The FBI teaches you lie detection, people reading and intelligence skills

Chapter 11 Your physiology will betray you
As an applied science, polygraph detection has a history of decades.It reflects the changes of mental activities with the indicators of human physiology. With the research progress of contemporary psychology and physiology and the wide use of lie detection technology in FBI and other institutions, people have a deep understanding of the relevant theories that lie detection relies on. Acceptance of polygraph technology is gradually increasing.

§§§ Section [-] lies exposed in the galvanic skin reflex phenomenon
There are always people who say "pretending to be nonchalant" or "acting like you don't know anything", but in fact no one can do this.A person tells a lie with his mouth, but his body never lies. FBI staff pointed out: When a person suddenly feels surprised or makes a certain gesture or changes in emotion, the sweat gland cells in the palms, soles of the feet and underarms must be excited.This is because the premotor collar of the cerebral cortex and the hypothalamus of the diencephalon are excited and reach the sweat gland cells through the sympathetic nerve.Both the premotor collar and the hypothalamus are the centers of the autonomic nervous system. These two parts excite the sweat glands in the palms and feet along with preparations for various actions and intense changes in emotions.

When a person is suddenly surprised by something, at the same time, the muscles of the whole body will contract abnormally accordingly, and they are in a state of readiness to take action.At this time, if you pay attention, you can find that there are sweat beads on the palms and soles of the feet, and cold sweats will also break out when the relationship changes sharply, but these eyes are invisible. The so-called "expression as if nothing had happened" may be the performance at this time.

Faced with such a situation, the method of using the galvanic skin reflex (GSR) phenomenon can capture subtle changes in psychology.The operation process of this method is: connect electrodes on the palms and wrists, connect a direct current of about three volts, connect a sensitive ammeter in the circuit, and pass a current that the subject feels nothing through the circuit.Then, let the subjects hear a sound suddenly, or make them feel pain, or let them perform mental calculations, and the index of the galvanometer will change at this time.Similarly, the pointer of the galvanometer would move when others called out the name of the subject's lover, or when a shameful experience appeared in the subject's mind.This is the skin galvanic reflex phenomenon.

So, what is the principle of skin galvanic reflex phenomenon? The FBI pointed out that when the skin is connected to an electric current, a resistance will be generated in the skin.This is the result of the above-mentioned polarization of sweat gland cells against electric current.However, when external stimulation is given suddenly, the subject itself will be excited, and the sweat gland cells will also be excited to break through the polarization and reduce the skin resistance.At the same time, the current in the line temporarily increases, causing the ammeter index to change.

However, the method of turning on the current is cumbersome to use, so on this basis, a method of not turning on the current, that is, the potentiometric method, is developed. The instrument using this principle is a lie detector.First of all, let us use the skin current reflex phenomenon to do a simple experiment to detect lying.

Put five playing cards on the table, let the subjects guess one of them, and write the name of the card on the piece of paper, then put it into a sealed cylinder and put it on the table.Of course, the experimenter did not know the name of the card.After the experimenter put the names of the playing cards into the envelope, the subjects were asked to sit quietly with their eyes closed. No matter what they asked, the subjects had to answer: "No."

Then, while looking at the pointer of the galvanometer, the experimenter asked the subject the names of the five playing cards, "Do you think it is a seven of diamonds?" "No" (the pointer did not move); "Is it a Jack of Clubs?" "No " (the pointer does not move); "Is it five of spades?" "No" (the pointer swings to the third mark).When asked about the K of Hearts and the Eight of Diamonds, the hands did not move.

The results of the experiment were crystal clear: the subjects were thinking five of spades.It is impossible to see the change of the subject's psychological state with the naked eye. However, the phenomenon of skin current reflection clearly shows that he is lying.If this experiment is carried out in a well-equipped laboratory, it is said to have a 98% guessing rate.Using the same method, take out one of the five items, and you can guess which item is taken out.The same is true for more sophisticated experiments. Put the taken out item in a pocket of a certain clothes on your body, and you can guess where it was put in.Or let a group of several people steal money, let one person hold the stolen money, and guess who is holding the money.

In the work "Psychological Experiment" by Japanese scholar Edogawa Ranpo, Japanese detective Kogoro Akechi, in order to make the murder suspect confess, combined the scenes related to the murder case, or the conversations related to the murder weapon or even irrelevant conversations to make the murder suspect confess. Listen and watch, and then observe the suspect's reaction.For a suspect who has killed someone, the name of the victim, the location of the murder, the murder weapon, and the memory of strong emotional activities must remain in his mind.However, he must hide his memory from others and force himself to forget it, even if asked, he will pretend not to know.But, in fact, once interrogated, the scene of the murder at that time will reappear in the suspect's memory.At this time, due to the change in feelings, no matter how you pretend to be nonchalant, you will become tense instead.

Even if there is nothing to be seen from the outside, even the suspect himself cannot perceive the change, but the phenomenon of electrodermal galvanic reflex will truthfully tell the interrogator about the change.

§§§Second Section There is a good way to understand the character of a liar

In the actual interrogation, the method of using skin current reflection phenomenon can detect people's lies, and using T·A·T (painting, inspection) can try to understand the character of the liar from the lies.

Show the subject a painting and ask him to make up a fantasy story about the painting based on the content.Using the method of T·A·T can know whether the subject is intentional or unintentional from the content of the story, and then understand the character of the liar. The T·A·T method can generally judge a person's personality, but cannot grasp a person's specific desires, fears, emotions, etc. in detail.

The testing process of the T·A·T method is as follows: first combine several paintings, and then select a few of them for use according to the different situations of the subjects, whether they are teenagers, girls, or males and females over 14 years old.The selection of these paintings is based on the relationship between people in daily life and emotional issues.For example, it is selected based on the theme of girlfriend's feelings and fear of death.Then tell the subjects "From now on, show each of them a picture and please create the story of that picture with the greatest imagination. First think of what is happening now, what happened before, And what will happen in the future, just say what comes to mind.”Then began the experiment, showing each subject only one painting, and let them create stories about the past, present and future at will.

In the stories created by the subjects, in terms of daily life, the relationship between the subjects and others is mostly reproduced in a changed way.Moreover, in many cases the protagonist is the partner of the subject.The feelings and thoughts of the subjects are projected onto the protagonist, and the repressed wishes and fears are realized by virtue of the characters' gestures.Therefore, relying on the analysis of the story, we can deeply examine the psychological state of the subjects in their daily life.

Of course, the same attitude of subject and protagonist does not always occur at all times.The subjects need a strong creative interest and selfless work spirit to be able to achieve.Moreover, the desires and feelings of the subjects may not be expressed honestly at any time, and external knowledge also has an influence. For example, stories in books and movies, or words from friends are often faithfully borrowed.In addition, there are often subjects who consciously reproduce their own experiences, or fantasies that emerge from the depths of their hearts.It can be seen from this that the degree of projection of the subjects on various occasions is different.In addition, there were various differences in the mechanical devices used by the subjects.

Therefore, in order to correctly understand the desires and feelings of the subjects projected in the story, one must first carefully ponder the psychological conditions when creating the story, among which in-depth research and insight into people are indispensable, even indispensable Less.

§§§ Section [-] What is the psychology of a liar?
The tester read words such as "sea", "flower", "female" and "blood" to the subjects one by one, and asked the subjects to say any words that came to mind at the moment.In this way, certain rules will be shown in the method and language of the answer. Once the subjects leave this rule, they will find a kind of psychological abnormality and mental disorder caused by excessive suppression of human instincts, thus Achieved the purpose of Lenovo inspection.

Jung, a Swiss psychologist and psychoanalyst, and the founder of analytical psychology, selected a hundred words related to emotional problems in daily life and conducted an experiment on one person.Read a stimulus (flower) to the subject and ask him to answer the first word that comes to mind (eg beautiful) as quickly as possible.Through the experiment, the experimenter recorded the time (reaction time), response language and response method of the subjects from hearing the stimulus word to answering the response word.When the experiment goes well, the reaction time is generally constant, and it is easy to understand the relationship between the stimulus language and the response language.

However, if the stimulating words touch some unpleasant feeling in the subject's psychology, this regularity will be destroyed, and various characteristics will appear.The most notable manifestations are:

prolong reaction time;

unusually short time;

There was no response in a daze.

In addition, the subjects also had obvious characteristics in the content of their answers:
Parrots repeat stimuli;
Misjudgment of stimuli;
Stuttering or muttering without answering;

Answer more than one word;

Most severe are immediate changes in body movements, such as stopping breathing, laughing, or turning red.

With the appearance of the above-mentioned characteristics, it is clear that the psychological abnormality of the subject has been touched.In this way, the association check can easily and quickly find out the hidden activities in people's minds. In the FBI's interrogation, this is a common and practical method.

Of course, galvanic skin reflection method, T·A·T method and association test are all professional psychological lie detection methods, which are generally used by FBI and other institutions, and are not applicable to ordinary people. Readers only need to understand them.

(End of this chapter)