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Mi Fang, also known as Mi Fang, with the courtesy name Zifang, was born in Qu County, Donghai County (now Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province). He was a minister of the Shu Kingdom during the Three Kingdoms period and later surrendered to Sun Wu.

Mi Fang is the younger brother of Mi Zhu. Mi Zhu once served as the deputy attendant of Tao Qian, the governor of Xuzhou. After Tao Qian's death, Mi Zhu welcomed Liu Bei, the governor of Yuzhou, to Xuzhou. From then on, Mi Fang followed Liu Bei together with his brother Mi Zhu.

During this period, Cao Cao made a petition to the court to appoint Mi Zhu as governor of Ying County and Mi Fang as prime minister of Pengcheng. Mi Fang resigned from his post with his brother Mi Zhu and followed Liu Bei everywhere.

In the 208th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, after Liu Bei captured Jingzhou, he appointed Mi Fang as the governor of Nanjun and stationed him in Jiangling.

After Liu Bei pacified Yizhou, he appointed Guan Yu as the general to coordinate the affairs of Jingzhou. Mi Fang was at odds with Guan Yu and planned to surrender to Sun Quan with Fu Shiren, the general stationed in Gong'an.

In the autumn of the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD), when Guan Yu led his army to attack Fancheng, Sun Wu's general Lu Meng attacked and captured Jingzhou.

Mi Fang and Fu Shiren surrendered, Lu Meng occupied Gong'an and Jiangling, cutting off Guan Yu's retreat, and eventually Guan Yu was captured and killed by Sun Wu.

After Mi Fang surrendered to Sun Wu, he was humiliated by the Cavalry Commander Yu Fan.

In the second year of Huangwu in the Sun Wu Dynasty (223 AD), Mi Fang participated in the war against Jin Zong, the general of Xikou who had defected to Cao Wei. After that, there was no record of Mi Fang in history books.

After Mi Fang rebelled against Shu and surrendered to Wu, Wu's cavalry commander Yu Fan mocked him for losing his loyalty and trustworthiness, and said that he was not worthy of being called a general because he sold out the cities of Jiangling and Gong'an.

Yang Xi, a minister of Shu, commented that Mi Fang and Fu Shiren, because of their personal grudges with their commander, disregarded the moral principles that subordinates should abide by, and rashly surrendered to Sun Wu, betrayed their master for fame, and alienated themselves from their own people, causing them to be ridiculed by people from both Shu and Wu.

Mi Fang was from Qu County, Donghai County (now Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province). His ancestors had been engaged in business for generations, and his family had tens of thousands of guests and assets worth hundreds of millions.

He also had an elder brother, Mi Zhu, who once served as a deputy driver of Xuzhou Mu Tao Qian. After Tao Qian's death, Mi Zhu welcomed Liu Bei, then governor of Yuzhou, to Xuzhou, and Mi Fang and his brother Mi Zhu became Liu Bei's subordinates.

In the first year of Jian'an (196 AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Lu Bu attacked Liu Bei's base in Dipi and abducted his wife and children.

Liu Bei led his troops to Haixi County in Guangling Commandery, and Mi Zhu and Mi Fang married their sister to Liu Bei as his wife.

The Mi family also gave Liu Bei countless gold and silver as military supplies, and Liu Bei was able to restore his power with the help of these funds.

Later, Cao Cao reported to the court and appointed Mi Zhu as the governor of Ying County and Mi Fang as the governor of Pengcheng. Mi Fang and his brother Mi Zhu resigned from their posts and followed Liu Bei everywhere.

In the 208th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Liu Bei captured Jingzhou and appointed Mi Fang as the governor of Nanjun and stationed him in Jiangling.

After Liu Bei pacified Yizhou, he appointed Guan Yu as the general to coordinate the affairs of Jingzhou. Mi Fang and General Fu Shiren stationed in Gong'an were both under Guan Yu's jurisdiction.

Mi Fang and Fu Shiren had always been at odds with Guan Yu, and both felt that they were looked down upon by Guan Yu.

In the autumn of the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD) during the reign of Emperor Xian of Han, Guan Yu led a large army to attack Fancheng, where Cao Ren, a general of Cao Wei, was stationed, but failed to capture the city.

Mi Fang and Fu Shiren were responsible for supplying food and military supplies, but their food and military supplies could not be delivered to the front line in time.

Guan Yu was very angry and threatened to punish the two men after he captured Fancheng. Mi Fang and Fu Shiren were very frightened and uneasy.

Sun Quan, the ruler of Sun Wu, then secretly sent people to lure Mi Fang and Fu Shiren to surrender. The two of them, without telling Guan Yu, sent people to meet Sun Quan's army.

In October of the same year, Sun Wu's Grand Commander Lu Meng led his army to Xunyang (now southwest of Huangmei County, Hubei Province), hid his elite troops in a cargo ship, disguised themselves as merchants, and rushed to Jingzhou day and night.

Lü Meng led his army to Gong'an, where Fu Shiren surrendered. Lü Meng then took Fu Shiren with him to Nanjun; Mi Fang held Jiangling City, and Lü Meng asked Fu Shiren to meet Mi Fang, who then surrendered.

When Guan Yu learned that Nanjun was attacked, he had to withdraw his troops from Fancheng. Just then, Sun Quan arrived with a large army, so Guan Yu had to lead the remaining troops to flee to Maicheng (now in Dangyang City, Hubei Province).

Finally, when he was in Zhangxiang, Linju County, Xiangyang (now the north bank of Zhangshui River in Dangyang City, Hubei Province), he was intercepted by Sun Wu generals Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang. In December of the same year, Guan Yu was captured and killed by Pan Zhang's general Ma Zhong.

After Mi Fang surrendered to Sun Wu, his brother Mi Zhu became ill out of shame and died a year later.

Mi Fang was appointed as a general by Sun Quan, but his act of opening the city and surrendering was despised by the people of Wu.

Once, Mi Fang was traveling by boat and encountered the boat of the cavalry commander Yu Fan. There were many people on Mi Fang's boat, and the boatman at the bow shouted, "Get out of the way of the general's boat."

Unexpectedly, Yu Fan stood up and rebuked loudly, saying that those who have lost their loyalty and trustworthiness are not worthy of repaying the monarch, and those who betrayed the two cities of Jiangling and Gong'an are not worthy of being called generals.

Mi Fang knew he was being insulted, so he did not dare to agree and urged the boatman to get away from Yu Fan's boat. Later, Yu Fan was going out in a carriage and was about to pass through Mi Fang's camp.
The military officer at the gate closed the gate, and Yu Fan's car could not pass. He immediately became angry and mocked Mi Fang, saying that it was wrong to close the gate that should be opened and open the gate that should be closed. Mi Fang was ashamed when he heard this.

In the second year of Huangwu in the Sun Wu Dynasty (223 AD), Jin Zong, the defender of Xikou in Sun Wu, led his subordinates to defect to the Wei State and was appointed as the prefect of Qichun County.

Sun Quan was very angry, and in June of the same year, he ordered General He Qi to command Mi Fang, Xian Yu Dan and others to attack Qichun and capture Emperor Jin alive. After that, there was no record of Mi Fang in history books.

Yu Fan, the cavalry commander of the Wu State, once commented on Mi Fang: How can a person who has lost his loyalty and trustworthiness serve the monarch? A person who betrayed the two cities of Jiangling and Gong'an is not worthy of being called a general.

Yang Xi, a minister of the Kingdom of Shu, commented: According to etiquette, in ancient times, officials who fled abroad could only flee when there was an approaching external danger.

Because of personal grudges with their commander, Mi Fang and Fu Shiren disregarded the moral principles that subordinates should abide by, and rashly surrendered to Sun Wu, betrayed their master for fame, and alienated themselves from their own people, causing them to be ridiculed by people from both Shu and Wu.

Chen Shou, a historian of the Western Jin Dynasty, commented: Mi Fang betrayed his monarch due to personal grudges and surrendered to Sun Quan, which led to Guan Yu's downfall.

Hu Sanxing, a historian in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, commented: After Hao Pu, Mi Fang and Fu Shiren surrendered to Sun Wu, they became unknown, and their talents and insights were not as good as Pan Jun who was highly valued.

In 219 AD, Liu Bei defeated Cao Cao and seized Hanzhong. In the same year, Liu Bei sent Liu Feng and Meng Da to seize Shangyong and other counties.

At various times, Shu Han, which controlled Jingzhou and Yizhou, undoubtedly reached its peak. However, with Guan Yu's careless loss of Jingzhou and the Battle of Yiling, Shu Han not only declined, but also became the first country to perish among the Three Kingdoms.

Among them, the following five traitors naturally became important factors in accelerating the Shu Han's move towards the abyss.

Mi Fang (birth and death years unknown), courtesy name Zifang, was a native of Qu County, Donghai Commandery (now Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province), and the brother of Liu Bei's wife Mi.

Mi Fang was originally a subordinate of Tao Qian, the governor of Xuzhou, and was recommended by Cao Cao as the governor of Pengcheng. Later, he resigned and followed Liu Bei from Xuzhou to Yecheng, Runan, Xinye, Changbanpo, Jiangxia and other places, traveling for many years.

Therefore, Mi Fang had a relatively deep experience in Shu Han, and he was the brother of Lady Mi, which gave him a special status. This also made it difficult for many people to understand Mi Fang's betrayal.

In 219 AD, when Liu Bei was named King of Hanzhong, Mi Fang was the prefect of Nanjun, but was treated with contempt by Guan Yu.

Later, he was scolded by Guan Yu for not completing the task of supplying materials, and felt uneasy. When Lu Meng attacked Jingzhou, he showed Fu Shiren, who had surrendered, to Mi Fang.
Mi Fang then chose to surrender, which led to Guan Yu's defeat and death. After that, Mi Fang served as a general in the State of Wu and fought for the State of Wu.

Mi Fang, Fu Shiren and Hao Pu were all prefects of Jingzhou area of ​​Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. When the commander-in-chief of Wu, Lu Meng, launched a surprise attack on Jingzhou, all three surrendered to the Eastern Wu, which eventually led to the defeat of Shu Han general Guan Yu in Jingzhou.

Later generations revered Guan Yu as Guandi and a bronze statue of three people kneeling on the ground to atone their sins to Guan Yu was displayed in Guandi Temple. Later generations called these three people the Three Traitors of Shu Han.

However, the Ming Dynasty historian Li Zhi commented on Mi Fang's surrender. Li Zhi believed that Fu Shiren was a true rebel and his crime was unforgivable.

As for Mi Fang, although his behavior is the same as Shi Ren's, his crime is excusable. Don't punish them all just because they have the same behavior.

The Mi Fang family was a wealthy family in Xuzhou area in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. He had an older brother, Mi Zhu, and a younger sister, Mrs. Mi, who later became Liu Bei's wife.

The Mi family had been doing business in Xuzhou for generations and was a local business tycoon. The Eastern Han court once appointed Tao Qian as the governor of Xuzhou. After Tao Qian took office,

Hearing that the Mi brothers were local business tycoons, they were invited to take up official positions. As a result, the brothers Mi Zhu and Mi Fang had already taken up official positions in Xuzhou.

Many talents emerged in the Xuzhou area during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. For example, Zang Ba and Sun Guan under Cao Cao and generals Xu Sheng and Lu Dai under Sun Quan were all talents from Xuzhou. However, these people all came from humble backgrounds and were promoted because of their own talents.

Compared to these people, the abilities of the Mi brothers were somewhat inferior. The reason why the Mi brothers were able to make a name for themselves in the chaotic Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty was entirely due to their billions of assets.

The Mi brothers did not have any special talents. The eldest brother Mi Zhu was good at riding and shooting, but he did not have any extraordinary talents. However, Mi Zhu had a noble temperament, was loyal and elegant, and had the demeanor of an elder.

Mi Fang was far inferior to his brother Mi Zhu, so the abilities of the Mi brothers were relatively mediocre in the Three Kingdoms era when talented people emerged in large numbers.

When Tao Qian was dying, he submitted a petition to the Eastern Han court requesting that Liu Bei succeed him as the governor of Xuzhou, which meant that Tao Qian gave Xuzhou to Liu Bei.

Although Liu Bei took over Xuzhou, his strength was the weakest among all the warlords at that time, and his army did not have many people.
He didn't have much money, and at this time Liu Bei was just a local official who parachuted into Xuzhou with his two helpers, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei.

At this time, Liu Bei was in a state of decline, and it was at this time that the Mi brothers decided to take a gamble. According to the "Records of the Three Kingdoms", the Mi brothers had hundreds of millions of assets in Xuzhou at that time, and they had nearly ten thousand guests and servants.

After Liu Bei became the governor of Xuzhou, the Mi brothers immediately donated all their billions of assets to Liu Bei as military expenses, and married their sister to the widowed Liu Bei. They also gave Liu Bei two thousand slaves as dowry.

With the help of the brothers Mi Zhu and Mi Fang, Liu Bei had the military funds and armed a fresh force of more than 2,000 people.
The brothers Mi Zhu and Mi Fang also successfully acquired shares in Liu Bei's group. It can be said that the Mi brothers came to Liu Bei's rescue and provided great financial support to Liu Bei in the early stages.

Mi Zhu and Mi Fang not only sponsored Liu Bei but also became his in-laws, so Liu Bei was very grateful to the Mi brothers. Within Liu Bei's group, the Mi brothers were highly respected by Liu Bei.

Since Liu Bei had the capital to continue after receiving the support from the Mi brothers, Cao Cao planned to eliminate Liu Bei.

Thinking of dividing and disintegrating the important members within Liu Bei's organization first, Cao Cao first thought of dividing the relationship between the Mi brothers and Liu Bei.

Cao Cao issued an edict in the name of Emperor Xian of Han to appoint Mi Zhu as the governor of Ying County and Mi Fang as the prime minister of Pengcheng. Both of these positions were considered to be in charge of local military and political power.

With the huge wealth of the Mi brothers, they could become powerful princes with these two official positions.

Moreover, accepting Cao Cao's appointment would be safer than investing in Liu Bei. After all, Liu Bei was in a rather poor situation and had a bleak future at the time. If he followed Cao Cao, the investment would definitely be more stable than in Liu Bei.

Cao Cao thought that since the Mi brothers were merchants, they would definitely calculate the benefits. However, he was wrong. The Mi brothers refused the court's appointment.

It is true that the investment of Mi Zhu and Mi Fang brothers in Liu Bei was suspected of being a political investment, but the Mi brothers were able to refuse the imperial appointment for Liu Bei.

They were very loyal to Liu Bei. Even when Liu Bei was at his lowest point and was being chased and beaten by Cao Cao, the two brothers never wavered and always followed Liu Bei.

So after Liu Bei entered Shu and expanded his business, he treated the Mi brothers very well. After Liu Bei entered Shu, he conferred the title of General Anhan on Mi Zhu.

Although it was a miscellaneous general, this position had a very high status within Liu Bei's group at that time. Zhuge Liang's position was the military advisor general, and Guan Yu's position was the bandit-suppressing general.
However, Mi Zhu, the General Anhan, was the leader of all generals and the highest-ranking official within Liu Bei's group. His status was above that of Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu. It can be said that Mi Zhu was nominally the second most important person within Liu Bei's group at that time.

Mi Zhu became the head of all officials within Liu Bei's group, and Mi Fang's status was not low either. After Liu Bei entered Shu, in order to guard the part of Jingzhou area that he had already occupied, he specially appointed Mi Fang as the prefect of Nanjun.

Nanjun was an important military supply town for Liu Bei in Jingzhou area. The fact that he handed this place over to Mi Fang to guard it showed his trust in Mi Fang.

After Mi Fang was appointed as the governor of Nanjun, he became the official of Liu Bei's group in Jingzhou, second only to Guan Yu. He was the second in command of Liu Bei's group in Jingzhou.
But Liu Bei would never have imagined that Mi Fang, who had once refused Cao Cao's call for him, would surrender to Sun Quan at the last moment.

The fundamental reason why Mi Fang surrendered was actually that he was unable to deal with the situation in Jingzhou at that time, and the reason that prompted him to finally decide to surrender was his discord with Guan Yu.

In the 219th year of Jian'an ( AD), in order to expand Liu Bei's victory in Hanzhong, Guan Yu organized the army in Jingzhou to attack Cao Cao's Jingzhou territory, which is the Battle of Xiangfan in history. (End of this chapter)