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Fei Yi, courtesy name Wenwei, was a native of Xi County, Jiangxia Prefecture (now southwest of Luoshan, Henan Province). He was a minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.

In his early years, Fei Yi studied in Yizhou and was known for his talent. After Liu Bei became emperor, he made Liu Chan the crown prince and hired Fei Yi and Dong Yun as the crown prince's attendants. Soon Fei Yi was promoted to the crown prince's secretary.

After Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, Fei Yi was promoted to the position of Yellow Gate Minister and was highly regarded by Prime Minister Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang sent Fei Yi on a diplomatic mission to Sun Wu as the commander of the Zhaoxin Army. Fei Yi lived up to his mission and was promoted to the position of Shizhong. Soon after, he was appointed as a military officer in the Prime Minister's Office. After that, he frequently went on diplomatic missions to Sun Wu.

In the eighth year of Jianxing (230 AD), Fei Yi was promoted to Central Guard General and Sima of the Prime Minister's Office. At that time, the military advisor Wei Yan and the chief secretary Yang Yi were at odds. Fei Yi mediated and enabled the two to work together peacefully.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Fei Yi was promoted to military advisor and soon replaced Jiang Wan as minister of the Chancellery.

In the sixth year of Yan Xi (243 AD), Fei Yi was promoted to general and was in charge of the affairs of the Shangshu.

The following year, the Wei army invaded Hanzhong, and Fei Yi was awarded the scepter and led the army to stop the enemy.

After the enemy retreated, Fei Yi was granted the title of Marquis of Chengxiang for his merits, and was soon appointed as the Governor of Yizhou.

In the 252th year of Yan Xi ( AD), Fei Yi was allowed to open a government office and govern the country; on the first day of the following year, Fei Yi held a banquet to entertain his ministers, during which he was assassinated by Guo Xiu, a surrenderer from Wei.

After Fei Yi's death, he was posthumously named Jinghou, and his son Fei inherited the title.

People at that time spoke highly of Fei Yi. Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu, believed that Fei Yi was a loyal minister of Shu.
Zhuge Liang praised Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others for their "loyalty and purity of mind" and said they were capable of shouldering important responsibilities.

Later generations often compared Fei Yi with Jiang Wan. Chen Shou, Chang Qu, Pei Songzhi, the historians of the Jin Dynasty, and Sima Guang, the historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, all believed that
Fei Yi succeeded Jiang Wan in presiding over the government. Both of them followed the system established by Zhuge Liang, ensuring peace on the border and stability at home, and made great contributions to the country.

Fei Yi became an orphan at a young age and depended on his uncle Fei Boren's family for support.

Fei Boren's aunt was the mother of Liu Zhang, the governor of Yizhou. Liu Zhang sent people to welcome Fei Boren to Shu, and Fei Boren took Fei Yi to Yizhou to study.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bei conquered Yizhou and Fei Yi also stayed in Shu. He was as famous as Xu Shulong from Runan County and Dong Yun from Nan County, who were also living in Yizhou at that time.

It happened that the son of the famous scholar Xu Jing died, and Dong Yun and Fei Yi both wanted to attend the funeral together.

Dong Yun told his father Dong He that he hoped for a horse-drawn carriage, but Dong He sent him an open deer cart instead.

When Dong Yun saw that the deer cart was in tatters, he showed an expression of unwillingness to ride it, but Fei Yi didn't care and got on the deer cart directly.

At the funeral, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang and other Shu nobles were there. Their carriages were all very luxurious. Dong Yun had an uncertain expression on his face, but Fei Yi behaved as usual.

After the driver came back, Dong He inquired about the different reactions of Dong Yun and Fei Yi, and praised Fei Yi highly.

In the first year of Zhangwu reign of Shu Han (221 AD), Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and made Liu Chan the crown prince.

Fei Yi and Dong Yun were hired as the Prince's attendants, and soon Fei Yi was promoted to the Prince's Secretary.

In the first year of Jianxing of Shu Han (223 AD), Liu Bei died and was succeeded by Liu Chan, the later emperor. Fei Yi was promoted to the position of Huangmen Shilang.

When Zhuge Liang returned to Chengdu from his southern expedition, all the officials came out of the city for dozens of miles to greet him. Most of the officials were older and more experienced than Fei Yi.

Zhuge Liang specially asked Fei Yi to ride in the same carriage with him, so everyone looked at Fei Yi differently.

After Zhuge Liang pacified Nanzhong, he intended to launch a northern expedition against Cao Wei, hoping to reconcile with Sun Wu and form an alliance.

So he sent Fei Yi to Sun Wu as the commander of the Zhaoxin Army to explain the situation.

Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu, was known for his eloquence and his love of joking. Wu officials such as Zhuge Ke and Yang Xin were knowledgeable and skillful in speaking.

Faced with the verbal challenges from the King and his ministers of Wu, Fei Yi responded fluently and showed no intention of giving in.

Sun Quan thought highly of Fei Yi and praised him as a capable minister of Shu.

Fei Yi accomplished his mission as an envoy to Sun Wu and was promoted to the position of Shizhong after returning to Chengdu.

In the spring of the fifth year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty (227 AD), Zhuge Liang led his army north and stationed in Hanzhong. He submitted a memorial to the later emperor Liu Chan, appointing Fei Yi as a military officer in the Prime Minister's Office.

Both Emperor Liu Chan and Prime Minister Zhuge Liang were very satisfied with Fei Yi's mission to Sun Wu, so Fei Yi frequently went on diplomatic missions to Sun Wu later.

In the eighth year of Jianxing of Shu Han (230 AD), Fei Yi was promoted to Central Guard General, and soon after he was promoted to Sima of the Prime Minister's Office.

At that time, Yang Yi, the Chief Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office, and Wei Yan, the Military Advisor, were not on good terms. They hated each other and would argue whenever they met and sat together. Wei Yan sometimes even drew his sword to threaten Yang Yi, and Yang Yi would cry in grievance with tears streaming down his face.

Fei Yi often sat between the two people, persuading them while separating them.

Before Zhuge Liang's death, Yang Yi and Wei Yan were able to work together and do their best, all thanks to Fei Yi's mediation.

In August of the 234th year of Jianxing in the Shu Han Dynasty ( AD), Zhuge Liang died of illness and Fei Yi was promoted to military advisor.

Soon, Fei Yi succeeded Jiang Wan as the Minister of the Chancellery. In the sixth year of Yan Xi of Shu Han (243 AD), Fei Yi was promoted to the rank of General and was appointed as the Minister of the Chancellery.

In February of the following year, Cao Wei's general Cao Shuang led a large army to attack Xingshi. General Wang Ping, the general of Zhenbei, held his ground against the enemy. Fei Yi commanded the various armies to rescue. The Wei army retreated, and he was granted the title of Marquis of Chengxiang for his merits.

Soon, Jiang Wan gave the post of Governor of Yizhou to Fei Yi, who then served as Governor of Yizhou concurrently.

In the ninth year of Yan Xi of Shu Han (246 AD), Grand Marshal Jiang Wan died of illness; Fei Yi succeeded Jiang Wan and took on the important task of assisting in state affairs.

In the 248th year of Yan Xi of Shu Han ( AD), Fei Yi led his army north and stationed in Hanzhong.

After Fei Yi came to power, his achievements and reputation could generally be compared with Jiang Wan.

From Jiang Wan to Fei Yi, although they were stationed outside, when the later emperor Liu Chan was in Chengdu dealing with important matters of reward and punishment,
They would first send envoys to consult, and only after they made a decision would they finally take action.

This shows that the later emperor Liu Chan trusted Fei Yi and Jiang Wan.

In the summer of the 251th year of Yan Xi in the Shu Han Dynasty ( AD), Fei Yi returned to Chengdu from Hanzhong.

In the winter of the same year, Fei Yi led his troops north and stationed in Hanshou County.

The following year, Emperor Liu Chan ordered Fei Yi to open a government office to handle affairs. In the 253th year of Yanxi in the Shu Han Dynasty ( AD), on the first day of the new year, Fei Yi held a grand party, and Guo Xiu, a surrenderer from the Wei Kingdom, was also present. Fei Yi drank heartily and got drunk. Guo Xiu took the opportunity to assassinate him when he was caught off guard.

After Fei Yi's death, he was posthumously named Jinghou, and his son Fei Cheng inherited the title and served as the Yellow Gate Minister.

Fei Yi's second son, Fei Gong, married the daughter of the later emperor Liu Chan and became his son-in-law; Fei Yi's eldest daughter married the crown prince Liu Xuan as his concubine.

People at that time spoke highly of Fei Yi. Sun Quan, the ruler of Wu, said that he was "the most virtuous man in the world" and would surely be a loyal minister to Shu.
In "The Memorial to the Emperor on Leaving the Capital", Zhuge Liang praised Fei Yi and Dong Yun as "both of them are good and honest people with loyal and pure intentions", which is why the late Emperor Liu Bei selected them to assist the later Emperor Liu Chan.

Chen Shou, a historian of the Jin Dynasty, commented: Jiang Wan was upright, serious and dignified; Fei Yi was generous, open-minded and good at getting along with others. Both of them were able to inherit the system established by Zhuge Liang.

By following the old ways and not changing, the border of Shu State could remain peaceful for a long time and the country could remain stable.

However, neither of them fully understood how to govern a small country and the principle of recuperation.

However, Pei Songzhi, a historian in the late Jin Dynasty, disagreed with Chen Shou's view. He believed that Jiang Wan and Fei Yi were in charge of the government.

He completely followed the system set by Zhuge Liang and never acted rashly for the sake of merit, which would have caused the state affairs to be neglected.

Externally, they repelled the attacks from the State of Wei, maintained domestic stability, and knew how to govern a small country and recuperate. No one did better than them.

Fei Yi's reputation and achievements in presiding over state affairs can probably be compared with Jiang Wan's, and he inherited Jiang Wan's way of governing.
Although he was stationed outside with his troops, Fei Yi was the one who decided national celebrations and the reward and punishment system.

Fei Yi inherited the system established by Zhuge Liang and followed it without changing it, so the country was able to maintain peace.

Since Fei Yi's death, the eunuch Huang Hao began to monopolize power.

Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, commented: Fei Yi was elegant, modest and simple in character, and his achievements and reputation in presiding over state affairs were roughly equivalent to those of Jiang Wan.

During Fei Yi's mission to Sun Wu, Sun Quan would always prepare fine wine and have a feast with Fei Yi every time he saw him off.
When Sun Quan saw Fei Yi drunk, he would ask Fei Yi about state affairs or talk about worldly affairs, using deliberately difficult words.

Fei Yi refused to answer the questions on the grounds that he was drunk. After returning, he wrote down Sun Quan's questions and gave answers to each question without any omissions.

Once, Sun Quan gave Fei Yi the precious sword he often wore. Fei Yi replied: "Although I am not talented, I don't know how to repay the king's courtesy.

But the purpose of the sword is to punish rebellion and suppress rioters. I only hope that the king can strive to achieve great things and support the Han Dynasty together with Shu. Although I am mediocre and weak, I will not let Wu down in the end. "

During Fei Yi's tenure as Shangshu Ling, he had a lot of official duties. Fei Yi's knowledge and understanding were beyond ordinary people. Every time he read the case, he would look up a few times and
You will know roughly what it says, and your speed will be several times faster than others, and you will not forget its content even after completing your official business.

Fei Yi often listened to his subordinates' reports during meal breaks, and then continued to receive guests, drink, eat, and have fun until the guests were satisfied, and the work he was handling was not delayed.

Later, Dong Yun replaced Fei Yi as the Minister of the Chancellery, intending to learn Fei Yi's way of doing things. Within a few days, many things were delayed.

Dong Yun then sighed: "I didn't expect that people's talents and abilities vary so much. Fei Yi is not someone I can catch up with. I am busy with government affairs all day and don't even have a moment of leisure."

Fei Yi held a grand banquet for his ministers to celebrate his birthday, but during the banquet he was assassinated by Guo Xiu, a surrendered general of the Wei State, and died on the spot.

In fact, the emergence of this incident is full of doubts. Today we will start with the motive and analyze little by little why Guo Xiu chose to assassinate Fei Yi.

As a surrendered general of Wei, he is still thriving in Shu and has even reached the high position of Left General.

This was an official position Liu Bei once held, and he was considered a high-ranking official in the court of Shu Han. Why did he assassinate Fei Yi?
According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Guo Xiu was very loyal to Cao Wei, and even his surrender to Shu was only a temporary measure.

He always dreamed that one day he could kill Liu Chan and make great achievements. He assassinated Fei Yi because the assassination of Liu Chan was fruitless.

First of all, Pei Songzhi had great doubts about Guo Xiu. Pei Songzhi had three doubts: First, the hatred between Wei and Shu had not reached the depth that was worth assassinating their monarchs.

Second, Liu Chan had no talent, and killing him would not benefit Shu at all. Third, if Guo Xiu wanted a good reputation, he might as well die in battle. There was no need to do this.

We clearly feel that Pei Songzhi's statement is not so reasonable, and each of Pei Songzhi's doubts can be easily overturned.

Because this is not what Pei Songzhi wanted to say. Pei Songzhi's three doubts are nothing more than trying to tell us that Guo Xiu's assassination was not because of his loyalty to the Wei Dynasty.

We can see that Empress Guo of Cao Rui is very likely to be from the same clan as Guo Xiu. Although we don't know the specific relationship, there is at least a certain relationship between them.

If Guo Xiu wanted to assassinate himself, then it must have something to do with Empress Guo.

It is possible that Guo Xiu's surrender caused Empress Guo to lose Cao Rui's favor, so Guo Xiu was actually protecting Empress Guo. Of course, this possibility is very small.

If we want to infer a person's motives, we must think about who benefits the most from the event, and that person is more suspicious.
If Fei Yi died, who would benefit the most? The answer is actually very obvious: Liu Chan and Jiang Wei.

In fact, I have already analyzed these two people in previous issues. They actually have the same interests, so they can be discussed together.

First of all, we should know that Jiang Wei wanted to launch a northern expedition many times after Zhuge Liang's death, but was stopped by Dong Yun, Fei Yi and others.

At this moment, Fei Yi, as the general, has actually controlled all the military power of Shu Han. Therefore, although Jiang Wei is outside, he has to be controlled by Fei Yi everywhere. For Jiang Wei, if he wants to march north, Fei Yi must die!

So why did Fei Yi disagree with Jiang Wei's continued northern expedition? According to statistics from the time of the fall of Shu Han, Shu had only 900,000 people and only 100,000 soldiers.

With a one in ten probability of mobilizing troops, the entire country would be mobilized every time, and such a consumption of military expenditure is simply unimaginable.

When Zhuge Liang was around, he could only lead 50,000 soldiers, and often returned empty-handed due to lack of food and fodder. Jiang Wei's strength was obviously not enough to lead more people.

Therefore, Fei Yi only carried out small-scale harassment battles against Jiang Wei's less than 10,000 people each time.
Therefore, Shu Han's national strength was indeed incapable of carrying out a large-scale Northern Expedition, but Jiang Wei and Liu Chan did not think so.

The enemy is strong and we are weak. If we do not attack, the gap will only get bigger. Therefore, in Jiang Wei's view, only by doing his best to fight to the north can he win a glimmer of hope for the Kingdom of Shu.

After Fei Yi's death, the military power of Shu Kingdom fell into the hands of Jiang Wei. From then on, the army led by Jiang Wei in the Northern Expedition always numbered tens of thousands of people, which could be said to be of great benefit to Jiang Wei.

But for Liu Chan, Fei Yi was definitely not just a loyal minister, but a super powerful minister who succeeded Zhuge Liang.

Liu Chan could no longer bear it after experiencing not being in charge of the family for a single day since he ascended the throne.

Although Zhuge Liang and Liu Chan were dissatisfied in the past, Zhuge Liang was wise in the end! (End of this chapter)