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Zhang Yi, courtesy name Bogong, was a native of Wuyang County, Qianwei Prefecture (now Pengshan, Meishan City, Sichuan Province). He was a general of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Bei occupied Yizhou and Zhang Yi was appointed as a secretary.

Later, he was recommended as a filial and incorrupt official, and was appointed as the county magistrate of Jiangyang and Fuling. He also served successively as the prefect of Zitong, Guanghan, and Shu counties.

In the ninth year of Jianxing of the Shu Han Dynasty (231 AD), Zhang Yi succeeded Li Hui as the governor of Beijiang and was promoted to General of Sui Nan. He pacified the barbarian tribes in the south and was loyal to his duties.

During Zhuge Liang's fifth Northern Expedition, he promoted Zhang Yi to be the commander-in-chief of the vanguard army and concurrently the prefect of Fufeng County.

After Zhuge Liang's death, Zhang Yi was promoted to the position of Front Commander and was posthumously awarded the title of Guannei Hou in recognition of his previous achievements.

Later, he entered the court and served as a minister, was promoted to General of the Western Expedition, was given temporary authority, and was granted the title of Marquis of Duting.

Jiang Wei launched many northern expeditions against Cao Wei but achieved little success. Zhang Yi believed that he was warmongering and the two often argued about this, but Jiang Wei always took Zhang Yi with him on every northern expedition.

In the second year of Jingyao of Shu Han (259 AD), Zhang Yi was promoted to General of the Left Cavalry and concurrently served as the Governor of Jizhou.

In October of the sixth year of Jingyao of Shu Han (263 AD), the last emperor Liu Chan surrendered to Deng Ai, the Shu Kingdom was destroyed, and Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei and others surrendered to Zhong Hui.

In the first month of the following year, Jiang Wei and Zhong Hui conspired to rebel, but the conspiracy was exposed and Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei and others were killed by the rebels.

Zhang Yi and Liao Hua were promoted to the left and right generals of chariots and cavalry, and people at that time praised them as "Wang Ju in the front and Zhang Liao in the back."

Jiang Wei launched several northern expeditions. Zhang Yi believed that Shu Han was "a small country with hard-working people and should not engage in war", so he argued with Jiang Wei in the court. Jin Dynasty historians such as Chen Shou and Chang Qu praised him for this.

In the "Military Generals Gallery" of the Wuhou Temple in Chengdu, there is a statue of Zhang Yi as a commemoration.

Zhang Yi's great-grandfather Zhang Hao served as Sikong of the Han Dynasty, and his great-grandfather Zhang Gang served as the prefect of Guangling County of the Han Dynasty. Both of them left behind good reputations and achievements.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Bei led his army to besiege Chengdu, and Liu Zhang, the governor of Yizhou, surrendered.

Liu Bei occupied Yizhou and made himself the governor of Yizhou, while Zhang Yi served as a secretary in the provincial government.

In the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Yi was recommended as a filial and honest official and was appointed as the county chief of Jiangyang. Soon after, he was transferred to be the county magistrate of Fuling.
He was promoted to the position of prefect of Zitong County due to his merits, and later he was promoted to the position of prefect of Guanghan County and Shu County.

In the ninth year of Jianxing of Shu Han (231 AD), Li Hui, the governor of Beijiang, died. Zhang Yi succeeded Li Hui as the governor of Beijiang and was promoted to General of Sui Nan, responsible for suppressing and pacifying the barbarian tribes in the south.

Zhang Yi's strict law enforcement did not win the favor of the local barbarian tribes. The local barbarian tribe's old leader Liu Zhou rebelled, and Zhang Yi led his troops to suppress him.

Before Zhang Yi could defeat Liu Zhou's troops, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang replaced Zhang Yi with military officer Ma Zhong and summoned him back to Chengdu.

Zhang Yi's subordinates all believed that he should immediately ride back to Chengdu to accept the court's punishment.

However, Zhang Yi believed that the local barbarian tribes were ready to rebel, and that he was recalled by the court because of his incompetence.

But now that his successor has not arrived yet, and I am still on the battlefield, I should hurry up to transport and store military rations and prepare to destroy the enemy. I cannot neglect my duties just because I have been dismissed.

So Zhang Yi continued to command the army without slacking off until his replacement Ma Zhong arrived, and then he set out for Chengdu.

Ma Zhong relied on Zhang Yi's pre-war preparations to finally eliminate Liu Zhou's rebels. When Prime Minister Zhuge Liang heard about this, he highly approved of Zhang Yi's approach.

In the 234th year of Jianxing ( AD) of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang led his army to Wugong via the Xiegu Valley on his fifth northern expedition.

He divided his troops into groups to cultivate farmland, intending to stay there for a long time, and appointed Zhang Yi as the commander-in-chief of the vanguard army and concurrently the prefect of Fufeng County.

In August of the same year, Zhuge Liang fell ill and died in Wuzhangyuan, and Zhang Yi was promoted to the commander of the front army.

The later emperor Liu Chan praised Zhang Yi for his contribution in conquering Liu Zhou and bestowed upon him the title of Guannei Hou.

In the first year of Yan Xi of Shu Han (238 AD), Zhang Yi entered the court as a Shangshu, and was soon promoted to General of the Western Expedition, with the title of Marquis of Duting, responsible for commanding military affairs in Jianwei area.

In the 255th year of Yan Xi of Shu Han ( AD), Zhang Yi returned to Chengdu with General Wei Jiang Wei.

In July of the same year, Jiang Wei again proposed to send a large army to the north to attack Cao Wei. All the ministers remained silent, except Zhang Yi, who argued with Jiang Wei in the hall.

He dissuaded the Northern Expedition, believing that Shu had a small territory and its people were tired, and that it was not advisable to engage in reckless military campaigns.

Not only did Jiang Wei not obey, but he led generals such as Zhang Yi and Xiahou Ba to march north together, and Zhang Yi was promoted to General Zhennan.

In August of the same year, Jiang Wei led a large army to Fuhan (now Qin'an County, Gansu), and continued to march to Didao (now Lintao County, Gansu). He defeated Wang Jing, the governor of Yongzhou of Wei State, on the west bank of Tao River, and tens of thousands of enemies drowned in the Tao River.

Wang Jing retreated to Didao City, and Jiang Wei planned to pursue the victory. At this time, Zhang Yi advised Jiang Wei to withdraw his troops. Jiang Wei was furious.
He ignored Zhang Yi's advice and led his army to besiege Wang Jing who was defending Didao City, but failed to capture the city.

Wei's General Chen Tai led reinforcements to rescue Wang Jing. Jiang Wei had to retreat and stationed in Zhongti (now southwest of Lintao, Gansu).

Ever since Zhang Yi expressed different opinions, Jiang Wei had been very dissatisfied with Zhang Yi. However, he always dragged Zhang Yi along on every Northern Expedition. Zhang Yi had no choice but to follow Jiang Wei in leading troops to the Northern Expedition.

In the second year of Jingyao of Shu Han (259 AD), Zhang Yi was promoted to General of the Left Cavalry and concurrently served as the Governor of Jizhou.

In February of the sixth year of Jingyao of Shu Han (263 AD), Sima Zhao ordered Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu and Zhong Hui to attack Shu in three directions.

At this time, General Jiang Wei stationed his troops in Dazhong (now west of Zhouqu, Gansu) and submitted a petition to send the left and right generals of chariots and cavalry, Zhang Yi, and Liao Hua, to station troops at Yangping Pass and Yinping Pass respectively. However, Emperor Liu Chan was deceived by the eunuch Huang Hao and ignored Jiang Wei's request.

In October of the same year, Deng Ai secretly crossed Yinping (Wen County, Longnan City, Gansu Province) and led his troops into the heartland of Shu Kingdom. He defeated Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu Pass (now Huangxu Town, east of Mianzhu, Sichuan) and marched straight to the city of Chengdu. The later lord Liu Chan surrendered and Shu Han was destroyed.

Zhang Yi, Liao Hua, Dong Jue and others joined forces with Jiang Wei and stationed in Jiange (now northeast of Jiange, Sichuan), where they were in a stalemate with Wei general Zhong Hui.

When Jiang Wei and others heard that Zhuge Zhan had been defeated and did not know the whereabouts of the later emperor Liu Chan, they led their troops eastward into Ba County, while Zhong Hui's army arrived at Fu County (now Mianyang, Sichuan).

At this time, Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei and others received an imperial edict from the later emperor Liu Chan asking them to surrender, so Jiang Wei led his entire army to surrender to Zhong Hui, who treated Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei and others with courtesy.

At this time, Deng Ai was complacent in Chengdu. Zhong Hui falsely accused Deng Ai of treason, and Deng Ai and his son were executed.

In the first month of the first year of the Xianxi reign of Cao Wei (264 AD), Zhong Hui plotted a rebellion in Chengdu. Jiang Wei conspired with him and planned to take advantage of the chaos to restore the country.

Unexpectedly, the plot was exposed, and the Wei army mutinied. Zhang Yi, Jiang Wei, Zhong Hui and others were all killed by the rebels. The smoke from the Didao City, wrapped in the smell of blood, filled Zhang Yi's armor. The 56-year-old General of the Left Cavalry looked at the corpses of the Wei army on the ground, and the letter of advice clenched so tightly that it almost broke into his palm lines: "Bo Yue, this battle has killed 30,000 soldiers of Wang Jing, so we should stop while we are ahead!"

Jiang Wei's white robe was stained with dark red, and he pointed his whip to the northwest: "Retreating now would be superfluous!"

He suddenly softened his tone, untied the wine bag from his waist and stuffed it into his old friend's hand: "Do you still remember the twelfth year of Jianxing? Before his death, the Prime Minister said that you were 'strong and unyielding, and can be entrusted with important tasks.'"

Zhang Yi's throat rolled as he recalled the snowy night at Wuzhangyuan thirty years ago.

At that time, the young Jiang Wei was kneeling in front of the prime minister's couch holding the "Weinan Eight Formations Diagram", while his hands were shaking violently as he held the hot medicine.

Now the wind from Qishan blows across his gray temples and carries up the tattered banner on the city wall that reads "Recover the Central Plains".

When the news came that Deng Ai had sneaked across Yinping, the 71-year-old Zhang Yi was counting arrows in the armory.

He looked at the remaining 3,000 crossbows and suddenly threw the list to the ground: "If you had listened to me at the beginning, how could we be here today!"

The sound of the wooden slips breaking startled the jackdaws, and they flew through the phantom of Jiang Wei pointing at his nose in the court twenty years ago and saying "How can an old man understand your ambitions?"

"Surrender." In the tent, Jiang Wei chuckled as he held the emperor's edict.

Zhang Yi looked at the spider-web-like wrinkles at the corners of the other person's eyes, and vaguely saw the young general who was carried out of the pile of corpses by him during the bloody battle in Duangu.

He suddenly drew his sword and cut off the corner of the case: "How can a Han minister surrender to the enemy?" But the sword suddenly froze when it touched Jiang Wei's neck - just like every argument in the past 38 years, it would always turn into a sigh at the end.

As heavy snow fell on the palace walls of Chengdu, Zhang Yi was stuffing the last half of the broken arrow into Jiang Wei's hands.

The flames of Zhong Hui's rebellion illuminated their smiling faces, just like the time when they competed in spearmanship at the Hanzhong training ground forty years ago.

When the Wei army's arrows pierced the palace gate, the old general Zhang Yi suddenly took half a step forward and used his back to block three crossbow arrows for Jiang Wei.

"I should have listened to you back then." Jiang Wei fell on the map of the Han Dynasty, coughing up blood foam.

Zhang Yi struggled to cover the two men's bodies with the big flag with the Chinese character "Han". His last consciousness was the moonlight on the top of Didao City in the 18th year of Yan Xi, shining on Jiang Wei's raised eyebrows when he said, "When we recover the Central Plains, I will drink with you for three days."

In the 255th year of Yan Xi ( AD), the last emperor of the Later Han Dynasty, General Zhang Yi, the General of the Western Expedition, and General Jiang Wei, the General of the Guard, had a heated debate in the court in Chengdu on whether to launch a northern expedition.

Zhang Yi believed that the Han Dynasty was small and its people were tired, so it was not appropriate to continue to engage in war. Would Jiang Wei listen to Zhang Yi? How would he carry out his Northern Expedition?
Zhang Yi's great-grandfather Zhang Hao served as Sikong of the Han Dynasty, and his great-grandfather Zhang Gang served as the prefect of Guangling (governed by Guangling, now Yangzhou, Jiangsu), so Zhang Yi actually came from a prominent family.

Zhang Hao, whose courtesy name was Shuming, studied "Book of Laws" and "Spring and Autumn Annals" when he was young. During his study in the capital Luoyang (now Luoyang, Henan), he became friendly with Han Can from Guanghan, Li He from Hanzhong, and Zhang Ba from Shujun.

Later, General Deng Zhi appointed Zhang Hao to the palace. After five promotions, he was appointed Shangshu Pushe (deputy position of Shangshu Tai). Later, Zhang Hao became the prime minister of Pengcheng King Liu Gong. During his tenure, he recommended hermit Luqiu Miao and others.

In the first year of Yongning (120 AD) during the reign of Emperor An of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Hao was appointed as the Minister of Justice. In the third year of Yanguang (124 AD) during the reign of Emperor An of the Han Dynasty, the imperial court wanted to depose the crown prince Liu Bao. Zhang Hao, together with the Minister of Rites Huan Yan and the Minister of the Imperial Household Lai Li, tried their best to defend the crown prince.

Later, Liu Bao ascended the throne and became Emperor Shun of Han, and appointed Zhang Hao as Sikong.

Zhang Gang, the son of Zhang Hao, whose courtesy name was Wenji, was recommended as a filial and incorruptible official when he was young because he was the son of one of the Three Dukes and was well versed in Confucian classics, but he declined the offer.

Later, the Minister of the Interior summoned him to the palace, and he was promoted to the position of Imperial Censor for his outstanding performance. In the first year of Emperor Shun's Han An (142 AD), Zhang Gang was appointed as the Grand Master of Imperial Households.

He and eight other people including the Palace Attendant Du Qiao received the imperial edict on the same day and toured various provinces and counties to publicize the emperor's virtues, recommend talents, and suppress lawlessness.

These eight people were all learned and famous scholars, known as the "Eight Talents" at the time, but Zhang Gang was the youngest and held the lowest position.

At that time, Liang Ji was in power and arbitrarily wanted to take power. Du Qiao and seven others were ordered to go on a tour. When Zhang Gang arrived at Duting outside Luoyang, he buried the wheels of the carriage in the soil and said angrily: "When jackals and wolves are in power, why ask about foxes?"

What he meant was that if the chief culprit Liang Ji was not removed, what was the point of dealing with the petty corrupt officials? So he wrote a letter to impeach General Liang Ji, Grand Commandant Huan Yan, Minister of Civil Affairs Liu Shou, Inspector of the Imperial Capital Zhao Jun, Henan Yin Liang Buyi, and Runan Prefect Liang Qian for corruption and abuse of power.

At that time, Liang Ji's sister was the queen, so when Zhang Gang wrote the letter, the whole court was shocked.

At this time, the Guangling thief Zhang Ying rebelled and killed the governor and other officials with a rank of more than 2,000 stones. Liang Ji took the opportunity to send Zhang Gang to Guangling in an attempt to get rid of him.

Unexpectedly, after Zhang Gang arrived in Guangling, he pacified Zhang Ying and stabilized Guangling. Later, Zhang Gang died in Guangling at the age of 36.

According to the Book of the Later Han, Zhang Hao was the sixth-generation grandson of Zhang Liang, Marquis of Liu, one of the three great men who founded the Han Dynasty. In other words, Zhang Yi was a descendant of Zhang Liang.

In the 214th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bei, who was invited by Liu Zhang to enter Shuzhong, turned the tables and entered Chengdu, where he took charge of Yizhou and appointed Zhang Yi as the state secretary (see the Liu Bei chapter).

At the end of the Jian'an period, Zhang Yi was selected as a filial and honest official and was appointed as the governor of Jiangyang (now Luzhou, Sichuan). In the 218rd year of the Jian'an period (), Zhang Yi followed Liu Bei to attack Hanzhong (governed by Nanzheng, now Hanzhong, Shaanxi).

After occupying Hanzhong, Zhang Yi was appointed as the governor of Mianyang (now Mian County, Shaanxi). Later, Cao Cao led his army to fight for Hanzhong. Zhang Yi, along with General Zhao Yun, defeated Cao's army in the Battle of Han River (see Zhao Yun).

Later, Zhang Yi was transferred to be the magistrate of Fuling (now Pengshui, Chongqing), and was promoted to the prefect of Zitong (governed by Zitong, now Zitong, Sichuan). He also served as the prefect of Guanghan (governed by Luo County, now Guanghan, Sichuan) and the prefect of Shujun (governed by Chengdu, now Chengdu, Sichuan).

Chengdu, the capital of Shu County, was also the capital of Yizhou. Therefore, the prefect of Shu County in Ji Han was equivalent to the Yin of Henan, and his status was more important than that of an ordinary prefect. Therefore, Zhang Yi's status rose rapidly.

In the ninth year of Emperor Houzhu's Jianxing reign (231 AD), Li Hui, the second governor of Beijiang, died. Zhuge Liang then appointed Zhang Yi as the governor of Beijiang and General of Suinan, stationed him in Zangke Pingyi (now Bijie, Guizhou), and guarded Nanzhong (see the chapter on Li Hui).

However, Zhang Yi was not popular among the people in southern China because of his harsh law enforcement.

In the 233th year of Jianxing ( AD), the southern barbarian leader Liu Zhou rebelled. Zhuge Liang then replaced Zhang Yi with Ma Zhong, the governor of Yizhou, as the governor of Beijiang, and summoned Zhang Yi back to Chengdu.

At that time, Zhang Yi was on his way to attack Liu Zhou. Before Liu Zhou was defeated, he received an order from the court to return to the capital.

Zhang Yi's subordinates all believed that they should stop the advance immediately and return to Chengdu to apologize to the court.

Zhang Yi said, "No. I was dismissed because of the rebellion of the barbarians and my incompetence, but my replacement has not yet arrived. I am at the front line and should be gathering grain to prepare for the destruction of the bandits. How can I abandon state affairs just because I was deposed?"

So he continued to lead the troops without slacking off until Ma Zhong arrived and then he got up and returned to the court.

Ma Zhong was able to annihilate Liu Zhou in one fell swoop thanks to the foundation laid by Zhang Yi. (End of this chapter)