Will the kemonomimi encounter Alien Ranch Story?

Therefore, let's set aside the question of what level of technology an interstellar civilization needs;

Even if we achieve this series of boastful effects, making things like Dyson spheres as common as rice cookers.

He is probably someone that one-third of people have never met.

And what's even more terrifying?

What's even more frightening is that technological advancements and social system reforms often only affect those in the upper half of the population, while having a negligible impact on countries and communities truly below the average.

The simplest example is India, a truly developing country.

There's no need to even talk about Africa—from ancient times to the present, they've been hunting with spears.

Well, now some of the spears have been replaced with AKs, but there's not much difference. Not only is there little difference, but only a small portion of the spears have become AKs.

A realistic, not pessimistic, view of interstellar civilizations is:

The people in the core galaxy live like gods, those in the middle zone live like a capital city, those further away live like modern civilization, and those in the farthest reaches still live like the feudal agricultural era.

Then let me ask you another small question: guess what the global penetration rate of pesticides and fertilizers is... hilarious.

In a macro narrative, you only see the achievements of the top, and you treat the achievements of the entire civilization as something universal. It's like looking at coastal cities in China, where drones, big data, and mobile phones are used to great effect, and you're proclaiming the era of information explosion—the reality is that even in China, there are people who have never seen these things.

How to make mushroom wine by hand

This is indeed a very interesting topic.

First, let's state the premise: Some people say, "The reason no one brews wine with mushrooms is because it doesn't work"—

Let's set aside the issues surrounding those dozen or so mushroom wine brands, and let's also set aside the fact that you yourself have admitted that it's feasible to produce ethanol from mushrooms and other cellulose fibers.

Since you're so fixated on whether Frostnova can make mushroom wine by hand, that makes things easier.

1. Bacterial method: You proposed that bacteria break down cellulose to produce glucose, and then the bacteria need to breathe to metabolize the glucose, resulting in only a pile of rotten mushroom juice. So, are there any anaerobic bacteria that do not need to breathe but can secrete cellulase?

The answer is: Yes.

Clostridium sporogenes, a type of filamentous fungus. What are filamentous fungi? Simply put, they are molds.

Therefore, if you can identify what Clostridium perfringens is, even if you don't understand how it works, you still have a chance of solving it using exhaustive search.

Incidentally, it is widely found in humus and decaying wood. [The reason it's no longer used in modern times: the outer shell of filamentous fungi is chitinous, which is very difficult to inactivate; if incomplete inactivation is not carried out, the consequences could be disastrous...]

2. The acid-base method is also a major method in modern industry for producing ethanol from straw, despite the assertion that "straw cannot be used to make ethanol." Its drawback is its high cost, as it requires strict control of acidity and sulfuric acid concentration. Of course, China cannot obtain sulfuric acid, nor can it maintain such stringent requirements.

3. Enzymatic hydrolysis. You might think, "Enzymes? You can't possibly do that by hand. It's impossible to get them."

Unfortunately, most plants and some animals secrete cellulase.

Therefore, theoretically speaking, it is possible to mix mushroom fiber residue with other plants that secrete cellulase when making mushroom wine by hand.

[The reason it's not used in modern times: It contains so many impurities that it's unbearable, and as a commercially available alcoholic beverage, only a fool would brew it to drink.]

4. Alkyd hydrolysis: This is simple. You only need sugar alcohol residue to produce alkyd. Then, just like the acid-base method, alkyd is produced. So, when you hear "alkyd," you might think, "What kind of industrial product is this? It's impossible to produce it by hand!"

However, let's remove the fancy terms like "alkyds" and "sugar alcohol residue"—

Corn cobs, cottonseed hulls, rice hulls, rice bran, and other agricultural by-products (very important!)

By mixing high-cellulose raw materials such as straw, a mixed residue is made. This residue can then be hydrolyzed more quickly to produce glucose.

This is also the main manufacturing process of modern mushroom wine: mixing dried mushrooms with the aforementioned residues, sterilizing them with 70-80 degree steam, then fermenting, distilling, and extracting the wine—that's it.

It is also the simplest way for infected people and Froststar to rub their hands together.

As for other issues, for example, if you can make mushroom wine by hand, wouldn't it be better to make it into a sweet soup?

It doesn't smell good because glucose, especially a low-concentration glucose solution, isn't sweet at all.

Who would consider something that doesn't taste sweet as sugar water? Especially if it's mixed with a lot of rotten residue. Without steam sterilization, it's no wonder it will dehydrate you.

Who goes out drinking when they can't even get enough to eat?

—Russia! Russians! They might skip meals, but they absolutely must drink vodka!

This is a typical person who has lived in China for a long time.

Transport of dangerous goods

Because some people have been saying that it's unsafe for the Covenant to use cargo ships to transport high-risk items like antimatter, and that they should use dedicated transport ships.

Then there are analogies like explosives and oil tankers, and the idea that they would be hijacked and used as antimatter bombs to collide with planets, etc.

Of course, let's leave aside the pre-set details for now. Let's first discuss the actual regulations governing the maritime transport of dangerous goods, namely the International Dangerous Goods Code (IDCCode):

First, what are dangerous goods? There are a total of 7 categories, among which we will focus on categories 1 and 7. Category 1 is explosives, and category 7 is radioactive materials.

The requirements for shipment are: "In accordance with the Regulations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Sea, the goods shall be properly packaged, marked and labeled with dangerous goods, and the shipper shall be informed in writing of their official name, nature, and the preventive measures to be taken..."

The assembly requirements are: "Different assembly types cannot be transported in the same container and must be in a dedicated container and warehouse; assembly types can be transported in the same container."

As for the operational safety regulations during loading and unloading, I won't go into them.

Furthermore, after investigation, it was found that there are indeed qualified cargo ships and shipping companies that can undertake the transportation of dangerous goods—it is not a matter of assuming that specialized ships are required.

Furthermore, from a planning perspective, transporting goods by specialized vessels would not cover the cost of the journey.

Antimatter only requires a few hundred kilograms, and then a huge, long-haul starship is needed to make a special trip for it...

In reality, the shipping of dangerous goods is mostly done in small quantities – so theoretically, it is indeed possible for a cargo ship to transport your cargo and nuclear fuel together.

As for the claim that someone suggested hijacking and launching antimatter canisters coated with anti-monitoring material to bomb a colony that doesn't even have orbital defense satellites... and that it would drift for up to 3 months—frankly, that thing is bigger than a nuclear warhead, and they can't even see it... is that just plot twists?

And I've thought about it for a long time, but I still can't figure out what the logic behind these terrorists' behavior is.

Hijacking an interstellar cargo ship just for the antimatter fuel tanks on board, then using them to bomb remote colonies with a global population that might not even reach three digits... [As mentioned in the prologue, these remote colonies have at most a thousand or so people...]

It's like ISIS hijacking a 30-ton cargo ship to attack an island nation in the Pacific with only a few thousand people—I can't understand the motive and logic behind this action. Maybe it's to call for love in the world?

Criticizing part-time science popularization

The raw material for sugar synthesis comes from carbon dioxide, and plants synthesize carbohydrates, i.e., sugars.

Honestly, I really didn't understand what that guy was trying to say; it was completely nonsensical...

I don't know if he's trying to say that sugar synthesis consumes carbon, so there's no point in plundering organic matter, or that sugar plants don't plunder organic matter? Oh well, never mind.

First, let's talk about sugar synthesis. In plants, sugar synthesis is called the Calvin cycle (actually, there are two other pathways in Crassulaceae: acid metabolism and C4 metabolism...).

Its synthesis product is a three-carbon sugar called G3P (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate), located in the chloroplast, and the carbon consumed comes from one molecule of carbon dioxide.

Rubisco enzymes integrate the carbon from a carbon molecule of carbon dioxide into the second carbon atom of a pentose sugar, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP).

In other words, carbon fixation. This six-carbon compound is very unstable. It is broken down into two molecules of glycerol 3-phosphate through photosynthesis, and then reduced by NADPH through the light reaction. In the whole cycle, it consumes ATP and produces triose 3-phosphate.

Ultimately, one carbon atom leaves the six-carbon cycle and becomes glucose. The remaining five carbon atoms continue the biochemical cycle to produce ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, which then converts the next carbon dioxide into glucose.

The synthesis of one mole of G3P, a tricarbon sugar, requires nine moles of ATP and six moles of NADPH.

ATP（C10H16N5O13P3）-每一份ATP需要5份氮，3份磷；

NADPH is a reductase that acts as a hydrogen carrier. Although it is consumed, the characteristics of enzymes are well understood. In other words, even without considering the issue of enzyme synthesis.

In addition to consuming the carbohydrates it synthesizes, one molecule of glucose requires an additional 45 molecules of nitrogen and 27 molecules of phosphorus. Now you know why sugar plants only need carbon to synthesize sugar, while fertilizers rarely advertise their carbon content, but rather their nitrogen content, right?

Because it consumes only a small portion of the carbon, while the majority of its consumption is organic matter.

Let's set aside the fact that these compounds, which form the basis of the Calvin cycle, still need to be synthesized by the plants themselves. Although they are cyclical, they don't just appear out of thin air.

As for why there is a significant decrease in organic matter, it's because plants don't just absorb the nitrogen from fertilizer. Even if you apply fertilizer, unless you pull the plant out and put it in a hydroponic container, it will still destroy the soil's organic matter and absorb the inorganic salts from it.

In fact, this is how soil compaction and desertification are caused by the excessive use of chemical fertilizers.

Plants don't just absorb the elements in fertilizers. So if you apply fertilizer according to their needs, for every two parts of inorganic salts they absorb, one comes from the fertilizer and one from the soil. In addition, because the humus is destroyed, the soil's ability to retain fertilizer decreases, and the proportion of chemical fertilizers you apply that are absorbed is even lower.

As for the claim that declining soil fertility, compaction, and desertification can be resolved simply by loosening the soil and adding fertilizer... there's nothing more to say.

I'm going to give you another science lesson~

@@@@I finally understand where that idiot got confused.

He meant that plants do not absorb carbon sources from their roots. Therefore, plant roots do not plunder organic matter.

They believe that there is no organic matter that does not contain carbon.

His mistake was:

Organic matter ≠ organic compounds. They may have similar names, but they are completely different!

Organic matter:

Humus refers to the substances in soil that originate from life.

It includes five types of compounds: fats, cellulose, lignin, nitrogen compounds, and carbohydrates;

It also includes ash substances: calcium, phosphorus, sulfur, sodium and inorganic salts.

This is the definition of organic matter.

Therefore, the plundering of organic matter by plant growth is not the ability of insects or fungal carpets; it is a perfectly normal phenomenon.

It absorbs the ash components inside, promotes the mineralization of organic matter through humic acid, releases nitrogen and phosphorus elements, and ultimately leaves you with sandy calcium, inorganic salts, and cellulose.

Organic matter:

In a narrow sense, organic compounds mainly refer to compounds composed of carbon and hydrogen elements; they must contain carbon.

However, this excludes carbon oxides and sulfides, carbonic acid, carbonates, cyanides, thiocyanates, cyanates, carbides, carboranes, carbonyl metals, organometallic ligand complexes without MC bonds, and some organometallic compounds (substances containing MC bonds), which are mainly carbon-containing substances studied in inorganic chemistry.

So, this person has clearly confused organic matter with organic compounds, which is why they claim that beets don't steal organic matter at all—in fact, they do. But they definitely don't steal organic compounds…hilarious—

Old Xia's sugar problem

There are always self-proclaimed wise and far-sighted "sleeping dragons and phoenix chicks" wondering why, since Lao Xia didn't flex his muscles or announce the fusion bomb, those people didn't use DuPont's business law, didn't build a homemade aircraft, and why the country didn't take it for itself.

Those who are truly intelligent often try to apply the efficiency of modern China to their own thinking, believing that the nation is an individual entity with immense power...

Honestly, it was okay to have many people like this 19 years ago, since people can only see what's around them.