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Zhuge Zhan (227 AD - 263 AD), whose courtesy name was Siyuan, was a native of Yangdu, Langya (now Yinan, Shandong).

Zhuge Zhan was Zhuge Liang's eldest son and a minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. He held the positions of Shizhong, Shangshu Pushe, Military Advisor General, and Xingdu Huwei General, and inherited the title of Marquis of Wuxiang.

Zhuge Zhan was very intelligent in his childhood, and Zhuge Liang was worried that he would not be able to achieve great things.

In the sixth year of Yanxi in the Shu Han Dynasty (243 AD), Zhuge Zhan was seventeen years old, married a princess, and served as a cavalry commander;
The following year, Zhuge Zhan was promoted to General of the Imperial Guards, and he was promoted continuously thereafter, serving successively as Shesheng Cavalry Captain, Shizhong, Shangshu Pushe, and was granted the title of Military Advisor General.

In October of the fourth year of Jingyao in the Shu Han Dynasty (261 AD), Zhuge Zhan was promoted to the position of General of the Protectorate General, and concurrently served as Minister of the Secretariat, participating in assisting the government.

However, due to the monopoly of power by the eunuch Huang Hao, Zhuge Zhan was unable to do anything about state affairs.

In October of the sixth year of Jingyao of Shu Han (263 AD), Wei general Deng Ai led his troops to attack Shu, secretly crossed Yinping (Wen County, Longnan City, Gansu Province), and approached Chengdu.

Zhuge Zhan led his army north to stop Deng Ai, but was defeated in Fu County (now east of Mianyang City, Sichuan). He retreated to Mianzhu Pass (now Huangxu Town, east of Mianyang City, Sichuan) and fought with Deng Ai's army. He was defeated and killed at the age of 37.

People in later generations viewed Zhuge Zhan as a loyal minister. Although he was loyal to his country, his talents and wisdom were mediocre and insufficient to save Shu Han from defeat.

In order to commemorate the loyalty and bravery of Zhuge Zhan and his son Zhuge Shang and their sacrifice for the country, the Zhuge Shuangzhong Temple was built in Mianzhu City, Deyang, Sichuan.

Zhuge Zhan was the eldest son of Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han. When Zhuge Zhan was born, Zhuge Liang was 47 years old.

Because he had no children, Zhuge Liang adopted his elder brother Zhuge Jin's second son Zhuge Qiao as his son.

In the 234th year of Jianxing ( AD) of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang led his army north to attack the Wei Kingdom. When he arrived at Wugong (today's west of Xianyang, Shaanxi), he wrote a letter to his brother Zhuge Jin:
It is mentioned that Zhuge Zhan was already eight years old, smart and cute. However, Zhuge Liang was worried that his son would show extraordinary talent too early and would not be able to achieve great things in the future.

In the sixth year of Yan Xi of Shu Han (243 AD), Zhuge Zhan was seventeen years old. He married Princess Liu of Shu and became a cavalry commander.

In the second year, Zhuge Zhan was promoted to General of the Imperial Guards. After that, he continued to be promoted and was successively promoted to Captain of the Shesheng Army, Palace Attendant, and Shangshu Pushe, and was granted the title of Military Advisor General.

After his father Zhuge Liang passed away, Zhuge Zhan inherited the title of Marquis of Wuxiang. The people of Shu cherished Zhuge Liang's memory, so they all loved Zhuge Zhan's quick thinking.

Whenever the imperial court issued policies that benefited the people or something good happened, even though it was not suggested or advocated by Zhuge Zhan, the people attributed it to his contribution.

Therefore, the fame and praise that Zhuge Zhan enjoyed exceeded the facts.

In October of the fourth year of Jingyao in the Shu Han Dynasty (261 AD), Zhuge Zhan was promoted to the position of General of the Protectorate General, and concurrently served as the Minister of the Secretariat, and presided over the government affairs together with General Dong Jue and Palace Attendant Fan Jian.

At that time, General Jiang Wei was away on a military expedition, and the eunuch Huang Hao took the opportunity to seize power. The three of them all indulged Huang Hao, and no one could correct him.

In the fifth year of Jingyao of Shu Han (262 AD), Jiang Wei once again launched a northern expedition against Cao Wei, but was defeated by Wei general Deng Ai in Houhe (now east of Lintan County, Gansu Province), and Jiang Wei retreated to Dazhong (now Zhouqu County, Gansu Province).

Zhuge Zhan, Dong Jue and others believed that Jiang Wei was warmongering but had achieved nothing and that the country was exhausted, so they submitted a petition to Liu Chan, requesting that Jiang Wei be recalled to serve as the Governor of Yizhou and that his military power be stripped away.

Jiang Wei was worried about being harmed by Huang Hao, so he stopped returning to Chengdu to meet the emperor.

In February of the sixth year of Jingyao of Shu Han (263 AD), Sima Zhao ordered Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu and Zhong Hui to attack Shu in three directions.

In October of the same year, Deng Ai marched to Yinping (Wen County, Longnan City, Gansu Province), selected elite soldiers, entered the heartland of Shu through the small road beside Jinggu Road, arrived at Jiangyou (now Nanba Town, Pingwu County, Sichuan Province), and approached Chengdu, which shocked Shu.

Liu Chan ordered Zhuge Zhan to lead his army to stop Deng Ai. Zhuge Zhan led his army north to Fu County (now east of Mianyang City, Sichuan Province) and stationed there, but did not move forward.

Shangshu Lang Huang Chong repeatedly advised him to advance quickly and seize the strategic terrain to prevent the enemy from entering the plains, but Zhuge Zhan was hesitant and did not adopt his advice. Huang Chong cried bitterly because of Zhuge Zhan's mistake.

Deng Ai led the Wei army to advance straight into the enemy territory, the Shu army's vanguard was defeated, and Zhuge Zhan retreated to Mianzhu Pass (now Huangxu Town, east of Mianzhu, Sichuan).

Deng Ai sent someone to deliver a letter to persuade Zhuge Zhan to surrender, promising him the title of King of Langye. Zhuge Zhan was furious and killed Deng Ai's messenger and formed a battle line to meet the enemy.

Deng Ai sent his son Deng Zhong to lead an army to attack the right wing of the Shu army, and General Shi Zuan to lead an army to attack the left wing of the Shu army. However, Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan were defeated in the first battle and thought it was not the right time to launch an attack.

Deng Ai was furious and wanted to behead the two men as a warning to all. Deng Zhong and Shi Zuan then led their troops in a desperate battle and defeated the Shu army.

Zhuge Zhan died in the Battle of Mianzhu at the age of 37. Zhuge Zhan's eldest son, Zhuge Shang, died in the battle with his father.

Zhuge Zhan was defeated, Mianzhu fell, and Deng Ai's army marched straight into Chengdu, the capital of Shu.

Under the advice of Guanglu Dafu Qiao Zhou, the last emperor Liu Chan surrendered to Deng Ai with the whole country, and Shu Han was destroyed.

After the fall of Shu, Zhuge Zhan's second son Zhuge Jing and Zhuge Pan's son Zhuge Xian moved to Hedong County (now Shanxi Province) in the first year of Emperor Yuan of Wei (264 AD).

When Zhuge Zhan was eight years old, his father Zhuge Liang commented on him, "He is intelligent and lovable, but he is worried that he may mature too early and may not be a useful person."

People in later generations regarded Zhuge Zhan as a loyal minister. Although he was loyal to his country, his talents and wisdom were mediocre. He could not resist powerful enemies externally, nor eliminate treacherous elements internally. As a result, he was defeated and killed, and Shu Han was destroyed.

Zhong Hui commented: There are many virtuous and wise civil and military talents in Bashu. Jiang Bin and Zhuge Siyuan, who use plants as metaphors, are exactly like me. Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin commented: Zhuge Liang did his best in Shu, and his son Zizhan died for his loyalty in the face of adversity, which is the best thing in the world.

Gan Bao of the Eastern Jin Dynasty commented: Although Zhuge Zhan's wisdom and strategy were not enough to help people in times of crisis, and his bravery was not enough to resist foreign enemies, he was able to fulfill his country's obligations and stick to his father's will, and he was loyal and filial.

Murong Zhen, a general of the Later Yan Dynasty, believed that Zhuge Zhan's failure to take the position of Shumazhi was the cause of the defeat.

Hao Jing of the Yuan Dynasty commented on Zhuge Zhan and his son Zhuge Shang: "They went to the country with great courage and determination, perished with the country, and were so righteous and heroic that they looked down upon the two capitals. This has not happened in the past five hundred years."

Chen Pu of the Southern Song Dynasty wrote a poem praising Zhuge Zhan: "My father tilled the fields and my mother raised mulberry trees. They received the mandate of heaven and died with the Han Dynasty. The smoke and clouds of the Wei and Jin dynasties have dissipated, and the sun and moon of Longzhong will shine for thousands of years."

Wang Shizhen of the Qing Dynasty wrote a poem praising Zhuge Zhan: "Wu Han distinguished between the dragon and the tiger, but he still pitied Shizigang. How about the battle of Mianzhu, where father and son died dignifiedly."

Wang Yinglin of the Southern Song Dynasty commented: Zhuge Zhan was a general and a prime minister, but he failed to persuade the monarch to get rid of Huang Hao. His persuasion did not listen, and he could not retreat and meet with the monarch. He could not be considered a loyal minister or a good general.

He was defeated and died, although he did not surrender, but he was only slightly better than a traitor. Zhuge Zhan's wisdom is not enough to praise, so there is no need to elaborate on his deeds, and they are not worth emulating.

Luo Guanzhong, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, wrote a poem praising Zhuge Zhan: "Heaven intends to destroy Yan and Liu, and the Han Dynasty ends here.

Zhuge's descendants all died, and the ministers of Chengdu all added to their sorrow. Although his wisdom and strategy did not help his lord in danger, his loyalty and righteousness were truly worthy of succeeding Wu Hou. How many tears have been shed throughout the ages, and passers-by have wept at the graves.

Mao Zonggang of the Qing Dynasty commented: Zhuge Zhan and his son were ordered to die for the country when Shu was in danger. This shows that Zhuge Wuhou's spirit is immortal.

Therefore, the feelings of Zhuge Zhan and his son who died in Mianzhu were also the feelings of Zhuge Liang who died of illness in Wuzhangyuan. If Zhuge Zhan had willingly surrendered to Wei in order to survive, he would have been unworthy of the family motto of "devoting all his energy to the cause until his death".

Therefore, although Zhuge Zhan and Zhuge Shang died in battle, the spirit of Zhuge Wuhou lives on.

Modern scholar Cai Dongfan commented: Zhuge Zhan did not follow Huang Chong's advice and allowed the enemy to penetrate deep into the country, which led to his death in battle. The fault lies with Zhuge Zhan himself and has nothing to do with Jiang Wei.

Zhuge Zhan and Ma Su, one is Zhuge Liang's biological son, the other is Zhuge Liang's heir-to-be, both of them lost because of their arrogance.
Ma Su did not listen to Wang Ping's advice, and Zhuge Zhan did not listen to Huang Chong's advice. As a result, their armies were annihilated. Ma Su faced Zhang He, and Zhuge Zhan faced Deng Ai.

Both of them were first-rate generals of the Wei State, but they did not give enough respect to the enemy commander. Before the battle, they both believed that they would win! It was really speechless...

Deng Ai originally led an army of 3 to sneak across Yinping, but suffered heavy casualties on the way. When he arrived in Jiangyou, there were only about 1.5 left. It can be said that the remaining people were all desperate criminals.

Imagine rolling down a cliff wrapped in a straw mat. Who could stop such fearless soldiers? Although Zhuge Zhan was waiting for the enemy to tire in Mianzhu,
However, his soldiers were not the elite of the Shu army, but the imperial guards from Chengdu, prisoners temporarily recruited, and local garrisons. The actual number of people participating in the battle was about 1.

The statement in Romance of the Three Kingdoms that Zhuge Zhan led 7 men to fight against 7 Wei troops is complete nonsense. If Zhuge Zhan really had men, could he have defeated Deng Ai?
Could it be that all of them were Lu Bu gods descended from heaven, one against 1? At this time, the elite of the Shu army, led by Jiang Wei, confronted Zhong Hui's army of more than 100 in Jiange.
The rear troops were all ragtag troops, and their fighting capacity was completely shabby. Zhuge Zhan knew that the ragtag troops were not good at fighting, but he chose to take the initiative to fight Deng Ai and his gang of desperate men to the death.
The Shu army encountered the elite Wei army, and the result was predictable. They basically collapsed at the first touch! His subordinate Huang Chong once suggested seizing the dangerous terrain.
If we adopt a policy of perseverance, Deng Ai will inevitably retreat due to lack of food and grass! However, Zhuge Zhan rebuked him for being a coward and daring to talk nonsense about military affairs!

It can be said that it is exactly the same as Ma Su. One lost Jiange and caused the Northern Expedition to fail, and the other lost Mianzhu and directly destroyed the country...

Zhuge Liang once commented on him, "I'm afraid that he will become a valuable person if he becomes smart too early." He was worried that Zhuge Zhan would not be able to achieve great things because of his intelligence at an early age. This prediction came true in actual combat.

Although Zhuge Zhan was not good at military affairs, he was loyal and brave. Despite being defeated, Zhuge Zhan and his son refused to surrender and fought until the last moment. Before his death, he still lamented that "I cannot get rid of Huang Hao internally, and I cannot control Jiang Wei externally", which reflects his sense of responsibility to Shu Han.

Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin, also praised him for his "dying in the face of danger" and recognized his integrity. This death can be said to have saved Zhuge Liang's face, but as a general, he could not rely solely on his personal integrity.
How could he turn the tide? Although he died to show his determination, it did accelerate the demise of Shu Han, leaving Jiang Wei no time to return to rescue.
Zhuge Liang emphasized in his letter to his son that "peace is the key to self-cultivation, and without peace one cannot achieve far-reaching goals." Zhuge Zhan did not listen to a word of this. The more critical the moment,
The more anxious and restless he became, the more he fantasized about defeating Deng Ai in one fell swoop. What was the difference between this and Ma Su stationing troops on the mountain and defeating the Wei army from a high position?
It's all just my own fantasy. However, Zhuge Zhan was more decent than Ma Su. He chose to commit suicide after his defeat and took the blame on himself. Ma Su escaped back alone after his defeat...

But the fall of Shu Kingdom cannot be entirely blamed on Zhuge Zhan, after all, he was not as capable as Jiang Wei, but in the later period of Shu Kingdom, which was short of talents,
If you want to find someone better than Zhuge Zhan, there is probably no one. Jiang Wei received the true teachings of Zhuge Liang, while Zhuge Zhan lost his father at a young age.

Zhuge Liang was busy with military affairs and missed his growth. On the other hand, Sima Yi would bring Sima Shi and Sima Zhao with him whenever he went to war, giving them enough military experience.
Since ancient times, having soldiers means having power. If you can lead troops to fight, you have the ability to seize power! Sima Yi is really shrewd and has laid a good foundation.

But Zhuge Zhan did not have such an opportunity. In the later period of Shu Kingdom, it can be said that Jiang Wei alone supported it. Zhuge Zhan was forced to do something he had never fought in many battles, so it was understandable that he had poor military ability.

The fall of Shu was not caused by one person. It was indeed hopeless unless Jiang Wei could split himself into two, one guarding Jiange and the other guarding Mianzhu.
Wei State was also full of talented people, Zhong Hui and Deng Ai were both outstanding heroes of the time, and Shu State, except Jiang Wei, had no one who could resist them! Zhuge Zhan died with honor,

After all, he did not desert and died on the battlefield with his son Zhuge Shang. This loyalty was worthy of Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Zhan himself had no experience in fighting, but look at the people he led: Zhang Fei's grandson, Huang Quan's son, Li Hui's nephew, etc.

These people are all second-generation officials, young masters, how can they have a large army? Zhuge Zhan wanted to rely on this makeshift "army" to fight against Deng Ai's fierce army that crawled out of the pile of dead bodies. This was an unreliable thing.

Who caused this situation? First, Liu Chan was blamed for his nepotism, thinking that Zhuge Liang's sons could do anything, and second, Jiang Wei was blamed for not leaving a general in Chengdu.

You know, Jiang Wei was the general at that time, and almost all the military power of Shu Han was in his hands. Did Jiang Wei think about the defense of Chengdu when he was hiding in Dazhong?

If he did not expect Deng Ai to sneak across Yinping, it was a problem of ability. If he expected it but did not make good arrangements, it was a problem of responsibility.

Of course, this cannot be entirely blamed on Jiang Wei. Liu Chan also has an unshirkable responsibility. When Deng Ai sneaked across Yinping, he heard from the villagers that when Zhuge Liang was alive, there were always 1000 people guarding the place.
However, Liu Chan later withdrew. Deng Ai had once marveled at Zhuge Liang's wisdom, so Liu Chan could only be blamed for digging his own grave, which resulted in Chengdu's defense being empty when Deng Ai's army arrived.

Liu Chan sent Zhuge Zhan to resist Deng Ai, but he did not make any specific arrangements. As the commander-in-chief, should Zhuge Zhan face Deng Ai head-on, or should he defend himself in a favorable position and wait for Jiang Wei to return to rescue him?

For Zhuge Zhan, who had no actual combat experience, it would definitely be better to defend against Deng Ai in Mianzhu, but Zhuge Zhan insisted on taking the initiative to attack like his father, which resulted in the annihilation of the "Prince's Army". (End of this chapter)