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Liu Xie, also known as Emperor Xian of Han, courtesy name Bohe, was the last emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was the second son of Emperor Ling of Han, Liu Hong, and the half-brother of Emperor Shao of Han, Liu Bian. His mother was Empress Linghuai, Wang Rong.

In the fourth year of the Guanghe era, Liu Xie was born. His mother, Consort Wang, was poisoned by Empress He. He was raised by his grandmother, Empress Dowager Dong, and was known as "Marquis Dong".

In April of the sixth year of the Zhongping era (189 AD), Emperor Ling died, and Emperor Shao of Han, Liu Bian, ascended the throne. The court enfeoffed Liu Xie as the King of Bohai, and later transferred him to the position of King of Chenliu.

In August of the first year of Guangxi (189 AD), the eunuchs Zhang Rang and Duan Gui launched a palace coup, kidnapping Emperor Shao (Liu Bian) and Prince Chenliu (Liu Xie) from the palace. In September of the same year, Dong Zhuo deposed Emperor Shao (Liu Bian) and installed Liu Xie as emperor.

In the third year of the Chuping era (192 AD), Wang Yun and Lü Bu assassinated Dong Zhuo and seized control of the government. Soon after, Dong Zhuo's generals Li Jue and others defeated Lü Bu, occupied Chang'an, and killed Wang Yun. From then on, Liu Xie fell into the hands of Li Jue and Guo Si.

In the second year of Xingping (195 AD), Li Jue and Guo Si quarreled with each other, and Liu Xie fled Chang'an.

In July of the first year of Jian'an (196 AD), Liu Xie returned to Luoyang under the escort of Dong Cheng and Zhang Yang.

Cao Cao, the governor of Yan Province, advised Liu Xie to move the capital to Xu County (present-day Xuchang, Henan Province), and then appointed himself Minister of Works and General of Chariots and Cavalry. From then on, he held the emperor hostage and used him to command the feudal lords.

In 208 AD, Emperor Xuan of Han dismissed the Three Dukes and appointed Cao Cao as Chancellor. Later, he also enfeoffed Cao Cao as Duke of Wei.

In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214 AD), Liu Xie enfeoffed Cao Cao as the King of Wei, placing him above all other princes, and bestowed upon him a golden seal, a red robe, and a traveler's hat.

In the first month of the lunar calendar in the twentieth year of Jian'an (208 AD), Cao Cao's daughter, Cao Jie, was elevated from a concubine to empress. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian'an (220 AD), King Cao Cao of Wei died, and Crown Prince Cao Pi forced Liu Xie to abdicate, formally establishing the Cao Wei dynasty. Liu Xie was deposed and made Duke of Shanyang.

During this period, rumors circulated that Emperor Xian of Han had died, and Liu Bei, the ruler of Shu Han, posthumously honored him as Emperor Xiaomin.

In the second year of the Qinglong era (234 AD), Liu Xie passed away at the age of fifty-four. He was posthumously honored as Emperor Xiaoxian and buried in Chanling with imperial rites.

Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Xie, reigned for thirty-one years. From the time he ascended the throne, he was successively controlled by powerful ministers such as Dong Zhuo and Cao Cao, and accomplished nothing in politics.

Liu Xie was unwilling to be a "puppet emperor" and attempted some resistance, but all ultimately failed. His contemporaries mostly praised him highly; for example, Yuan Shu called him a wise and sagacious ruler.
Liu Bei praised him for his divine virtue and miraculous power; others such as Cai Yong, Zhuge Liang, and Zhang Hong also called him a virtuous and benevolent ruler.

Fan Ye, a historian from the Northern and Southern Dynasties, offered a more objective assessment. He believed that the decline and fall of the Han Dynasty was the will of Heaven, and that the eventual demise of the Han Dynasty was because Heaven had grown weary of its virtues. He argued that later generations should not criticize Liu Xie (Emperor Xie) too much.

Liu Xie's mother, Lady Wang, whose given name was Rong, was the granddaughter of Wang Bao, the former General of the Five Offices, and the daughter of Wang Zhang.

Lady Wang came from a prestigious family. She was beautiful and elegant. She was selected into the inner palace as a daughter of a respectable family and was deeply favored by Emperor Ling.

Empress He, who was in charge of the harem at the time, came from a butcher's family and was selected to enter the palace by bribing eunuchs. She was strong-willed and jealous, and everyone in the harem was afraid of her.

After Consort Wang became pregnant with Liu Xie, she was afraid of Empress He and did not tell Emperor Ling of Han. Instead, she took medicine to abort the pregnancy, but the medicine did not work. Consort Wang dreamed of walking with her back to the sun for several days, which she regarded as an auspicious omen.

In the fourth year of the Guanghe era (181 AD), she gave birth to a son. Emperor Ling of Han felt that this son resembled himself, so he named him Xie.

Empress He, consumed by jealousy, secretly ordered someone to add poison to Consort Wang's medicine. Consort Wang died after drinking it. Emperor Ling was furious and intended to depose Empress He, but later abandoned the idea due to the pleas of the eunuchs.

At this time, Liu Xie was not yet a month old. Emperor Ling was afraid that something might happen to him again, so he took him to Yongle Palace and entrusted him to his mother, Empress Dowager Dong, to raise. From then on, Liu Xie regarded the Dong family as his maternal family and was called "Marquis Dong".

Liu Xie was raised with great care by Empress Dowager Dong from a young age and was dignified in his manners. His mother, Consort Wang, died a violent death, which made Emperor Ling feel compassion and inclined to make Liu Xie the crown prince.

However, the imperial tradition prioritized the eldest son of the legitimate wife when establishing an heir. Liu Bian, the eldest son of Empress He, was raised in the family of Shi Dao from a young age and was known as the Marquis of Shi.

Emperor Ling, fearing Empress He's favor and the powerful position of her brother He Jin as Grand General, delayed establishing a crown prince, citing Liu Bian's frivolous and unbecoming behavior.

In the sixth year of the Zhongping era (189 AD), Emperor Ling of Han fell seriously ill and entrusted Liu Xie to the eunuch Jian Shuo, the Commandant of the Upper Army.

In April, Emperor Ling of Han died. Jian Shuo wanted to kill He Jin first and then install Liu Xie as emperor. Jian Shuo's Sima Pan Yin was an old acquaintance of He Jin, so he gave He Jin a meaningful look. He Jin lied and said he was unwell and quickly returned to the military camp.

Jian Shuo's plan failed, and General He Jin enthroned Liu Bian as Emperor Shao of Han. He then replaced Liu Xie, the Prince of Bohai, with the Prince of Chenliu.

Empress He was known as Empress Dowager He. She ruled from behind the throne and handled state affairs, but in reality, He Jin held the reins of power.

After Emperor Ling of Han died, the power of the imperial relatives, led by He Jin, intensified the conflict with the palace eunuchs. He Jin and Yuan Shao, the Commandant of the Capital Region, conspired to exterminate all the eunuchs and secretly summoned Dong Zhuo, the Governor of Bing Province, to the capital to provide assistance.

Unexpectedly, the conspiracy was exposed, and the eunuchs Zhang Rang and Duan Gui killed He Jin first. He Jin's subordinates Wu Kuang, Zhang Zhang, Yuan Shu and others led troops to counterattack.

On August 26th of the first year of Guangxi (189 AD), Zhang Rang, Duan Gui and others could not hold out in the palace. They lied that the general's subordinates were plotting a rebellion and took Emperor Shao Liu Bian and Chenliu King Liu Xie and other officials hostage. They fled to the Deyang Hall of the North Palace through the Tianqiao Pavilion.

The next day, Zhang Rang, Duan Gui, and others were unable to fight back and had no choice but to lead the young emperor, the Prince of Chenliu, and dozens of others out of the valley gate on foot and escape to Xiaopingjin Ferry on the banks of the Yellow River.

Minister Lu Zhi and Min Gong, the clerk of central Henan, encountered the young emperor and his entourage. Min Gong rebuked Zhang Rang and others for their treachery and misrule, and killed a group of eunuchs. Zhang Rang and the others then committed suicide by drowning.

On the 28th, Min Gong escorted the young emperor and the Prince of Chenliu southward from Luoshe. Gradually, officials and nobles came to greet them.

Dong Zhuo led his Longxi cavalry and civil and military officials to Beiman Mountain on the northern outskirts of Luoyang to welcome the young emperor. After receiving the emperor, Dong Zhuo inquired about the course of the chaos. He saw that Liu Bian was terrified, while Liu Xie answered fluently. Dong Zhuo considered himself to be related to Empress Dowager Dong, who had adopted Liu Xie, and thus he intended to depose the emperor.

After returning to the capital, He Jin and his brother He Miao's subordinates were all incorporated into Dong Zhuo's army. Dong Zhuo then ordered Lü Bu to kill Ding Yuan, the Imperial Guard of the capital.

At this time, Dong Zhuo's army had completely controlled the situation, and he forced the young emperor to dismiss Liu Hong, the Minister of Works, and then took his place. On the first day of the ninth month, Dong Zhuo announced the dethronement of Emperor Shao of Han, Liu Bian, and installed Liu Xie, the Prince of Chenliu, on the throne. He was nine years old at the time and became Emperor Xian.

Subsequently, Empress Dowager He was impeached for causing the death of Empress Dowager Dong, and she was moved to Yong'an Palace. Two days later, Empress Dowager He was poisoned to death.

After Liu Xie ascended the throne, Dong Zhuo appointed himself Chancellor and later Grand Tutor, thus gaining complete control of the central government. Dong Zhuo allowed his subordinates to commit arson, murder, and looting in Luoyang, committing all sorts of atrocities.

In the spring of the first year of the Chuping era (190 AD), governors and prefects of various prefectures and counties rose up in rebellion under the pretext of punishing Dong Zhuo. The prefectures and counties that rose up were all located in Guandong, and were historically known as the "Guandong Allied Army". The Guandong army elected Yuan Shao, the governor of Bohai, as its leader and surrounded Luoyang from the north, east and west. Dong Zhuo then took Liu Xie hostage and moved the capital to Chang'an.

In the second year of the Chuping era (191 AD), the warlords of Guandong vied for leadership. Yuan Shao and Han Fu led the proposal to establish Liu Yu, the governor of Youzhou, as emperor, which was opposed by Yuan Shu and Cao Cao.

Liu Yu's son, Liu He, served as a court attendant. Liu Xie wanted to rely on the strength of the Guandong Army to get rid of Dong Zhuo and return the capital to Luoyang. However, at this time, the various warlords of the Guandong Army were busy annexing and expanding their territories and had no intention of attacking Dong Zhuo in the west.

In the third year of the Chuping era (192 AD), Minister Wang Yun conspired with General Lü Bu to assassinate Dong Zhuo. Lü Bu was Dong Zhuo's confidant and also his adopted son.

Lü Bu disobeyed Dong Zhuo's wishes over a trivial matter. Dong Zhuo, with his violent temper, drew his halberd and threw it at Lü Bu, which caused Lü Bu to harbor resentment.

In April, Dong Zhuo entered the court, with Lü Bu and others serving as his bodyguards. Lü Bu had already arranged for Li Su, a cavalry commander and a brave warrior, and Qin Yi, a fellow townsman, to ambush him at the North Gate. Dong Zhuo was stabbed in the arm by Li Su and cried out for Lü Bu's help, but was instead killed by Lü Bu's iron spear.

After Dong Zhuo was assassinated, Wang Yun was appointed Minister of the Imperial Secretariat, and Lü Bu was promoted to General of Valiant Might. The two jointly presided over the administration of the court.

After Wang Yun seized power, he failed to maintain the situation in Guanzhong. Dong Zhuo's generals Li Jue, Guo Si, Zhang Ji, Fan Chou, Jia Xu, and others rebelled and attacked the capital.

On the first day of the sixth month, Chang'an fell. Lü Bu was defeated and fled. Li Jue killed Wang Yun and proclaimed himself a general. In September, Li Jue was promoted to General of Chariots and Cavalry, granted the title of Grand General, Commandant of the Capital Region, and given the authority to act on behalf of the emperor. He was also granted the title of Marquis of Chiyang. Guo Si was appointed General of the Rear and Marquis of Meiyang. Fan Chou was appointed General of the Right and Marquis of Wannian. The three of them controlled the Eastern Han regime.

In the second year of Xingping (195 AD), Li Jue killed Fan Chou and then fought against Guo Si in Chang'an with their respective armies.

In March, General Yang Ding of Anxi conspired with Guo Si to kidnap Liu Xie. When the plot was exposed, Li Jue first sent Li Xian to lead troops to surround the palace and take away Liu Xie and Consort Fu Shou.

Li Jue's soldiers burned, killed, and looted in the palace. Liu Xie sent Grand Commandant Yang Biao, Minister of Works Zhang Xi, Minister of the Imperial Secretariat Wang Long, and more than a dozen others to Guo Si's camp to persuade him to make peace, but they were detained by Guo Si instead.

In the intercalary fifth month, Emperor Xian ordered Huangfu Li, the Attendant-in-Ordinary, to persuade Li Jue and Guo Si to make peace. Guo Si accepted the imperial order, but Li Jue refused. On the eleventh day, Emperor Xian appointed Li Jue as Grand Marshal.

In June, General Zhang Ji, the General Who Guards the East, went to Chang'an to mediate and proposed temporarily settling Liu Xie in Hongnong. Liu Xie also missed the old capital and sent someone to plead with Li Jue to allow him to return east. After more than ten trips, Li Jue and Guo Jing finally agreed.

Li Jue and Guo Si reconciled, promising to offer their sons as hostages, but Li Jue's wife disagreed. In the end, they each offered their daughters as hostages, and were granted titles and fiefs.

In July, Guo Si, Yang Ding, Yang Feng, and Dong Cheng escorted Liu Xie back east. On the first day of the tenth month, Guo Si, along with his cronies Xia Yu and Gao Shuo, rebelled, burning down the school at night to threaten the emperor. Yang Feng and Yang Ding led troops into battle, defeated the rebels, and Guo Si fled to Nanshan.

In December, Zhang Ji, together with Li Jue and Guo Si, fought against Dong Cheng and Yang Feng at Dongjian in Hongnong. Yang and Dong were defeated, suffering countless casualties, and Liu Xie spent the night in Caoyang.

Yang and Dong secretly sent people to Hedong to join forces with Li Le, Han Xian, Hu Cai, and Qu Bei, the Right Wise King of the Southern Xiongnu, to defeat Li Jue and his men, thus allowing Liu Xie to proceed.

Li Jue and his men led their troops again, and Yang Feng and his men suffered a great defeat with even more casualties. Dong Cheng and his men decided to cross the river. The soldiers all wanted to board the boats, but Dong Cheng and his men blocked them with spears. Only the Empress, Consort Song, Yang Biao, and the Empress's father, Fu Wan, crossed the river with Liu Xie. The rest of the palace women and officials were looted by the marauding soldiers, and countless people were killed or injured.

In July of the first year of Jian'an (196 AD), Liu Xie returned to Luoyang under the escort of Dong Cheng and Zhang Yang. He appointed Zhang Yang as Grand Marshal, Yang Feng as General of Chariots and Cavalry, and Han Xian as General-in-Chief and concurrently Commandant of the Capital Region. Han Xian and Dong Cheng remained in the palace.

To restrain Han Xian, Dong Cheng secretly summoned Cao Cao to Luoyang. After Cao Cao arrived, he reported the crimes of Han Xian and Zhang Yang. Han Xian fled to Yang Feng, and Emperor Xie, remembering his service in protecting the emperor, granted him a special pardon.

Liu Xie appointed Cao Cao as the Commandant of the Capital Region and the Director of the Imperial Secretariat. Subsequently, Cao Cao moved the capital to Xu County (present-day Xuchang, Henan) on the grounds that Luoyang was in ruins. Cao Cao then appointed Cao Cao as Grand General and granted him the title of Marquis of Wuping.

In November, Cao Cao was promoted to Minister of Works and General of Chariots and Cavalry. From then on, Cao Cao held the emperor hostage to command the disobedient and controlled the government.

In the fifth year of Jian'an (200 AD), Liu Xie was dissatisfied with Cao Cao's monopoly of power and unwilling to be a puppet. So he secretly issued an edict in his belt, ordering Dong Cheng, the father of Consort Dong and General of Chariots and Cavalry, to find a way to kill Cao Cao.

Dong Cheng then conspired with General Liu Bei, Colonel Zhong Ji, General Wu Zilan, and Prince Fu, but the plot was exposed and Dong Cheng and the others were all executed by Cao Cao.

Cao Cao then entered the palace with a sword to kill Consort Dong, daughter of Dong Cheng. At this time, Consort Dong was pregnant, and Emperor Xie begged him to spare her life, but Cao Cao still went ahead and killed her.

Empress Fu was filled with fear from then on, so she wrote a letter to her father, Fu Wan, recounting Cao Cao's atrocities and asking him to secretly eliminate Cao Cao. Fu Wan dared not take action.

In the nineteenth year of Jian'an (214 AD), the secret letters between Empress Fu and her father, Fu Wan, were discovered. Cao Cao was furious and forced Liu Xie to depose Empress Fu. He forged an edict, claiming that Empress Fu was of lowly birth, harbored treacherous intentions, and was unfit to inherit the Mandate of Heaven, thus removing her from her position as Empress.

He then dispatched Minister Hua Xin with troops to arrest her. Cao Cao imprisoned Empress Fu, who died in confinement. Empress Fu's two sons were also poisoned, and more than one hundred members of the Fu clan were executed.

Empress Fu Shou's mother, Ying, was exiled to Zhuojun. After news of Empress Fu's murder reached Shu, Liu Bei, the governor of Yizhou, held a funeral for her.

In the 20th year of Jian'an (215 AD), Cao Cao coerced Liu Xie to make his daughter Cao Jie his empress.

In 216 AD, Cao Cao proclaimed himself King of Wei. In 220 AD, King Cao Cao died, and his son Cao Pi succeeded him.

After Cao Pi became King of Wei, auspicious omens abounded. Cao Pi's confidant, Hua Xin, led a group of ministers in submitting a joint memorial, urging Emperor Xian of Han to abdicate the throne to Cao Pi, King of Wei.

Emperor Xian of Han knew that the Han dynasty's fate was sealed, so he issued three edicts of abdication, pleading with Cao Pi to follow the example of Emperor Shun. Cao Pi refused. On the day of Yimao in the tenth month of the first year of the Yankang era, Liu Xie formally abdicated the throne.

First, they offered sacrifices at the ancestral temple, then Zhang Yin presented the imperial seal and edict to Cao Pi. Cao Pi wrote "Approved" on the "Memorial on Receiving the Mandate" presented by Huan Jie and others.

On the 29th, Cao Pi ascended the abdication altar at Fanyang Pavilion and proclaimed himself emperor. He changed the era name to Huangchu, renamed Luoyang to Luoyang, and granted a general amnesty.

Cao Pi enfeoffed Liu Xie as the Duke of Shanyang, a rank above that of a prince, granting him a fief of ten thousand households. He was not permitted to address the Wei emperor as "your subject," nor to bow upon receiving imperial edicts. He continued to use the emperor's carriage and clothing, and enjoyed the rites of offering sacrifices to Heaven and Earth. He was to follow the rites of the Han dynasty, including sacrifices at the ancestral temples and the winter sacrifice. His capital was established in Zhuolu City within the Shanyang kingdom. Liu Xie's four sons, who had been enfeoffed as princes, were all demoted to marquises.

In the 26th year of Jian'an, Liu Bei declared himself emperor in Shu, and Sun Quan declared himself king in Wu, thus dividing the world into three.

On the day of Gengyin in the third month of the second year of the Qinglong era of Emperor Ming of Wei, Liu Xie, the Duke of Shanyang, died. Liu Xie had lived for fourteen years from his abdication to his death, and was fifty-four years old at the time. Emperor Ming of Wei, Cao Rui, led his officials in a personal mourning ceremony. (End of Chapter)