The Four Steps to the Sky

Chance and spontaneity are both reasons why things change.Chance is the unexpected cause of something changing, which comes from spontaneity (but note that spontaneity does not come from chance).

More specifically, what Aristotle calls chance is like what is commonly called coincidence.A person performs certain actions in order to achieve a certain goal, but he may also (unintendedly) change other things at the same time.For example, a person trying to raise money may find another person willing to donate a certain amount of money.

But if the fundraiser is not really raising money for the purpose of collecting money, but has other goals, then Aristotle will classify the money brought by the person who donates to him as the result of chance .

Things that happen by chance are infrequent, in other words, if something happens often, or always, then we cannot classify it as chance.

Chance, however, applies only to human beings, and it is the domain of moral conduct.According to Aristotle, opportunities must include the elements of human decision-making (and therefore must be considered), and only human beings have the ability to think and make choices, and things without the ability to act do not have the ability to obtain opportunities[

Aristotle defined metaphysics as the knowledge of immaterial existence or existence of the highest degree of abstraction.He called metaphysics and theology together the first philosophy.

Aristotle in his

While ethics is discussed in many of Aristotle's writings, the most important work in this area is the Nicomachean Ethics - considered one of Aristotle's greatest works.

Aristotle believed that ethical knowledge is not a precise kind of knowledge, and thus ethics is very different from logic or mathematics, but similar to common sense like knowledge about nutrition and exercise.

Moreover, since ethics is a practical discipline rather than just a theoretical one, Aristotle believed that if a person wants to be a good person, he cannot just study virtue, but practice virtue himself.

For example, if a person wants to become a good football player, he cannot just rely on studying theory, but must put it into practical practice.Aristotle first proposed the standard of virtue. He first assumed that any behavior of a person has a goal, and these goals are good.And the ultimate goal of what he called the supreme good: happiness (Greek eumon can also sometimes be translated to live well).

Aristotle argued that happiness cannot be attained solely on the basis of pleasure, or simply fame and honor.After studying various specific functions of human beings, Aristotle finally found out what he believed to be the source of happiness.

He analyzed the human mind and divided it into three parts: the nourishing mind (including crops, fields, and humans), the perceiving mind (animals and humans), and the rational mind (only humans).

And therefore, the function of a human being is to do what a human being is supposed to do, to do what makes a human being special: to use rational faculties.Human beings who do such things are happy because they achieve a goal or essence that belongs to the rational mind.Depending on the extent to which people pursue a rational mind, Aristotle divided human beings into four classes: moral, natural, unnatural, and evil. (To be continued. If you like this work, you are welcome to come to the starting point to vote, monthly pass, your support is my biggest motivation. Mobile phone users, please go to read.)