao Cao refused to respond.

Ma Chao and other coalition forces had no choice but to repeatedly request to cede land and send hostages in exchange for peace.

At that time, Cao Cao met with Han Sui and Ma Chao with only a few men. Ma Chao relied on his strong military force and tried to put a six-hu rice bag in front of his horse and run back and forth.

Ma Chao measured Cao Cao's weight with a bushel of rice and wanted to suddenly rush forward to capture Cao Cao, but was stared at angrily by Xu Chu, a general beside Cao Cao, so he did not dare to take action.

After Cao Cao found out, he laughed at himself for almost being bullied by a cunning thief.

Afterwards, Cao Cao followed Jia Xu's strategy, pretending to agree, and deliberately alienated Ma Chao and Han Sui, causing suspicion between the two.

So Cao Cao agreed on a date with Ma Chao and others for a battle. Ma Chao and his coalition forces were defeated, Cheng Yi, Li Kan and others were all killed, and Ma Chao and Han Sui and others fled to Liangzhou.

Ma Chao fled to the Western Rong minority tribe, and Cao Cao led his army to pursue him all the way to Anding, but withdrew because of a rebellion in Hejian.

In the 212th year of Jian'an ( AD), Ma Chao's remnants, including Liang Xing, were stationed in Lantian County. Cao Cao ordered Xiahou Yuan to lead an expedition to conquer and pacify them.

Ma Chao fled to Shanggui in Liangzhou, where local people including Ren Yang came to welcome him.

Afterwards, Ma Chao led the Western Rong tribes to attack the counties in Longshang, and the counties in Longshang responded to Ma Chao. Only Jicheng supported the order of the prefecture and held on. Ma Chao annexed the army in Longyou, and with the help of Yang Ang, a general sent by Zhang Lu, he assembled more than 10,000 people and attacked Jicheng together.

Ma Chao surrounded Jicheng, and Wei Kang, the governor of Liangzhou, sent his subordinate Yan Wen to ask Xiahou Yuan for help. Ma Chao's army captured Yan Wen in Xianqin and sent him to Ma Chao.

When Ma Chao tried to persuade Yan Wen to surrender, Yan Wen pretended to agree but then shouted under Jicheng that reinforcements would arrive soon. He then refused Ma Chao's repeated attempts to recruit him, so Ma Chao killed him.

In May, Ma Chao's father Ma Teng was killed and his three clans were exterminated.

The soldiers of Jicheng held out from the first month to the eighth month, and no reinforcements arrived. Wei Kang, the governor of Liangzhou, sent people to ask for peace with Ma Chao.
After Ma Chao entered the city, he detained Yang Fu, killed Wei Kang, occupied Jicheng and incorporated Wei Kang's troops.

Xiahou Yuan led his troops to rescue Wei Kang, but he arrived a step too late. When he was more than 200 miles away from Jicheng, he was defeated by Ma Chao's army.

In November of the 213th year of Jian'an ( AD), Ma Chao relied on the Qiang people and other ethnic minorities to start a rebellion in Hanyang County.
King Qianwan of Di also rebelled in response to Ma Chao. They were stationed in Xingguo and were later defeated by Xiahou Yuan, a general under Cao Cao. King Qianwan of Di fled to Ma Chao, and the rest of his men all surrendered.

Afterwards, Ma Chao proclaimed himself the General Who Conquers the West, and concurrently served as the Governor of Bingzhou, in charge of the military power of Liangzhou.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD), Wei Kang's former subordinates Yang Fu, Jiang Xu, Liang Kuan, Zhao Qu and others conspired to attack Ma Chao.

Yang Fu and Jiang Xu first attacked Lucheng, and Ma Chao led his troops to attack but failed to capture it.

Liang Kuan and Zhao Qu took advantage of Ma Chao's dispatch of troops to close the gates of Jicheng and kill his family. Ma Chao was unable to enter the city and was caught in a dilemma, so he attacked Licheng and killed Jiang Xu's mother.

Later, Ma Chao fought with Yang Fu and was defeated, so he fled to Hanzhong and joined Zhang Lu.

At that time, Zhang Lu thought highly of Ma Chao and appointed him as the chief lecturer and priest. He wanted to marry his daughter to him, but gave up after being dissuaded.

Before Ma Chao rebelled against Cao, his concubine's younger brother Dong Zhong stayed in Sanfu. After Ma Chao was defeated, Dong Zhong entered Hanzhong first.

Ma Chao borrowed troops from Zhang Lu and went north to attack Liang Province. Zhang Lu ordered Ma Chao to return and besiege Qishan. The defender of Qishan, Jiang Xu, asked Xiahou Yuan for help.

Xiahou Yuan's generals wanted to report to Cao Cao, but Xiahou Yuan thought Cao Cao was far away in Yecheng and could not help.
He then ordered Zhang He to lead 5,000 infantry and cavalry as the vanguard to attack Ma Chao.

Ma Chao ordered several thousand Di and Qiang people to fight Zhang He, but before the battle even started, Ma Chao retreated.

At that time, Zhang Lu's general Yang Bai wanted to harm Ma Chao, so Ma Chao fled from Wudu into the Di tribe.

Ma Chao believed that Zhang Lu was not someone who could conspire with him for big things. When he heard that Liu Bei was besieging Liu Zhang, the governor of Yizhou, in Chengdu, he secretly sent someone to send a letter to Liu Bei requesting surrender.

On the first day of the first lunar month in the 215th year of Jian'an ( AD), Dong Zhong wished Ma Chao a happy new year. Ma Chao beat his chest and vomited blood. His entire family had been killed. What was there for the two of them to celebrate?

When Liu Bei heard that Ma Chao was coming, he was overjoyed and said bluntly that he could get Yizhou. He sent people to welcome Ma Chao and secretly provided support to the soldiers.

Ma Chao led his troops straight to the city of Chengdu and stationed in the north of the city. The people in the city were terrified. In less than ten days, Chengdu was defeated and Liu Zhang surrendered.

Ma Chao was appointed by Liu Bei as General Pingxi, in charge of Linju, while retaining his original title of Marquis of Duting.

In the 217nd year of Jian'an ( AD), Liu Bei and Cao Cao competed for the territory of Hanzhong. Ma Chao, Zhang Fei and others were sent to garrison in Xiabian (now Tonggu County, Chengzhou). Seven tribes including Lei Ding of the Di people responded to Ma Chao. Cao Cao sent General Cao Hong to resist the enemy, and Ma Chao and others retreated.

In the first month of the 218rd year of Jian'an ( AD), Liu Bei led his generals to march into Hanzhong and sent his generals Wu Lan, Lei Tong and others to Chengdu. Cao Hong defeated Wu Lan and killed his general Ren Kui and others.

Li Bai: In March, Ma Chao and Zhang Fei fled to Hanzhong. The Di people in Yinping Road killed Wu Lan and presented his head to Cao's army.

In the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD), Liu Bei gained the upper hand in the battle with Cao Cao and seized Hanzhong. In the autumn of the same year,
Ma Chao and a group of generals totaling 120 people submitted a memorial to the Han Emperor titled "Establishing the King of Hanzhong" and requested that Liu Bei be crowned king.

After Liu Bei became the King of Hanzhong, Ma Chao was appointed as the Left General and was granted the power of "holding the imperial seal and military authority".

Later, Peng Ying, the governor, was dissatisfied with Liu Bei's transfer and went to see Ma Chao. Ma Chao persuaded him that Liu Bei valued him very much.

Peng Ying was still dissatisfied and accused Liu Bei of being absurd and unreasonable. He bluntly said that with Ma Chao as an external official and him as an internal supporter, the world would be pacified.

Ma Chao was shocked by Zhuge Liang's words, and reported everything Zhuge Liang said after he left. As a result, Peng Ying was arrested and imprisoned, and later executed by Liu Bei, who listened to Zhuge Liang's advice.

In the first year of Zhangwu (221 AD), Ma Chao was promoted to General of Cavalry, appointed Governor of Liang Province, stationed at Yangping Pass, and was further granted the title of Marquis of Yaxiang.

In the imperial edict Liu Bei gave him, he praised Ma Chao for gaining the obedience of the Di and Qiang peoples, and the Xiongnu also admired his righteousness.

Ma Chao was trustworthy and had high prestige in the north, so he was entrusted with important tasks.

In the second year of Zhangwu (222 AD), Ma Chao died at the age of .

Before his death, he submitted a memorial entrusting his only remaining relative, his cousin Ma Dai, to Liu Bei, and had no more to say.

In September of the autumn of the third year of Jingyao (260 AD), Ma Chao was posthumously named "Marquis of Wei" and his son Ma Cheng inherited his title.

In the 211th year of Jian'an (214 AD), Ma Chao united with the generals in Guanzhong to rebel against Cao, and then fought with Cao's army in the northwest until the th year of Jian'an ( AD), tying down most of Cao Cao's military forces. Although he did not form an alliance with Liu Bei, he inadvertently provided strong support for Liu Bei to gain Shu.

Later, Ma Chao defected to Liu Bei. Ma Chao arrived in Chengdu, strengthened the military strength of Liu Bei's group, promoted Liu Zhang's surrender, and made great contributions to Liu Bei's capture of Chengdu.

The peaceful capture of Chengdu played an important and positive role in the establishment and consolidation of the Shu Han regime, the restoration of production order and the sustained development of the economy.

In the 217nd year of Jian'an ( AD), Liu Bei and Cao Cao competed for the territory of Hanzhong. Ma Chao, Zhang Fei and others were sent to garrison in Xiabian (now Tonggu County, Chengzhou). Seven tribes including the Di tribe Lei Ding responded to Ma Chao and contributed military strength to Liu Bei's fight for Hanzhong.

In the first year of Zhangwu (221 AD), Ma Chao was appointed as the governor of Liang Province and guarded Yangping Pass, the northwest gateway of Shu Han. Ma Chao was as brave as Han Xin and Lu Bu, and had good relations with ethnic minorities such as Di and Qiang. He helped Liu Bei maintain stability on the border of Bashu regime.

After Liu Bei conquered Hanzhong, more than 120 ministers led by Ma Chao jointly wrote a letter to the Han Emperor titled "A Memorial to the Emperor on Establishing the King of Hanzhong", which promoted Liu Bei's promotion to the King of Hanzhong.

When Ma Chao first defected to Liu Bei, Liu Bei treated him very well. Ma Chao often called Liu Bei by his courtesy name. Guan Yu was very angry about this and requested to kill Ma Chao. Liu Bei thought that he could not face the world if he killed Ma Chao just because he called him by his courtesy name. Zhang Fei also advised him to show Ma Chao the etiquette so that he would understand.

The next morning, when Ma Chao arrived at the meeting, he saw Guan Yu and Zhang Fei standing on either side of Liu Bei with swords in hand. After Ma Chao sat down, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu were still standing. He was very surprised and never called Liu Bei by his courtesy name again. (End of this chapter)