Time Bandit

The law of Tian also stipulates that in the second month of spring, it is not allowed to cut wood in the mountains and forests, and it is not allowed to block waterways. 26nbsp;Before summer, it is not allowed to burn grass as fertilizer, not to take newly sprouted plants, or to catch young animals, bird eggs and young birds, not to... kill fish and turtles with poison, and not to set traps for birds and animals and nets.The ban will only be lifted in July.The state is qualified to govern so leniently, clearly stating that all mountains, rivers, forests, bushes and wild animals belong to the state, otherwise these regulations would be meaningless.

In short, not only is there no law that recognizes private ownership of land in the entire Qin bamboo slips, the concept of private land does not even exist.Therefore, the law about "stealing, relocating, and redeeming" in "Legal Questions and Answers" can only declare the inviolability of the state-owned land system and the land grant system that governs these lands, and cannot protect any private land.According to the above analysis, we can draw the following conclusion: After Shang Yang’s reform, the state-owned land system in Qin State occupied an absolute dominant position.

In addition to the land, many places have shown that Daqin is under the state-owned economic system.

For example, Shang Yang implemented the "One Mountain Ze" policy, which means that the state monopolizes the benefits of the mountain, implements a monopoly on salt and iron, and sets up salt and iron officials in various places to control its production and circulation. "Qin Law Miscellaneous Copy" records that Qin's government in charge of mining and iron smelting has "You Fu, Zuo Fu, Right Mining Iron, Zuo Mining Iron", and its officials include "Stinger, Zuo, Cao Chang", etc. It can be seen that the scale is different. Small. "Historical Records Preface to Tai Shi Gong" says that his ancestor Sima Chang served as "the iron official of Qin Zhu".

Shang Yang advocated that the state strictly control the grain trade, "making it impossible for merchants to buy and farmers to sell", that is, merchants are not allowed to buy and sell grain.From the analysis of the dominance of state land ownership in the previous section, we can realize that one of the results is that the state must fully control the production and circulation of grain.Qin "received more than half of the tax" from farmers, and ordinary people would not have surplus grain to sell to merchants. "Cang Law" records: "A plot of [-] stones in Liyang, and a plot of [-] stones in Xianyang".It shows that the national treasury is very rich in food, so that the government can completely control this most important material related to the national economy and people's livelihood.

Shang Yang also strictly prohibited the employment system and its operation in various aspects of the transportation industry. "There is nothing to gain from mediocrity", "to prevent the military from gaining private food delivery", "to make food delivery without gain, and nothing to be against mediocrity". "Xiao Lv" also stipulates: "Subject to commission and transfer immediately, the common people or counties and those who transfer and transfer shall be judged by law."Employment and transportation can be regarded as the basic conditions for the survival of private industry and commerce. If these aspects are strangled, they cannot function normally.At the same time, the government also strictly imposed or even increased the labor burden on them.Shang Yang stipulated: "Use the words of the merchants to enlist the merchants, and those who order them to be servants, public servants, disciples, and children must be famous." The "Sikong Law" generally allows the requirement of using labor to pay off debts and hiring others to serve as substitutes, as long as they are of the same age.Only private industrial and commercial persons are not allowed to hire others to serve on their behalf.It can be said that the government discriminates against private entrepreneurs.

Shang Yang advocated that "the price of wine and meat should be expensive, and the rent should be paid more attention to, making it ten times less expensive."This prevents the development of private catering industry and brewing industry. "Tian Law" stipulates: "People who live in the farmhouses should not dare to drink wine, and the field cowards and ministers should strictly prohibit it, and those who do not obey the order will be guilty."Under such a policy of severely suppressing private industry and commerce, it can be said that it is impossible for Qin's private industry and commerce to develop much.

Therefore, during the Warring States period, with the vigorous development of industry and commerce in the eastern countries, many commercial cities appeared dotted with dots, such as "Zhuo of Yan, Ji, Handan of Zhao, Wen and Zhi of Wei, Xingyang of Han, Linzi of Qi, and Handan of Chu". Wan, Chen, Yang Zhai of Zheng, and the second week of the three rivers. Wealth crowns the world, and they are all famous capitals in the world."Among them, there is no town in Qin State.

It can be said that Qin's economic system laid the foundation for its unification of the six countries.However, there are also unreasonable places.For example, in Ji Qing's time and space, before China's reform and opening up, this was the case, very similar.

The endowment system implemented by the Qin State may be called the state supply system.According to the records in "Jin Bu Lu", "Cang Law", "Sikong Law", "Chuanshi Law" and "Anonymous Law", the objects granted by the government in Qin Dynasty were very extensive, including almost all government slaves, All kinds of craftsmen, all kinds of prisoners, active soldiers, officials of all levels, and royal family members needless to say, even foreign guests.Naturally, there are great differences in the content and level of gifts for various people.Slaves, prisoners, and soldiers are mainly given clothing and food, while officials are given preferential treatment. Not only food and clothing, but also chefs, coachmen, vehicles, and even feed for cattle and horses. In addition to food, food transfer allowances even include sauces, vegetables, and salt.

The number of official slaves, prisoners, soldiers, and officials in the Qin State is very large, and it is unimaginable for the country to maintain such a complete and detailed endowment system without a certain material foundation, and these materials mainly rely on the state-owned system. Production on a considerable scale in all sectors of the economy.

Qin's state-owned economy is also quite prominent in its planning, and its management is strict. "Book of Shang Jun Lai Min" puts forward the principle of "making soil and dividing the people", and calculates that there are about 500 million mu of arable land in a hundred miles, and "[-] people can eat and work", that is, each household is granted [-] mu of land, which can be Grant [-] households.This system of granting land lasted until the fifth year after Qin Shihuang unified China. It is estimated that almost all the land that can be granted in the country has been granted. 'It is to order Qianshou to enrich (full, own) the land by himself, that is, to order Qianshou to try to occupy a fixed amount of land according to the amount stipulated by the state system, and the state will no longer guarantee the granting of land according to regulations."Until then, the planned land grant system came to an end.

Judging from the content of legal texts such as "Xiao Lv", Qin Fan's department in charge of economics has specialized in economic accounting, which is called "ji".At the same time, these departments have to report their economic revenue and expenditure to their superiors or the imperial court every year, which is called "shangji". The content of "Shangji" includes not only money and food income and expenditure items, but also household registration, land, taxation, labor and other aspects of registration.It not only enables the central government to keep abreast of the national economy and even the economic status of various departments in order to issue appropriate plans; it can also assess the performance of officials at all levels based on this, so that they can more effectively implement the plans of the state-owned economy.Because of its huge state-owned economic system, Qin State's requirements for the above-mentioned system are also quite thorough and strict.

The state-owned economy of the Qin State occupies a dominant position, among which the agricultural production of the state land ownership system occupies an absolute dominant position, and the government-run industrial and commercial economy also plays an extremely important position. The state has careful planning and a series of meticulous management systems for economic operations .At that time, there was no emerging landlord class. Although a large number of slaves and prisoners were used in government-run industry and commerce, Qin was a large country with an agricultural economy, and the main laborers in agricultural production were land granted by the state. farmers.In this way, the social nature of the Qin State after Shang Yang's reform has a great distance from the traditional conclusion.We believe that if the concept of "feudalism" is limited to the production relationship in which farmers are exploited by land rent, then Qin State at that time should be a relatively mature national feudal society.Legalism’s views on economics are actually “a nationalist economic concept that transcends classes,” and it is not surprising that Qin entered into such a social system under its guidance. . . .

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